List of Tables

Table  Physical properties of rosin based cationic surfactants

Table  shows the physical properties of some rosin-based anionic surfactants, and their surface activities were compared with that of widely used anionic surfactant of sodium dodecyl sulfate (K) and alcohol ether sulfate (AES). The dCMC of most anionic surfactants were between  and , and their CMC values were between — mol/L. Rosin-based anionic gemini surfactants also showed better CMC and dCMC values than conventional ones.

Table  shows the physical properties of some rosin based zwitterionic surfactants. The dCMC of most zwitterionic surfactants were between  and , and their CMC values were near – mol/L.

Table  Physical properties of rosin based nonionic

surfactants

Table  Corrosion inhibition of some rosin-based cationic surfactants

Table : Surface activity parameters of RPEG and RLA-PEG

Table : Inhibition efficiency of RPEG values for steel in M HCl with different concentrations  of inhibitor calculated by Polarization and EIS methods

Table : Inhibition efficiency of values of RLA- PEG for steel in M HCl with different  concentrations of inhibitor calculated by Polarization and EIS methods

Table  Mechanical properties and thermal stability of cured tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid and petroleum-based counterparts DEGBA

Table  Synthesis and Molecular Weights of PAI-a

and PAI-b

Table  Characterization of Biomaterials

Table  Relative Solubility of Biomaterials

Table  Formulations of Film Coating Solutions

Table  Mechanical Properties of Free Films

Table  WVTR Study of Free Films

Table  Moisture Absorption Study of Free Films

Table  Preparation of Block Copolymers Containing

CL and AEDA by ROP and ATRP

 Properties measured for Vegetable oil and Castