TOUGHENED GLASS PLANT

Toughened or tempered glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards as plate glass (a.k.a. annealed glass) creates. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.

As a result of its safety and strength, toughened glass is used in a variety of demanding applications, including passenger vehicle windows, shower doors, architectural glass doors and tables, refrigerator trays, mobile screen protectors, as a component of bulletproof glass, for diving masks, and various types of plates and cookware.

Toughened glass, as the name itself suggests, is glass material is tougher than ordinary glass that has low resistance power. These are stronger varieties that are used in various places, whether residential or commercial constructions. In fact, the strength of the toughened glass is up to five times more than that of annealed glasses. Toughened glass is also used to manufacture glassware and these products are comparatively safer and offer more durability. However, the strength of these items should not be confused with any wrong perception of being unbreakable. If products made of toughened glass are handled with proper care, they can last even for a lifetime.

Annealed glass is heated above 720°C, which is the highest annealing point and after the extreme heating procedure, rapid cooling is conducted with air. Taking the surface lower than the annealing point cools off the glass. This causes the surface to become hard and contracts while the core still flows for a while.

Finally, the core cools into numerous layers under tensile stress, balanced by compressive surface stresses.

Because of these stresses, the toughened glass is strong and tough. However, a scratch on the surface or even a small cheap can weaken the layer and sometimes it may lead to breaking into small pieces.

There is an alternative process of creating toughened glass, which is done by using certain chemicals. Here the surface layer of the glass needs to be forced at least 0.1mm thick into compression by the exchange of sodium ions in the surface of the glass with the potassium ions that are larger by 30%, by immersing the glass into a molten potassium nitrate mixture. This chemical process of making toughened glass results in more toughness.  This process of manufacturing can be used with complex shaped glass objects.

Toughened glass items have wide usage. Where the chances of damage and stress are high, this glass variety is used. Typical usages of this glass include counter tops, shelves, glass table tops, doors, window panels, window glazing, etc. Therefore, it is suitable for use in residential and commercial purposes.

Toughened glass is a type of soda-lime-silica glass with a sheet thickness 4-12 mm.  The sheet has a central tensile stress of 500-1200 kg/cm2 and a ratio of surface compressive stress to central tensile stress of 2:1 to 4:1. The article is toughened by heat exchange with an oil (or chilled air) in which these is maintained from 0.01 – 0.07 % liquid. The boiling point liquid may be an organic liquid such as carbon tetrachloride, methanol, benzene, toluene, trim ethyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or Xylene etc.

The toughened glass is described as a type of glass which has been mechanically strengthen by a thermal process in which a layer of compression has been introduced at the surface.

INTRODUCTION
LAMINATED TOUGHENED SAFETY GLASS:-
TOUGHENED GLASS HAS TO PASS THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT TESTS:
BECAUSE OF THE STRENGTH AND OTHER SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MENTIONED ABOVE, IT FINDS APPLICATIONS IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF TOUGHENED GLASS
AUTOMOBILES
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
FOOD SERVICE
COOKING AND BAKING
MOBILE DEVICES
MANUFACTURING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
INSULATED GLASS
MARKET POTENTIAL
UK TEMPERED GLASS MARKET DEMAND, BY APPLICATION, 2012-2022
(MILLION SQUARE METERS)
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL GLASS MARKET
MAIN TYPES OF GLASS
ANNEALED GLASS
TOUGHENED GLASS
LAMINATED GLASS
LAMINATED GLASS IS PRODUCED USING ONE OF TWO METHODS:
COATED
DETAILED EXPORT DATA OF TOUGHENED GLASS
DETAILED IMPORT DATA OF TEMPERED CLEAR GLASS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
TOUGHENED GLASS
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
PROPERTIES OF TOUGHENED GLASS
BENEFITS:
STRENGTH & SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
RESISTANCE TO THERMAL BREAKAGE
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
ADVANTAGES:
TOUGHENED WINDOW PANES:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TOUGHENED GLASS
GLASS CUTTING
GLASS POLISHING:
DRILLING & MILLING
GLASS WASHING
TOUGHENING
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
PROCESS OF TOUGHENED GLASS IN DETAILS
GLASS CUTTING
GLASS POLISHING
DRILLING AND MILLING
GLASS WASHING
TOUGHENING OR TEMPERING
TOUGHENING PROCESS
WASHING AND DRYING
USES AND APPLICATIONS
GENERAL USES OF TOUGHENED GLASS:-
AUTOMOBILES
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
FOOD SERVICE
COOKING AND BAKING
MOBILE DEVICES
PROPERTIES & CHADRACTERISTICS
THE COMPOSITION OF GLASS:-
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TOUGHENED GLASS
DIMENSIONS FOR TOUGHENED SAFETY GLASS USED WITH ROUND WINDOWS
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE FOR LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
SAFETY LAMINATION:-
FORMULATION
FLOW SHEET
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF INSULATED GLASS
GLASS LITES:
FRAME:
DESICCANT:
SEALANT:
FILLING:
GAS-FILLING EQUIPMENT
THE CHAMBER METHOD
LANCE AND PROBE METHOD
TECHNICAL IDENTIFICATION OF SODA-LIME FLAT GLASSES
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY (IMPORTED)
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE
POLISHING MACHINE
GLASS DRILLING MACHINE
GLASS CUTTING MACHINES
LATHE MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SHEET GLASS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET