• Enzymes used in Textile Processing
• Enzymes as proteins
• Biocatalyst Enzymes
• Nomenclature
• Activities of enzymes
• Induced fit model
• Enzymatic Reactions
• Mechanism
• Enzymes used in Textile
• Amylase
• Pectinase for Enzymes
• Catalase
• Cellulase
• Laccases (copper containing oxidase enzymes)
• Lipase (Water sluble enzyme)
• Glucose oxidase enzyme
• Xylanase

ENZYMATIC BIOPROCESSING

• Utilization
• Enzymes-Natural Biocatalysts
• Inotex enzymatic products for bast fibre extraction improvement
• Treatment of Mechanical opening & cleaning
• Processing of Fiax, Hemp and Linseed
• Enzymatic enrichment of dew retting  process
• REA 120 machinery concept for fibres opening and cleaning
• Typical conditions
• Repair of retted fibres
• Repair of worst quality dew retted fibres with Texazym SCW
• Material friendly cottonization
• Effect of different commercial enzymes on the hemp fibre fineness improvement
• Device for wet processing of loose fibres (tows for example)
• Effect of different commercial enzymes on the improvement of hemp fibre fineness (fibre diameter) & tenacity
• Processing of flax scutching tow (low quality) with Texazym BFE
• Processing of linseed (variety Amon) tow with Texazym BFE
• Application of enzymes (utilize fibre from linseed straw)
• Laroche cottonization line
• Comparison of stem biomass yield of different linseed varieties
• Linen eco yarms and pretreatment of flax roving
• Enzymatic processing of linseed  stems, cultivar Amon
• Improvement of whiteness after enzymatic bio retting for eco yarm production comparison of Texazym SCW with other types of enzymes
• Results of industrial trials with enzymatic treatment of flax rovings
• Technical bast fibre applications
• Results

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

• Introduction
• textile antimicrobial treatments
• Antimicrobial finishing agents
• Quaternary ammonium
• Triclosan
• Metallic salts
• The bacterial counting test for comparing the antibacterial activity of metallic ioaded cotton
• Plasma sputtering
• The schematic view of Plasma sputtering system
• The inhibitin zone of S aureus around untreated and copper coated cotton
• Chitosan
• The bacterial counting test for untreated wool with E coli
• The bacterial counting test for untreated wool with S aureus
• The bacterial counting test for silver coated wool with E.Coli
• The bacteriala  counting test for silver coared wool with s aureus
• Quantitative Evaluation Against S. Aureus (Shake Flask Method)
• Comparison of bacterial reduction before and after coating cotton fabrics with chitosan PBA particles or chitosan solution
• Cyclodextrin
• TEM micrographs of chitosan PBA particles stained for an appropriate period with 2% PTA solution
• Mechanisms of antimicrobial finishes
• Practical biocides
• Evaluation of antimicrobial finishes
• The future
• Comparison between different AATCC test methods

TEXTILE FIBRES PROCESSING  ENZYMES

• Biotechnology
• Production of enzymes
• Role of enzymes in textile processing
• Amylases
• Textile desizing
• Pectinases
• Enzymatic scouring
• Cellulases
• Denim finishing
• Pilling and fuzz fibre removal
• Serine profeases subtilisins
• Enzymatic treatment of wool
• Cysterine proteases papain
• Degumming of silk
• Transgulutaminases (TGs)
• Treatment of leather and wool
• Lipases/esterases cutinase
• Surface modification of synthetic fibres
• Nitrilases and nitrile hydratases
• Surface modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
• Laccases
• Decolourization of textile bleaching and dyes
• Catalases
• Treatment of bleach liquor
• Conclusions and fuure prospects

FABRIC FINISHING

• Theory
• Crosslinking Cellulose
• Crease Recovery
• Definitions
• Cellulose Crosslinkers
• Reactions of Formal dehyde
• Formalion of Hydroxymethyl Derivatives
• Reactions of Hydroxymethyl
• Resin Formers (Aminoplasts)
• Urea/Frmaldehyde (U/F)
• Malamine/Formaldehyde
• Synthesis of Hexamethoxymethyl Melamine
• Important Features
• Reactants
• Dimethylolethylene Urea (DMEU)
• Dimethylol-4/5 Dihydroxyethylene Urea (DMDHEU)
• Carbamates
• Controlling Formaldehyde
• Atmospheric Formaldehyde
• Fabrics Formaldehyde
• Free Formaldehyde
• Formaldehyde Release
• Responsible for HCHO Release
• Fabric pH and Formaldehyde Release
• Effect of pH on CH2O Release
• Technology of Reducing Frmaldehyde Release
• Scavengers
• Modified DMDHEU
• Methylated DMDHEU
• Diethyleneglycolated DMDHEU (ULf)
• Alkylated DMDHEU
• Non formaldehyde Dp Finishes
• Formaldehyde Release Comparison of Modified DMDHEU
• dimethyl-4-5, Dihydroxyethylene UREA (DMeDHEU)
• Synthesis
• Important Features
• Butanetetracarboxylic Acid (BTCA)Sodium Hypophosphite
• Sodium Phosphate
• Reactive Silicones
• Liquid Ammonia
• Durable Press Catalyst
• Bronsted Acids
• Ionization Constant
• Hydrogen Ion Concentration
• Latent Acids
• Lewis Acids
• Important Considerations
• Specific Catalyst and their use
• Free Acids
• Latent Acids
• Metal Salts
• Hot Catalyst
• Buffers and Alkalinity
• Buffers
• Alkalinity
• Chemical Process
• Methylolation
• Alkylation of N-Methylol Compounds
• Proton Activated Alkylation
• Cellulose Crosslinking with Lewis Acids
• Alkoxylated Products (Reaction)
• Crosslinking with Alkoxykated  N-Methylol Cmpounds
• Stability of Crosslink to Laundering
• Hydrolysis of Cellulose Crosslinks
• Properties Fabric
• Durable Press Performance
• Important Points
• Relationship of DP Performance versus DMDHEU Add on
• Different Crosslinkers
• Tensile, Tear and Abrasion Resistance
• Crease Recovery versus Resin Concentration
• Important to Remember
• Physical properties versus Add-on
• Crease Recovery versus Curing Temperature
• Important to Remember
• Crease Recovery versus Temperature of Cure and Resin type
• Other Fabric Properties
• Shrinkage
• Yellowing
• Chlorine Resistance
• Fabric Odor

MODIFICATION

• Handbuilders
• Non-durable
• Starch
• Polyvinyl Alcohol
• Durable
• Thermosetting Polymers
• Thermoplastic Polymers
• Suitable Monomers/Suitable Monomers/Comonomers
• Fabric Softeners
• Coefficient of Friction
• Viscosity
• Important Points to Remember
• Selection of Softener
• Raw Material Availability
• Fat Derived Raw Materials
• Softener Classifications
• Anionic Softeners
• Sulfates
• Fatty Alcohol Sulfates
• Sulfated Fatty Acid Esters
• Sulfonated Fatty Amides and Esters
• Sulfoethyl Fatty Esters (IGEPON A)
• Sulfoethyl Fatty Amides (IGEPON)
• Properties of Anionic Softeners
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Cationic Softeners
• Adsorption on Fiber Surface
• Amine Functional Cationic Softeners
• Cationic Amine Salts
• Fatty Aminoesters
• Fatty Amidoamides
• Imidazolines
• Quaternary Ammonium Salts
• Synthesis of Monofatty Quats
• Properties of Cationic Softeners
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Nonionic Softeners
• Polyethylene Emulsions
• Composition of Polyethylene Emulsions
• Typical Composition
• Ethoxylated Nonionic Softeners
• Silicone Chemistry
• Reaction of  Monochlorosilanes wiith Water
• Reaction of Dichlorosilanes with Water
• Reaction of Trichlorosilanes with Water
• Reaction of Hydogen silances with Water
• Silicone Softeners
• Dimethyl Fluids
• Methylhydrogen Fluids
• Amino Functional Silicones
• Orientation of Dimethyl Fluids on Fiber Surface
• Epoxy Functional Silicones
• Properties
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

FINISHES

• Chemistry of Wetting
• Spreading of Liquids on Smooth Surfaces
• Work of Adhesion
• Critical Surface Tension
• Critical Surface Tension of Teflon
• Critical Surface Tensions of Smooth Surfaces
• Critical Surface Tension of end Groups
• Contact Angles in Real Systems
• Repellent Finishes
• Hydrocarbon Hydrophobes
• Paraffin Waxes
• Wax Emulsion Composition
• Fiber Reactive Hydrocarbon Hydrophobes
• N-Methylol Stearamide
• Pyridinium Compounds
• Resin Formers
• Metal Complexes
• Silicone Water Repellents
• Application to Fabrics
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Fluorochemical Repellents
• Effect of Fluorination on Critical Surface Tension
• Commercial Products
• Effect of Perfluoro Side Chain
• Polymer Backbone Effect
• Relationship between Oil Repellency and Length of Perfluoroalkyl Side Chain
• Add on
• Extenders
• Oil Repellency versus Fluorochemical Add-on
• Finishing of Repellent with Fluorochemicals
• Rainwear
• Typical Rainwear Formulation
• Stain and Soil Retardancy
• Uphotstery Anti soil Finishes
• Treatments of Carpet Anti soil
• Fluorochemical Finishes
• Other Carpet Antisoil Treatments
• Light Scattering Fibers
• Stain Blockers

SOIL RELEASE FINISHES OF FABRICS

• Soils
• How fabrics are Soiled
• Removal of soil
• Particulate Soil
• Oily Soils
• Roll up Mechanism
• Rolling up Process of Soil Release
• Rollup Thermodyamics
• Fiber Oil Detergent Interaction
• Fiber
• Effect of Hydrophobic Surfaces on Soil Release
• Soil Release Chemicals
• Acrylic Soil Release Finishes
• Polymethacrylic Acid
• Pol(methacrylic acid) Soil Release Finishes
• Effect of Crosslinking
• Methacrylic Acid Ethyl Acrylate Co-Polymers
• Mechanism
• 70/30 Methacrylic Acid Ethyl Acrylate SR Finish
• Effect of Crosslinking
• Practical Considerations & Fabric Properties
• Dual Action Fluorochemical Soil Release
• Polymer Composition
• Method
• Practical Considerations & Fabric Properties
• Fluorochemical Soil  Release Agent
• Flip Flop Mechanism
• Polyoxyethylene Copolymers
• Polyoxyethylene Type SR Finish
• Sulfoisophthalic Acid Copolymers
• Sulphoisophthalic Type SR Agent
• Practical Considerations & Fabric Properties
• Most Important Points to Remember
• Non Ionic Detergents
• Effect of Surfactant Type on Soil Removal From Polymer Films
• Soil Release Tests
• Release Point
• Rp Determinations
• Roll up of Oil in Detergent Solutions
• Application of Rp Measurements
• Results Versus Residual Soil
• Geometry of Yams and Fabrics

FLAME RETARDANT FINISHES

• Details of Combustion
• Flammability Parameters for Fibers
• Combustion of Cellulose
• Combustion Cycle
• Cellulose Pyrolysis Products
• Other Pryolysis Products
• Flame Retardancy
• Feedback Mechanism
• Combustion Feedback Mechanism
• Char Frmation
• Parameters that Characterize Burning Textiles
• How Certain Elements Work
• Boron
• Phosphorus & Nitrogen
• Halogens
• Flame Retardant Chemicals & Processes for Cellulose
• Non Durable
• Boric Acid/Borax
• Dimmonium Phosphate and Phosphoric Acid
• Sulfarmic Acid and Ammonum Sulfamate
• Durable
• Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium Derivatives
• Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium Hydroxide (THPOH)
• Fyrol 76
• Phosphonic and Phosphoric Acid Derivatives
• Retardant Method for Specific Fibers
• Rayon Additives
• Polyeste
• Decabromodiphenyl Oxide (DBDPO)
• Tris(2-3 Dibromopropyl) Phosphate (TRIS)
• Antiblaze 19T
• Nylon
• Thiourea urea Melamine
• Halogenated Systems
• Polyester/Cotton Blends
• Decabromodiphenyl Oxide Antimony Oxide
• Wool
• Dyebath Exhaustible Finishes
• Titanium Complexes
• Hexafluoro Zircnates

THERMAL AND SORPTION TECHNOLOGY

• Thermal behaviour
• Materials for flame protection
• Flame resistant Cellulosics
• Thermal and flame retardant properties of some fibres
• Flame retardant Polyester
• Flame retardant Acrylic
• Armids
• Phenolics
• Modacrylic
• Aim of our work
• Experimental
• Materials
• Fibres used for thermal and sorption study
• Methods
• Thermal analysis
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
• Sorption study
• Dynamic Sorption Analysis
• Water Retention Value
• Visualization of burned fibers
• Results and discussion
• Thermal analysis
• Mass changes by TGA
• TGA graph of cellulosics
• TGA plots of synthetic FR fibers
• TGA plots of melamine & modacrylic fibers
• TGA plots of other high performance
• Energy changes by DSC
• DSC Plots of cellulosics
• DSC Plots of synthetic FR fibers
• Sorption study
• Water vapor sorption
• DSC plots of melamine & modacrylic fibers
• Sorption isotherms of cellulosics
• Sorption isotherms of synthetic FR fibres
• Water retention values (WRV)
• WRV of standard and modified cellulosics
• WRV of synthetic FR fibers
• Visualization of burned fibers
• SEM images of FR fibers before and after burning
• conclusions and Outlook

VOLATILE PHOSPHORUS

• Experimental
• Materials
• Formulation and Application of Back coating
• Flame retardants used and their chemical characteristics
• Flammability Measurement
• Generic back coating formulation
• Thermal Analytical Procedures
• Results & Discussion
• Phosphorus Mobility in back coated Formulations
• TGA responses of Antiblaze CU, tributyl phosphate (TBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and triphenylphosphene oxide (TPPO) under nitrogen
• Phosphorus Retention in Fabric Chars
• Flammability testing results of back coated  cotton and polyprpylene fabrics after a 40 Deg C water soak treatment
• TGA and LOI results for back coated 360 pergm cotton fabrics
• Difference between actual and theoretical phosphorus contents (P) of charred back coated cotton fabric
• Phosphorus concentrations and residual weights for back coated cotton samples containing 250 dry parts Antibiaze MCM in the formulation
• Phosphorus concentrations and residual weights for back coated cotton samples containing 250 dry parts Antiblaze NH in the formulation
• Phosphorus concentrations and residual weights for back coated cotton samples containing 250 dry parts Antiblaze  CU in the formulation
• Phosphorus concentrations and residual weights for back coated cotton samples containing 100 dry parts Antiblaze CU in the formulation
• Addition of Volatile Components to APP
• Flammability testing for mixed flame retardant formulations (prewater soak)
• Phosphorus concentrations and residual weights for back coated cotton samples containing 250 dry parts Fyrol 51 in the formulation
• Phosphrus concentrations and residual weights for back coated cotton samples containing 100 dry parts Fyrol 51 in the Formulation
• Durability results and flammability testing (postwater soak)

CHELATING AGENTS

• Synthetic Chelating Agents
• Ligno Sulfonates
• Humic or Fulvic acids
• Organic Acids
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Protein (Amino Acids)

DYE FIXING AGENTS

• Application Examples

ANTI STATIC AGENT WITH SPIN FINISH

• Examples
• Method of production of amine alkoxylates
• Conversion to dialkyl sulphate quaternaries
• Conversion to EO/PO block copolymer
• heat Stability
• Ester based
• Mineral oil based

OTHER IMPORTANT FINISHES

• Antipill Fabric Finishing
• Mechanism of Pilling
• Pill Formation
• Pill Build up
• Factors Affecting Pill Formation
• Fiber variables
• Yarn Variables
• Fabric Construction
• Preparaton and Dyeing
• Fabric Finishing
• Film Forming Binders
• Durable Press Reactants
• Fabric Softeners
• Singing and Shearing
• Heat setting
• Summary
• Antistatic Finishes
• Causes of Static
• Problems Caused by Static Electricity
• Mechanism of Control
• Static Fliminators
• Antistatic Agents
• Fiber Polymer modications
• Non Durable Antistatic Agents
• Cationic Materials
• Non Ionic Materials
• Durable Antistatic Finishes

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ACRYLIC COPOLYMER EMULSION

• Plant and Machnery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ANTI FOAMING AGENT (SILICONE BASED) FOR DISTILLERY, SUGAR INDUSTRY, PAPER PLANT ETC.

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF CATIONIC SOFTENER

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF CHELATED ZINC (ZN-EDTA) 12%

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/ Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF CHELATED ZINC EDTA & CHELATED COPPER EDTA

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed  Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYE FIXING AGENTS (LOW FORMALDEHYDE FOR PIGMENT PRINTING LIKE ACRAFIX ML)

• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYE FIXING AGENTS (NON FORMALDEHYDE DYEFIXING AGENT FOR DIRECT/REACTIVE PRINTING LIKE TINOFIX  FRD OF M/S CIBA GAIGY)

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYE LAVELLING AGENT

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ENZYME USED FOR DENIM CLOTH AND GARMENT WASHING 

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMIC OF ENZYMES BIO TECHNOLOGY BASED 

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF NON IONIC SURFACTANTS WETTING AGENTS

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF SILICONE EMULSION FOR TEXTILE

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF SIZING SOFTENER (SILK SIZING LIQUID WATER SOLUBLE)

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF TEXTILE & FINISHING AGENTS

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF TEXTILE PRINTING PASTE (GUM)

• Plant and Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn over/Annum

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TECHNOLOGY OF FABRIC MANUFACTURE

Warp Size and Desizing
Sources of Sizing Compounds
Starch
Starches Used as Textile size
Chemical Constitution
Starch Solutions
Retrograding
Modified Starch
Thin Boiling Starch
Dextrin
British Gum
Oxidized Starch
Starch Ethers
Desizing Starch
Enzyme Desizing
Amylase
Effect of Temperature, pH and Electrolytes on Enzymatic Desizing
Desizing with Acids
Desizing with Oxidizing Agents
Test for Starch
Typical Procedures
Synthesis
Advantages and Disadvantages over starch
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
Synthesis of Polyvinyl Alcohol
Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate
Hydrolysis to Polyvinyl Alcohol
Manufacturing Process
Solution Properties
Grades of PVA Available as Textile Size
Film Properties
Desizing PVA
Effect of heat Setting on Removal of PVA
Dehydration of PVA
Size Recovery
Acrylic Sizes
Polyacrylic Acid
Synthesis of Polyacrylic Acid
Desizing Polyacrylic Acid
Acrylic Acid Co-Polymers
Effect of heat Setting on Removal
Anhydride Formation
Polyester Resin Sizes
Other Additives

AGENTS FOR TEXTILE PRINTING BINDERS

Acrylate binder
Polyurethane binder
Thickener solution
Emulsifier L
Emulsifier VA
Emulsifier WN
Acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer dispersion
Acramin Navyblue FBC
Polyisocyanate
Comparison 1: Oil-in-water emulsion print
Testing method
Brush washing test
Examples
Printing from aqueous dispersion

SCOURING

Composition of Natural Fibers
Chemistry of Oils, Fats and Waxes
Fats
Triglycerides
Hydrolysis of Triglycerides
Acid Hydrolysis
Saponification
Fatty Acids
Sources
Vegetable Sources
Saturated Fatty  Acids
Castor Oil
Coconut Oil
Corn Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Olive Oil
Palm Oil
Linseed Oil
Tall Oil
Japan Wax
Animal Sources
Tallow
Lard
Whale Oil
Chemical Wax
Fatty Alcohols
Sources of Fatty Alcohols
Mineral Wax
Paraffin
Microcrystalline Wax
Synthetic Wax
Fatty Acids
Fatty Alcohols
Polyethylene Glycols
PEG Esters
Solvent Scouring
Merits and Demerits
Common Solvents
Solvent Properties
Non-flammable Solvents
Aqueous Scouring
Typical Formulation for Scouring Specific Fibers
Cotton
Batch Scouring Procedure
Continuous Scouring Procedure
Wool Raw Stock Scouring
Silk
Blends
Test for Effective Scouring
AATCC Test Method Number 79
Water as a Raw Material
Water Softening
Lime Soda Process
Cation Exchange
Sequestration or Chelation
Classes of Sequestering Agents
Polyphosphates
Formation of Polyphosphates
Important Polyphosphates
Advantages of Inorganic Phosphates
Organophosphonic Acids
Advantages and Disadvantages
Aminocarboxylic Acids
Advantages and Disadvantages
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Advantages and Disadvantages
Formation of Complexes
Formation Constant

SURFACTANTS

What do they do?
How do they work?
Penetrating and wetting fabric
Loosening and emulsifying soils
Examples
Builders
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Alkalis
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Anti redeposition agents
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Enzymes
How do they work?
Stain removal
Colour and fabric care
Examples
Active Oxygen bleaches
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Antimicrobial Agents
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Fabric Softeners
What do they do?
How do they work?
Optical Brighteners
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Preservatives
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Hydrotropes
What do they do?
How do they work?
Examples
Processing Aids
What do they do?
How do they work?
Foam Regulators
What do they do?
Examples
Corrosion Inhibitors
What do they do?
How do they  work?
Examples
Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Solutions
Surface Tension
Critical Micelle Concentration
Classification of Surfactants
By Use
Wetting Agents
Detergents
Emulsifying Agents
Dispersing Agents
By Ionic Charge
Nonionic Surfactants
Ethoxylates
Water Solubility of Ethoxylated Nonylphenol
Cloud Point
Hydrophilic Lyophilic Balance (HLB)
Structure of Ethoxylated Nonylphenol
Effect of Ethylene Oxide on Solubility Balance
Performance
A Wetting Times
Detergency
Anionic Surfactans
Chemical Classification of Anionic Surfactants
Cationic

SURFACE-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS BASIC COMPONENTS

Anionic Surfactants
Catonic Surfactants
Zwitterionic (Amphoteric) Surfactants
Nonionic Surfactants
Technology of Surface-active compounds
Examples
Block polymer (component (a)
Alkylphenol/aldehyde resin (component (b)
Product according to the method

THICKENING AGENT FOR TEXTILE MATERIAL

Preparation of Soybean Hemicellulose
Examples
Printing Test

THICKENING AGENT BASED ON TAMARIND SEED GUM

Technology
Materials
Manufacturng of tamarind kernel powder
Determination of chemical composition
Preparation of thickening agent
Preparation of printing pastes
Printing procedure
Colour strength and fastness properties
Results and discussion
Characterization of tamarind kernel powder
Effect of disperse printing on colour value
Effect of printing on fastness properties
Effect of printing on fastness properties

ALOE VERA GEL BASED THICKENING AGENT

Experimental
Materials
Substrates
Thickening Agents
Dyes
Auxiliaries and chemicals
Methods
Printing pastes
Printing procedure
Testing
Results and discussion
Thickener concentration
Effect of urea concentration
Citric acid concentration
Super heated steam flxation temperature
Steam fixation time
Effect of storage time
Effect of type of dyestuff and thickening agent
Effect of the type of substrate

BLEACHING

Chemistry of Bleaching with Green Oxidation
Oxidation
Peroxide Activator Catalysis
Motivation
Challenges for Peroxide Bleaching
Applications
Common Bleaching Agents
Sodium Hypochlorite
Bleaching Mechanism
Effect of pH
Effect of Time and Temperature
Effect of Metals
Antichlor
Uses
Typical batch procedure
Hydrogen peroxide
Mechanism
Effect of pH
Effect of Time and Temperature
Stabilizers
Sodium Silicates
Organic Stabilizers
Phosphates
Uses
Bleaching Procedures
Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2)
Effect of pH
Bleaching Mechanism
Effect of Temperature
Other Oxidative Bleaches
Persulfates
Perborates and Percarbonates
Peracetic Acid
Reductive bleaches
Sulfur Dioxide
Sodium Dithionate (Sodium Hydrosulfite)
Test for Degree of Bleaching
Whiteness
Fluidity

BLEACHING OF WOOL

Experimental
Materials
Procedures
Scouring
Hydrogen peroxide bleaching
Sodium borohydride bleaching
Testing and  measurements
Result and Discussion
Hydrogen peroxide bleachng results
Effect of SBH concentration on bleaching of wool
Effect of SBS concentration on bleaching of wool
Effect of bleaching temperature on whiteness and alkali solubility
Effect of bleaching pH on whiteness and alkali solubility
Effect of bleaching time on whiteness and alkali solubility
Yellowing tendency of wool after bleaching
Denim bleach effect
Tradition chemical process
Limitations
Enzymatic bleaching effect on denim

LACCASES FOR DENIM BLEACHING

Laccases in Denim Bleaching

CATIONIC FIXING AGENTS

Experimental
Fabric
Dyes
Cationic Fixing Agents
Detergents
Dyeing
Direct dyeing of Cotton samples
Reactive Dyeing of Cotton Samples
Wash Fastness Testing
Color Measurement
Visual Assessment
Discussion about technology
Colorant Loss
Comparison of Detergents
Comparison of Cationic Materials
Mechanism

TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER

Textile Wastewater Characteristics
Advanced Oxidation process (AOPS)
Ultraviolet Lamp
Ozone
O3/UVH2O2/UV
O3/H2O2 (Peroxone)
O2/H2O2/UV

OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS

Stilbene Type OBA
Chemistry of optical brighteners and uses in textile industries
History of OBA
Direct(Substantive) Brightner
Disperse Brightner
Optical Brightners and its mechanism
Properties
Whitness and Brightness
Light Fastness
Washing Fastness
Metameric Effect of OBA
Other processes
Mercerizing

PLANT FIBRES FOR TEXTILES

Plant fibres
Morphology of  lignocellulosic fibres
Fibre structure
Conventional plant fibres
Seed fibres
Cotton
Kapok
Bast fibres
Flax 224
Jute225
Hemp
Ramie
Kenaf
Leaf fibres
Sizal
Abaca
Henequen
Non-conventional plant fibres
Fibres from corn stover
Wheat straw fibres
Fibres from hop stems
Banana, sugarcane bagasse and sponge gourd fibers
Bamboo fibres
Quinoa fibres
Grass fibres
Alfa or esparto fibres
Sea grass-Zostera marina
Applications of non conventional cellulose fibres

EXTRACTION OF PLANT DYES

Colour in textiles
Dyes
Natural dyes
Plant dyes
Animal dyes
Synthetic dyes
Characteristics of natural dyes
Mordants
Extraction of Dyes from Identified Plants
Materials and methods used for the dye extraction
Materials
Method

DYEING WITH DISPERSE DYES

Disperse dyes
Classification
Azo disperse dyes
Anthraquinone disperse dyes
Other disperse dye classes
Constitution and fastness properties
Fastness to wet treatment
Fastness to dry heat
Fastness to light
Hydrophobic fibres
Polyester fibres
Properties of polyester fibres
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Acetate fibres
Properties of acetate fibres
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Disperse dyeing
Basic principle
The effects of variations in disperse dyeing
Crystal form of the disperse dyes
Dispersing agent
Particle size in dispersion of the dyes
pH of dyebath
Substantivity of disperse dyes
Temperature
Fibre fineness
Recent requirements in disperse dyeing technology
Main methods of disperse dyeing
Carrier dyeing
High temperature dyeing
Adsorption phase
Diffusion phase
Cleaning phase
Thermosol process
Dyeing Polyester with Disperse Dyes
Immersion dyeing polyester
Novel forms of disperse dyes
Crayons
Stamp pad Ink

WOOL DYEING AND SILK FIBRES

Background
Fibres
Comparing Wool and Silk
Morphology of Wool
Micro Structure of Wool
Macro Structure of Wool
Morphology of Silk
Comparison Between Spider Silk and Silk from Silkworm

CONDUCTIVE POLYELECTROLYTES

Electrical Properties
Optical Properties
Absorption and Emission
Relationship Between Absorption Spectrum and Electrical Conductivity
Wool and Silk Dyeing
Dyeing Dependence on Morphology of Fibre
Wool Scouring
Silk Degumming
Industrial Acid Dyeing of Wool
Industrial Acid Dyeing of Silk
Auxiliaries Use for Industrial Acid Dyeing
Continuous and Exhaust Dyeing Method
Dyeing of Wool and Silk Fibre with PEDOT-S
Experimental
Materials and Chemicals
Materials
Chemicals
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) Non ionic detergent (lavolan DSU)
Fibres and Yarns
Methods
Scouring of Wool
Degumming of Silk
dyeing Method
Conductive Polymer combined with Silk fibers for Biomedical Electrodes

FIBRES CONDUCTANCE ANALYSIS

pH Determination
Optical Microscopy
Determination of Mechanical properties
Results and Discussion
Optical Microscopy
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Conductivity of dyed Silk and Wool Fibres and Yarns
Error Estimation
Proposed Model of Supramolecular Assembly of PEDOT-S onto  wol and Silk at Very Low pH

DEPENDENCE OF CONFORMATIONAL STATE OF POLYELECTROLYTE ON PH

pH of the Bath in Acid Dyeing
Conformational States of Macromolecules at Different pH
Supra Molecular Reaction of PEDOT-S and Protein Fibres

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DETERGENT PASTE (TEXTILE GRADE)

Formulation of Detergent Paste (Textile Grade)
40% Detergent Paste
20% Detergent Paste
Plant and machinery
Fixed capital
Raw materials
Total working capital/month
Total capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DISPERSANT FOR TEXTILES
Process of manufacturing
Ethoxylation
Reactor
Textile dispersant (fatty acid based) dispersol)
Fatty Alcohol Polyethylene Oxide Condensate
Condensate
Formulations
Procedures (as per Formulation)
Plant economics
Plant & Machinery

Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

LIST OF FORMULATIONS OF PRINTING INK

Lemon Yellow Printing Ink
Jobbing Black Ink
Colour Ink (Blue)
Super Gloss Ink (Blue)
Medium Quality Prints (Blue)
Cheap Quality Black Ink

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF THE FORMULATIONS

Examples
Preparation of the seed latex
Preparation of the DAAM latex(WEB011)
Synthesis of a control binder emulsion Preparation of the DAAM free latex (WEBM016)

ANTI CREASE FORMULATIONS

Examples
Application Examples

AUXILIARY FOR TEXTILE WET FINISHING FORMULATIN

ANTI MICROBIAL AND ANTI CREASE FORMULATION

Examples
Evaluation of fabric properties
Tearing strength
Crease recovery
Advantages

CREASE AND WRINKLE PROOFING CELLULOSIC TEXTILE FORMULATION

Examples

FORMULATION FOR DIQUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS AS TEXTILE FINISHING AGENTS

Procedures for the preparation of dialkylaminoalkylbehenic acid amides or esters
Application examples

GARMENTS DYEING PROCESS AND FABRIC DYEING PROCESS FORMULATIONS

Work procedure
Garments dyeing process with vat dyes
Typical formula
Soaping

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B-CYCLODEXTRINS IN TEXTILES

Preparation of B-CD and their complexes in free form
General industrial applications of B-CD
B-CD and textiles
Fixation of B-CD onto textiles
Newer fixation methods
Characterisation and Quantification of bound beta-CD
End applications of b-CD in the textile industry
Textile processing
Fragrance release
Antimicrobial
Others
Characterisation and quantification of guest molecules
Conclusions

TEXTILE AUXILIARY FORMULATIONS

TEXTILE FINISHING COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESSES

Cross linking Agent
Esterification Catalyst
Additional Crosslinking Agents
Non-Phosphorous Containing Polycarboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Acids
Finishing Bath
Wetting Agents
Softening Agents
Dye Fixing Agents
Chlorine Scavengers
Stain Repeliency Agents
Anti Abrasion Additives
Antibacterial Agents
Hydrophilic Finishes
Brighteners
Minimization of Colour Body Forming Transition Metals
Textiles/Fabrics
Process
Pre-Cure
Post-Cure
Post Garment Treatment
Textile Pre-Treatment
Post Washing
Durable Press Resin
Benefits
Durable Press
Tensile Strength Retention
Anti Shrinkage/Dimensional Stability
Tear Strength Retention
In-Wear Wrinkle Resistance
Hand Feel
Anti-Abrasion/Abrasion Resistance
Anti-Yellowing/Whiteness Appearance
Colorfastness/Color Retention for Laundering
Crocking
Durable Crease Retention
Reduced Drying Time

PROCESS FOR FINISHING TEXTILES

Moist  Cure with a DMeDHEU Based Crosslinker

CARBAMATE MELAMINE TEXTILE FINISH

Preparation of Polymethylol Hydroxyethyl Carbamate

Preparation of Methylated Highly Methylolated Melamine

SYNERGLSTIC ANTI MICROBIAL TEXTILE FINISH

TEXTILE FINISHES OF SILICONE

LUBRICANT FINISH FOR TEXTILES

Composition A, B,C,D,E

HYDROPHILIC FINISH FOR TEXTILES

Preparation of Styrene Maleic Anhydride Graft Copolymer Using Solvent

Solventless Method for Preparing Styrene Maleic Anhydride Graft Copolymer

FLUORINE EFFICIENT FINISHES FOR TEXTILES

Test Methods
Fabric Treatment
Water Repellency
Water Repeliency Spray Rating
Oil Repellency
Laundering Procedure

OIL REPELLENT TEXTILE FINISH

FLAME RETARDANT FINISH FOR CELLULOSIC TEXTILE MATERIALS

Preparation of Tris(Hydroxymethyl) Phosphine
Reaction Product of Tris (Hydroxymethyl) Phosphine Melamine and Formaldehyde
Methylated Reaction Product of Tris (Hydroxymethyl) Phosphine Melamine and Formaldehyde
Reaction Product of Tris (Hydroxymethyl) Phosphine Melamine and Formaldehyde

AQUEOUS TEXTILE FINISH

PROCESS FOR PROVIDING SYNTHETIC TEXTILE FABRICS WITH AN ANTISTATIC FINISH

ABRASION AND WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISH FOR TEXTILES

Preparation of Resin Reactive Modifier Solution

Application of Durable Press/Softener Preparation to 100% Cotton, and Physical
Characterization

INSECT REPELLENT FINISHES

Insect Repellents
Microcapsules
Gel Formers
Cationic Polymers
Oil Phase
Anionic Polymers
Emulsifiers
Production Process for Microcapsules
Binders
Polymeric Melamine Compounds
Polymeric Glyoxal Compounds
Polymeric Silicone Compounds
Epichlorohydrin Crosslinked Polyamidoamines
Poly(meth)acrylates
Quantities Used
Commercial Applications
Application Processes
Efficiency Tests
Washing Resistance

WASH-AND WEAR FINISHING OF TEXTILES

Spin Finish

SOIL RESISTANT SPIN FINISH FOR POLYAMIDE TEXTILE YARN

METALLIZED TEXTILE

Acaricide
Bactericide and Fungicide

CELLULOSIC TEXTILE FINISH WITH 1,3-DIMETHYLOL4-5DIHYDROXY-2-IMIDAZOLIDINONE, ZINC NITRATE AND A SEQUESTERING AGENT

PROCESSES FOR GENERATING HALAMINE COMPOUNDS ON TEXTILE SUBSTRATES TO PRODUCE ANTIMICROBIAL FINISH

Textile Substrates
Hindered Amine to Halamine Reaction
Hindered Amine Compounds
Methods to Produce Halamine Finish on Textile Substrate
Measurement of Active Chlorine Present on Examle Fabrics

TECHNICAL TEXTILES

Agrotextiles
products
Screen
Bird Protection Net
Plant net
Harvesting nets
Root ball Net
Truf Protection Net
Mulch Mat
Nets for Covering Pallets
Packing Materials for Agricultural Products
Automotive Textiles
Car interiors
Seat Belt
Air Bags
Carpets
Tyre Cord Fabrics
Application Fibres used
Smart Textiles
Shape Memory Materials
Temperature Sensitive Fabric
Ultra Smart Textiles
Spacessuits
Musical Jackets
Intelligent Wear (1-Wear)
Data wear
Smart Clothes
Sports Jacket
Wearable Computer
Medical Textiles
Implantable Medical Textiles
Non implantable materials
Primary Wound Dressings
Absorbent
Bandages
Protective eye pad
Adhesive tapes
Extra Corporeat Devices
Artificial Kidney
Artificial Liver
Artificial heart
Mechanical Lung
Products used for Medical Surgical Dressings
Bandages
Plaster
Geotextiles
Uses of Geo Textiles
Filtration
Geotextile in roads
Adantages
Drainage
Erosion Control
Other benefits include
Rockfall Protection
Solution
Coastal Protection Gabions
Solution
Adantages of Polymer Gabions
Protective Textiles
Protective Clothing Compilation
Extreme Cold
Ballistic Protective Materials
Chemical Protection
Biological Protection
Advanced Eod Bomb suit and helmet
NBC Lightweight Overboot
Heat Protective
Conclusion

TEXTILE FORMULATIONS

Saturating the fabric with the solution at 160 Deg F
Saturate the fabric following desize solution at 140 Deg F
The typical scouring process
Saturate the fabric with the solution at 180 Deg

FLAME RETARDANTS FOR TEXTILES

Recipes

CHLORINATED AND BROMOCHLORINATED PARAFFINS AS FLAME RETARDANTS FOR FABRICS

Suggested Starting Formulations
Typical Coating Formulations
Paper to Textile
Pressure Sensitive Labels
Rubber/Resin Formula
Permanent, Rubber/Resin Formula
Properties
Polyvinyl Isobutyl Ether Formula
Vinyl Isobutyl Ether Formula
Water Soluble, Vinyl Ether/Resin Formula
Peelable, Acrylic Resin Formulae
Removable, Acrylic Resin Formula
Water Removable, Acrylic Resin Formula

TEXTILE SIZING

PIGMENT INK FORMULATION

Inkjet Inks Formulation
Textile Inks Water based
Colour Yield of an Ink Jet Printed Cotton Fabric
Ink Jet Textile Printing
Formulations (1-20)

LIST OF FORMULATIONS OF PRINTING INK

Lemon Yellow Printing Ink
Jobbing Black Ink
Colour Ink (Blue)
Super Gloss Ink (Blue)
Medium Quality Prints (Blue)
Cheap Quality Black Ink

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION OF THE FORMULATIONS

Synthesis of a carbonylfunctional binder emulsion and a control emulsion

Synthesis of a carbonyl functional binder emulsion

Preparation of the seed latex
Preparation of the DAAM latex (WEBM011)
Synthesis of a control binder emulsion Preparation of the DAAM free latex (WEBM016)

The post Modern technology of textile auxiliary and chemicals with formulations appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

INTRODUCTION

Applications
Hygiene
Medical
Filters
Geotextiles
Other
Staple  nonwovens
Spunlaid nonwovens
Air-laid paper
Other
Bonding
Disposability
Medical
automotive applications
Clothing
Personal care & Hygiene
Home furnishings
Industrial/Military

APPLICATIONS OF TEXTILES IN AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL

Characteristics of agrotextiles
Benefits of applying agrotextiles
Raw material requirement for making agrotextiles
Indian market scenario for potential agrotextiles
Techniques of producing agrotextile products
Weaving and woven product
Knitting
Nonwovens
Classification of Agrotextiles
Agrotextile products
Agricultural applications
Horticultural applications
Protected Agriculture
Greenhouse
Characteristics of greenhouses
Types of greenhouse structures
Hoop house
The arch
The gable
Greenhouse covering
Protective screen fabrics
Shade cloth
Solar and thermal screens
Insect screen

TECHNOLOGY OF NON WOVENS (THERMAL BONDING)

Calender Bonding
Type of Loading
Top and bottom rollers at kept at an angle
Top roller is made slightly convex
Thermo hydrein calender by Ramisch Kleinwefers
‘S’ roll by Andritz Kusters
Preheating
Area Bonded Nonwovens
Bonding with low melt fibre
Calender Roller Pressure
Binder fibre concentration
Temperature
Material Speed
Base Fibre Properties
Tyre of binder fibre
Quench Rate
Single nip and double nip
Low melt monocomponent fibres
Bicomponent fibres
Islands in Sea bicomponent
Segmented pie structure
Thermal Bonded Cotton nonwovens
Area Bonded
Point bonded cotton nonwovens
Point Bonded Nonwovens from synthetics
Fibre Orientation
Bond point Geomentry
Process Parameters
Mechanism of Breakage
Morphology of Fibre
Computer Simulation
Testing Conditions
Applications
Belt Calendering
Embossed calender bonding
Through Hot Air Bonding
Struto Technology
Air laying
Fibre properties and process parameters
Applications
Applications
Applications
Radiation Bonding

DEMANDS OF NON-WOVENS IN APPAREL INDUSTRY

Overview of nonwovens
Official ISO and CEN definition of nonwovens
Global market for nonwovens
Indian market for nonwovens
Feasibility of nonwovens in apparel sector
Practical applications of nonwoven in apparels
Nonwovens for medical apparel

USES OF YARNS IN GEOTEXTILES AND NONWOVEN

Geotextiles
Classification of geotextiles
Woven geotextiles
Knitted geotextiles
Nonwoven geotextiles
Yarn manufacture
Extrusion of filaments, tapes and films
Basic forms
Monofilaments
Multi filaments (yarns)
Tapes and weaving film
Yarns prepared from films
Additives
Physical properties
Raw material
Natural fibres for geotextiles Jute
Flax/coir
Coconut (Coir) Matting
Cotton
Hemp
Straw
Composite/synthetic materials for geotextiles
Yarns made from high performance fibres
Kevlar
Twaron and Technora
Application areas
Concrete reinforcement
Masonry reinforcement
Blast mitigation
Geotextiles

APPLICATIONS OF AEROGEL IN TEXTILES

Overview of aerogel
Properties
Method of manufacturing
Applications in textiles
Insulating textiles
Green building
Aerogels in intelligent textile structures
Antibacterial textiles
Silica Biopolymer hybrids for medical textiles
Flame retardant textiles
Carbon nanotube aerogels

AUTOMOTIVE SEAT BELT FABRICS

Literature survey
Pe requisites of seat belt
What are seat belts?
Force acting on passenger during accident with and without seat belt
Seat belt formation
Defects in seat belts and their remedies
Experimental work
Raw material use
Material used for warp
Material used for weft
Machine used for webbing seat belts warping machine
Weaving machine (Needle loom)
Processing Chemical used for nylon seat belt sample
Results and discussion

BATT FORMATION IN NONWOVENS: METHODS, MERITS AND MEASURES

Merits and limitations of nonwovens against wovens
Wet laid nonwovens
Raw materials
Method of manufacture
Process control measures
Dry laid nonwovens
Major raw materials
Batt formation
Opening and mixing
Batt formation involving carding
Parallel laying
Card-crosslapping
Batt uniformity
Continuous volumetric feed
Weight control
Autoleveller
Carding
Production rates
Feed Roller
Card clothing
Dust removal
Carding quality
Process control and maintenance
Random Card
Process control
Crosslapping
Profiling systems
Web Drafting
Spunbonding
Batt manufacture
Major applications
Meltblown nonwoven
Process Checkpoints

DETAILED PROCESS OF SPUNBONDED FABRICS FROM RECYCLED PLASTICS

Primary Study
Plastic nonwoven production by thermal  bonding using heated calenders
Experiment
Materials tested, results and discussion
Optimum Bond Strength
Determination of the optimum conditions of production of
technical nonwovens out of extrusion continuous filament yarns (before bonding)
Independent variables
Experimental analysis

ENERGY SAVING POTENTIALS IN THERMAL NONWOVENS PROCESSES

JUTE APPLICATION IN GEOTEXTILES

Benefits of using jute geotextiles
Types of jute geotextiles
Open Meshjute generation Application areas
Woven jute geotextile Application areas
Nonwoven jute geotextile
Application areas for jute geotextiles
Soil erosion control
Erosion control applications
Agro plant mulching
Reinforcement
River & canal bank protection
Where applicable
Why applied
Product specification
Rural roadpavement
Product specification
Separation
Filtration & drainage
Technical functions
Limitations of jue geotextile

LYOCELL: A HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRE FOR NONWOVENS

Properties of Lyocell
Courtaulds Lyocell Process
Lyocell processing
Fabric properties
Spun lacing
Needle punching
Latex bonding
Air laying
Wet laying
Thermal bonding
Finished product benefits
Advantages of Lyocell nonwovens

MANUFACTURING OF NONWOVEN COMPOSITES FROM RECLAIMED FIBRES

Fibre and textile waste utilisation
Why composites materials ?
Methodology
Collection of Waste
Raw material preparation
Web formation
Chemical bonding process
Composite development
Hand laminating
Resin injection techniques
Hot press methods
Filament winding
Pultrusion
Conclusion

MATERIALS USED IN CASUAL AND SPORTS WEAR TEXTILES

Textile treatment with PCM microcapsules
Function of textile structure with PCM
Applications of textiles containing PCMs
Medical textiles
Experimental Analysis Methods
Materials
Lower sensor (near the human body)
Laboratory Testing
Determination of fabric weight
Determination of thermal  resistance
Results and discussion
Effect of different  concentrations of microcapsules on thermal resistance

NEEDLEPUNCH FELTS

Performance of heat resistant polymer fibres
Applications
Cement clinker cooler plants
Gypsum
Lime kilns
Production of insulating materials on mineral basis
Construction industry
Coal fired boilers
Household waste incineration
Waste incineration at clinics hospitals
Properties of Fibre
Commercial heat resistant fibres
TFA Toray Fluorofibers (America) Teflon
Fratelli Testori

NONWOVEN INTERLININGS IN APPARETS

Interlining
Interlining types
Knitted Interlinings
Nonwoven Interlinings
Water Repellent Interlining
Embroidery backings
Hair Interlinings
Fusing recommendations
Machine check up
Nonwoven fusible interlinings
Random
Parallel
Cross
Composite
Fusing procedure
Functions of nonwoven interlinings
Interlining fabric for shaping and support
Nonwoven interlining for stabilising and/or stiffening
Nonwoven interlinings for providing bulk
Properties of nonwoven interlinings
Functional elements of nonwoven interlinings

NATURAL FIBRES IN AGROTEXTILES

Need for agrotextiles
Properties required for agrotextiles
Type of agrotech products and their application arena
Agrotextiles
Fibres for agrotextiles
Composition and properties of common naterial fibres used in agrotextiles
Jute
Use of jute in agricultural textiles
Area wise applications of jute agrotextiles are given below
The following are the coir based products used in agriculture
Wool
Use of wool in agricultural textiles
Other natural fibres

NONWOVENS IN PACKAGING, MEDICAL, AGRICULTURE AND OTHER FIELDS

Application of nonwoven in agriculture and horticulture
Application of nonwoven as crop cover fabric in agriculture
Application of nonwoven as blanket fabric in agriculture
Mulching fabric
Application of nonwoven in greenhouse shading
Nonwoven materials for home furnishing and furniture industry
Furniture construction
Bedding construction
Napkins and Tablecloth
Wallcover
Application of nonwoven in protective clothing
Spunlaced Nonwovens in Motor Sport Racing Suits
Spunlace Nonwovens in Fire Fighter Suits
Nonwoven for military/police
Spunlace nonwovens used in cooling technology
Nonwoven in packaging
Luxury packaging
Food packaging
Nonwoven in wiping products
Key requirements for wipes

NONWOVEN INDUSTRY (CARRY BAGS, SURGICAL GOWN, FACE MASK, ROUND CAPS, SHOE COVER,
GLOVES)

Introduction
Printed Nonwoven Punch Bag
Nonwoven Tote Bag W/Zipper
Foldable Nonwoven Tote Bag
Specifications
Features of the Non Woven Shopping Bag
Specifications
Products Applications
Plant Economics of Nonwoven Indi Products (Carry Bags, Surgical Gown etc.)
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Suppliers of Plant and Equipments

NONWOVEN FABRIC PRODUCTION

Introduction
Some Prominent Products Made from Nonwovens
Fully automatic nonwoven fabric production line detail
Production process
Process Flow Chart
Spunbond Process
Melt blown process
Water jet Process
Plant Economics of Spun bonded non woven fabric production
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw materials
Total working capital/month
Total capital investment
Turn over/Annum
Suppliers of Plant and equipments

NONWOVENS FOR MEDICAL TEXTILES

Introduction
Fibers used
Cotton
Medical Textiles
Viscose
Wood Pulp
Cotton Linters
Medical Textiles
Implantable Medical Textiles
Non  implantable materials
Extra Corporeal Devices
Mechanical Lung
Health Care Textiles
Products used for medical surgical dressings
Wound care products
Bandages
Pressure Garments for Hypertrophic Skin
Gauze
Plaster
Other Dressings

PROTECTIVE APPARELS MANUFACTURE

Materials
Method
Classification
Fire protection
Heat and cold protection
Mechanical impact protection
Ballistic protective helmet
Biological protection
Electrical protection
Radiation protection
Nuclear Radiation Protection
UV Radiation Protection
Applications
Conclusion

PROCESSING, FINISHING LINES AND NON WOVENS MACHINERY

Major Line Components
Continuous  Processing Lines and Finishing Systems for Loose Stock fibres, Tops and Tows
Drying line for bleached and dyed fibres
Raw wool scouring line
Anti felt finishing line for wool tops
Impregnation lines for tuffed and needle felt carpets
Finishing Lines  for Woven and Knit Goods
HT Steamset heatsetting line for tubular goods
Latest  innovations from the textile division
Fleissner machinery for the nonwovens industry
Fleissner as system supplier
Fleissner Aquajet spunlace system for spunlacing of Nonwovens
Large width lines
Fleissner Leanjet for reduced production capacities
Fleissner Aquajet Lines for bonding and softening of spunbonds
Roofing lines

SEAM STRENGTH OF GEOTEXTILES

Seam types, appurtenances & efficiencies
Geotextile
Determining seam strength requirement
Experimental
Nonwoven
Slit film woven
Monofilament woven
High strength PET woven
Threads
Stitch density
Results and discussion
Wide width tensile strength of Geotextile Fabric Sample  Nonwoven
Conclusion

SPUNIACE NONWOVENS

Bonding & finishing with chemical binders & chemicals
Binding agents & binder dependent nonwovens characteristics
Application methods
Liquid binders & foamed binders
Application of liquid binders
Wet in wet application
Application of foamed binders
Wet in wet foam application
Curing of binders
Binder migration
Migration is subject to various influences
Chemical methods
Printing, printbonding
Gravure printing
Round screens
Chemical finishing/dyeing
Dyeing
Chemical finishing
Bonding of spunlace nonwovens by hot air
Thermofusion with hot air
Heatsetting

SURGICAL DRESSES (DOCTOR’S DRESS)

Introduction
Market Potential
Process of Manufacture
Quality Control and Standards
Production Capacity (per annum)
Motive Power
Pollution Control
Energy Conservation
Financial Aspects
Fixed Capital
Working Capital (per month)
Total  Capital investment
Machinery Utilisation
Financial Analysis
Cost of Production (per year)
Turnover (per year)

TECHNOLOGY OF ABSORBENT NONWOVENS

Definition of nonwoven
High absorbent nonwovens
Raw materials
Absorption mechanism
Production process
Suspension polymerisation
Solution polymerisation
In-situ polymerisation
In situ process vs conventional process
Conventional and formation from solutions polymerisations
Preparation of Monomer solution
Cellulose fibres
Air laid
Limitations
Conclusion

NONWOVEN CARRY BAGS

Introduction
Printed Nonwoven Punch Bag
Nonwoven Tote Bag W/Zipper
Foldable Nonwoven Tote bag
Specifications
Nonwoven Shopping Bag
Specifications
Products Applications
Market potential for the NW Automatic bag
Assumption for this project
Investment and profitability Analysis
Investment
Non woven Materials are used in numerous Applications including
Fully Automatic Nonwoven Bag Making Machine
Technical Specifications
Fully Automatic Multi functional Nonwoven Bag Making Machine
Plant Economics of Non woven carry/shopping Bags
Fully Automatic Multi functional nonwoven Bag Making Machine Technical specifications
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/Month
Total capital investment
Turn over/Annum
Details of the Name of Supplier

The post Complete Technology Of Nonwovens Fabrics, Carry Bags, Composites, Geotextiles, Medical Textiles, Fibres, Felts, Apparels, Spunlace And Absorbent Nonwoven appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Classifications and Chemistry

• Classification
• Spinning Assistants
• Sizing Agents
• Desizing Agents
• Scouring and Bleaching Aids
• Dyeing Assistants
• Printing Aids
• Finishing Agents
• Detergents and Surfactants
• Inorganic Compounds
• Hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
• Molecular weight
• Solubility and surface activity
• Nomenclature and chemical composition
• Wetting and detergent structures
• Anionic Surfactants
• Carboxylates
• Sulphonates
• Alkylbenzenesulphonates
• Petroleum sulphonates
• Naphthalene sulphonates
• Olefin sulphonates
• Sulphates
• Alkyl sulphates (Sulphated alcohols)
• Sulphated natural fats and oils
• sulphated alkanolamides
• Sulphated esters
• Alkyphenols, ethoxylated and sulphated
• Nonionic Surfactants
• Polyoxyethylene Surfactants
• Ethoxylated Aliphatic Alcohols
• Carboxylic Esters
• Polyethylene glycol esters
• Anhydrosorbitol ester
• Glycol esters of fatty acids
• Natural fats, oils, and waxes, ethoxylated
• Carboxylic Amides
• Monoalkanolamine condensates
• Polyoxethylene Fatty Acid Amides
• Cationic Surfactants
• Polyoxyethylene alkyl and aliclic amines
• 2 Alkyl 1 (hydroxyethyl)2 imidazolines
• N,N.N.N Tetrakis substituted ethylenediamines
• Amines Having Amide Linkages
• Quatemary Ammonium Salts
• Amphoteric Surfactants
• Sizing
• Starch
• Modified Starch
• Industrial Gums
• Gum Arabic
• Guar gum
• Locust bean gum
• Tamarind kernel powder
• Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Sodium Salts
• Usages
• Sizing of Blended Yarn
• Acrylic Size
• Desizing
• Bleaching and Scouring Operation
• Scouring of Wool
• Carbonising
• Scouring of Silk
• Scouring of Rayon
• Scouring of Synthetic Fibres
• Mercerising
• Dyeing
• Wetting agents
• dispersing agents
• Levelling agents
• Sulphated Castor Oil
• Sequestering agents
• Antifoaming agents
• Carriers
• Migration inhibitor
• dye fixing agents
• Stripping agents
• Thickeners
• Wetting agents
• Dispersing agents
• Antifoaming agents
• Oxidising and reducing agentsCarriers
• Binders
• After washing
• Finishing of textiles
• Acetals
• Epoxides and epichlorohydrin
• Optical Brightening Agents
• Pyrazoline Derivatives
• Derivatives of Naphthalimide
• Softeners
• Bis (benzoxazol 2 yt) derivatives
• Bis (benzimidazol 2 yl) Derivatives
• Coumarins
• Pyrazolins
• Naphtalimides
• triazinyl pyrenes
• 2 Styryl benoxazoles and naphthoxazoles
• Nonionic softeners
• Cationic softeners
• Reactive softeners
• Emulsion softeners
• Silicone softeners
• Biopolishing
• Stone Washing
• Water Repelients
• Aluminium acetate
• Wax dispersions
• Pyridinium Type of Repellents
• Fluorochemicats

Manufacturing Processes of Textile Auxiliaries

• Starch
• Dextrin/British Gum
• Starch Hydroxy Ethyl Ether
• Methyl Cellulose
• Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose
• Ethyl Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose
• Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
• Gum Arabic
• Gum Karya
• Gum Tragacanth
• Locust beam Gum
• Guar Gum
• Tamarind Kernel Powder
• Turkey Red Oil
• Sodium Lab Sulphonate
• Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
• Dibutyl Napthalene Sulphonate
• Ethylene Oxide Condensate of Lauryl Alcohol
• Octadecenoyl N Methyl Taurate (Igepon T)
• Sodium Beta Sulphoethyl Esters of Fatty Acids
• Oleyl Chloride
• Hydroxyethane Sodium Sulphate
• Sodium beta Sulphothyl ester of oleic acid
• Lauric Diethanol Amide
• superamide
• Sulphated Alkanolamides
• Urea Formaldehyde Precondensate
• Bismethoxy Methyl Urea
• Melamine Formaldehyde Precondensate
• Poly Vinyl Acetate
• Poly Vinyl Alcohol
• Preparation of Octadecyl Chloromethyl Ether
• Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone
• Cetyl Pyridinium Bromide (Fabric Softener)
• Dimethyl Phenyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (Dye Discharging Agent)
• M Nitrobenzene Sulphonic acid Sodium Salt (Mild Oxidizer)
• Stearamide Methyl Pyridinium Chloride
• Sodium Oleyl Para Anisidine Sulphonate
• Polyethylene Glycol Esters
• Fatty Acid Esters of Anhydrosorbitol
• Higher Alcohol Esters of Methacrylic Acid (Polymerized)
• High Molecular Weight Fatty Amide (Stearyl/Cetyl Stearamide)
• Dioxtyl Ester of Sulphosuccinic Acid
• Optical Brightening Agents
• Sodium 5,5′ Dichloro 4.4′ dinitrostilbene 2.2′ disulphonate
• 5,5′ Dichloro 4,4′ diaminostilbene 2.2′ disulphonic acid
• Acylation of 5.5′ dichloro 4.4′ diaminostilbene 2.2′ disulphonic acid
• Sodium 4.4′ Bis (phenylcarbamylamino) 5.5′ dichlorostibene 2.2′ disulphonate
• Cyclohexylammonium 6.6′ Dichloro 4.4″ dinitrostibene 2.2′ disulphonate
• Glycerol Phthalic Anhydride (PAN) Condensate
• Methyl Cyclohexanol Stearate
• tetrahydronaphthalene
• Polyvinyl Butyral
• Dinaphthalene Methyl Disulphonic Acid
• Polystyrene Suspension
• THPC Thiourea Condensation Product
• Quatermary Aryl Aminoalkyl Phosphonium Salt
• THPC Ammonia Condensation Product
• Poly Condensation Product
• 1,3,2 Diazaphospholidine Compounds
• Alkyl And Aryl Sulphonamidomethyl Phosphonates
• Phosphorus Containing Acrylic Monomers
• Halogenated Polyphosphonates
• Dimethyl a ac Bis (Diethyl Phosphono) Adipate (D)
• 2,4,6 Tris (Carbamoylmethylamino) 1,3,5, S Trizine
• Anionic Polyurethane Resin Emulsion
• Perfluoro Tertiary Alkyl Ethers
• Polyfluoroalkyl Hydroxypropyl Phosphates
• Hybrid Tetracopolymers Based on Fluoroacrylates
• Vinyl Ether Reactive Organopolysiloxane Addition Products
• Alkylene Oxide Modified Aminoplast Compounds
• Fatty, Methylolated Polyoxyalkylene Carbamates
• Polyethylene Glycol Modified Triazine Compounds
• Diester amine Adducts

Commercial Textile Auxiliaries

• Foreign
• Shirtan
• MercerotReference
• Teepol
• Amoa Solo Prufe
• Metabol O
• Mitin FFAquasolsReferencesAerosol OTFormerly Alphasols
• Ammonyx BCCation active alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
• Lissolamine A and V
• Nervanase and Gelatase
• Tergitols 08.4 and 7
•  Avi-Meral L24
• Velan PF
• Nilo (Various Brands)
• Celanol A
• Nonic 218
• Reslcom M-75 and HP
• Lenka
• Rhonite 609 (and Various Brands)
• Lubrol Mo
• Gardinol WS and CS Paste
• Glydote A
• Igepal (Various Brands)
• Lissapol C (Plaste and Powder)
• Lisstan AC
• Textol Wax
• Formaset (Various Brands)Norane R
• Igepon T Powder, T Gel, TFS Conc.
• triton NE and N 100Rhozyme PF
• Triton K 60
• Triton 770 Conc. and X 301
• Rhozyme BB and C
• Calatac MMN and MMP
• Calatac VA
• Lgepon AP Extra Conc
• Lanoc CN
• Alkylene B and IP
• Zelan AP Paste
• Aridex L.Conc and Aridex WP Water Repellents
• Resist Salt  L
• Merid T
• Glycol Fatty Acid Esters (including Diglycol Oleate S.Diglycol Stearate S.S147, S151, S152,S137,S1003, and Aldo 25)
• Doittau 32-Huile Universol R
• Perminal BX, WA & EML
• Lissapol LS paste and powder
• Leucaphor O
• Cellofas C

Formulations of Textile Auxiliaries

• Scour Formulations
• Solvent Formulations
• Activated  Bleach
• Starch Size
• Starch Sizing
• Durable Finish for Cotton & Rayon
• Wash and Wear Cotton Finish
• Crease Resistant Finish for Cotton
• Crease Resistant Rayon Finish
• Rainproofing Polyester Cotton Finish
• Flame Proof Crease Resistant Finish
• Flame Proof, Softening And Anticrease Finish
• Flame Proof Finish (Cotton)
• Crush Resistant Finish
• Textile Softener & Water Repellent
• Textile Bleach
• Textile Size
• Textile Warp Sizing
• Waterproofing Finish
• Textile Sizings
• Crease Proofing Cellulose Acetate
• Crease Resisting Viscose Crepe
• Fabric Sizing (Aerosol)
• Textile Fabric Finish (Anti-crease Waterproof)
• Vat Colour Printing Paste
• Textile Delusterant
• Textile Softener
• Kapok Softener
• Nylon Yarn Coning Oil Textile Printing Paste Thickener
• Semistiff Collar
• Flameproof, Waterproof And Mildewproof Coating for Textiles Pigment Composition
• Printing Paste
• Textile Dullers (Delusterants) for Hosiery
• Textile  Softening Cream
• Textile Scouring Agents
• Textile Printing Paste
• Silk Printing Discharge
• Textile Printing Resist
• Stripping Dye From Wood
• Stripping Dyed Cotton
• Flameproof, Waterproof and Mildwproof Textile Coating
• Waterproofing Agent
• Aniline Black Printing paste
• Vat Printing Colour
• Textile Printing Pastes
• Textile Waterproofing
• Delusterant For Textiles
• Cotton Filling Compositions
• Sizing Rayon And Silk
• Tallow Emulsion For Textile Softing
• Lubrications for Synthetic Textile Fibres
• Thread and Yarn Lubricant
• Hoechst Composition of Printing Paste
• Blotch Printing Formulation
• Vat Printing Paste
• Manufacture of Soromins
• Soromin WF
• Soromin F
• Soromin DM
• Waterproofing Agent
• Antistatic Agents
• Synthetic Textile Fibre Lubricant
• Rayon Lubricants
• Cotton Spraying Oil
• Textile Softeners

Classification of Surfactants

• Surface Active Agents
• Amphoteric surfactants
• Anionic Surfactants
• Sulphated vegetable oils
• Sulphated fatty acid esters
• Sulphated esters of low molecular weight aliphatic acids
• Fatty acid esters of sulphonated alcohols
• Sulphonated substituted fatty acid amides
• Alkyl aryl sulphonates
• Aliphatic alcohol sulphates
• Secondary alcohol sulphates
• Sulphated  alkyl phenolethylene oxide condensates
• Phosphate esters
• Cationic Surfactants
• Fatty acid amides and their derivatives
• Quaternary ammonium salts
• Fatty amine salts
• Pyridinium and substituted pyridinium salts
• Cyclic (imidazolinium) derivatives
• Alkylol amide salts
• Dicyandiamide formal dehyde condensate
• Nonionic surfactants
• Alkyl phenol condensates
• Fatty alcohol condensates
• Fatty acid condensates
• Fatty amine condensates
• Fatty amide condensates
• Non-surface Active Compounds
• Non-surface active agent formulations containing small amounts of surface active agents
• Spinning assistants
• Sizing agents
• Desizing agents
• Scouring & bleaching aids
• Dyeing assistants
• Printing aids
• Finishing agents
• Hybrid Surfactants
• Surfactants
• Hybrid surfactants
• Nonionic-anionic hybrids
• Nonionic cationic hybrids
• Cationic nonionic anionic hybrids

Details of Raw Materials

• Fatty Acids
• Aliphatic hydroxy compounds and their derivatives
• Octyl alcohol
• Lauryl alcohol
• Cetyl alcohol
• Oleyl alcohol
• Ethylene glycol
• Diethylene glycol
• Thiodiethylene glycol
• Glycerine (Glycerol)
• Diethanolamine
• Triethanolamine
• Hydrocarbons
• Diphenyl
• Dodecyl benzene DDB
• Paraffin wax
• Polyethylene (low molecular weight)
• Phenolic compounds
• Phenol
• Human toxicity
• Cresols
• Human toxicity
• Nonyl phenol
• o-Phenyl phenol
• p-Phenyl Phenol
• Aromatic chloro compounds
• o-Dichlorobenzene(ODCB)
• Trichlorobenzene
• Pentachlorophenol
• Sodium salt
• Human toxicity
• Sulphonic acids
• Sulphanilic acid
• B-Naphthalene sulphonic acid
• Aldehyde
• Formaldehyde
• Glyoxal
• Acids and their derivatives
• Acetic acid
• Citric acid
• Acrylic acid
• Maleic anhydride
• Methyl acrylate
• Ethyl acrylate
• Butyl acrylate
• Acrylamide
• stearamide
• Amines and proteins
• Aniline
• Human toxicity
• Casein
• Glue
• Animal & vegetable waxes
• Starch
• Dextrins/British gums
• Guar gum
• Carbon tetrachloride CCI
• Chloroform CHCL
• Dicyandiamide
• Ethylene oxide
• Ethylene diamine
• Nitrobenzene
• Urea

Anionic Surfactants

• Soap
• Turkey Red Oil (TRO)
• Sulphated derivatives of fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols
• Sizing softeners
• Fatty alcohol sulphates
• History
• Fatty alcohols
• Suphation of alcohols
• choice of sulphation processes and of sulphating agents
• Batch process
• Process of continuous sulphation
• Precautions to be taken during processing
• Neutralisation
• Raw material storage
• Recovery of alcohols
• Sulphation of unsaturated alcohols
• Formation of sulphated alcohols from olefines
• Mercerizing wetting agents
• synthesis of 2-ethyl hexyl sulphate
• Synthesis of n-butyl sulphate
• Alkyl naphthalene sulphonates
• Fatty acid ester and amide sulphonates
• Dodecyl benzene sulphonate
• Dodecyl benzene sulphonate (Na)
• Sulphonation
• Spend acid separation
• Neutralisation
• Bleaching
• Batch sulphonation with 20% oleum
• Sulphonation with sulphuric acid oleum mixture
• Commercial anionic detergents
• Dialkyl sulphosuccinate
• Nylon dyeing assistants
• Sulphated ethers
• Alkyl sulphonates
• Phosphate esters and alkyl phosphates

Cationic Surfactants

• Quatermary ammonium salts
• Quaternary ammonium compound with two quartermary atoms
• Softeners
• Origin of cationic softeners
• Interesting advantages
• Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity
• Chemistry of cationic softeners
• Mode of action
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Application
• Some products
• Zwitterion
• Dyeing assistants
• Germicides
• Product of the general formula
• Water repellent finishes

Nonionic Surfactants

• Vat levelling agents
• Azoic fastness improvers
• Fatty acid ethylene oxide condensates
• Synthesis and properties

Miscellaneous Important Compounds

• Silicones
• Chain extension of low molecular weight polyorgano siloxanes
• Reaction with cellulosic hydroxyl under acidic conditions
• Reaction with alkaline solutions
• Reaction with cellulose under mildly alkaline solutions
• Self crosslinking reaction
• Chemically modified polyorgano siloxanes
• Application of silicone emulsions
• Carriers
• Polyvinyl acetate emulsion
• Manufacture of polyvinyl acetate dispersion
• Polyvinyl alcohol
• Formic acid
• Vinyl acetate
• Material of construction
• Temperature control
• Agitation
• Cleaning of the kettle
• Identification of Polyvinyl alcohol
• Polyvinyl alcohol in sizing
• Wax emulsions
• Carbohydrates
• Methyl cellulose
• Guar gum
• Printing thickeners
• Solution aids

Detergent Paste (Textile Grade)

Dispersant for Textiles

Levelling and Dispersing Agent

Non-Ionic Surfactants Weitting Agents

Pigment Emulsion for Textiles

Pigments Binders for Textile Printing

Poly Vinyl Acetate Emulsion

Rosin Sizing Agent

Silicone Emulsion

Silk Sizing Liquid (Water Soluble)

Softeners (Cationic An-Ionic and Non-Ionic)

Textile and Finishing Agents

Textile Auxilliaries

Textile Chemical

Textile Printing Paste

The book covers Classifications and Chemistry, Manufacturing  Processes of Textile Auxiliaries,  Commercial Textile Auxiliaries, Formulations of Textile Auxiliaries, Classification of Surfactants, Details of Raw Materials, Anionic Surfactants, Cationic Surfactants, Nonionic Surfactants, Miscellaneous Important Compounds, Detergent Paste (Textile Grade), Dispersant for Textiles, Levelling and Dispersing Agent, Non-Ionic Surfactants Wetting Agents, Pigment Emulsion for Textiles,  Pigments  Binders for Textile Printing, Poly Vinyl Acetate Emulsion, Rosin Sizing Agent, Silicone Emulsion, Silk Sizing Liquid (Water Soluble), Softeners (Cationic, An-Ionic and Non-Ionic), Textile and Finishing Agents, Textile Auxilliaries, Textile Chemicals, Textile Printing Paste.

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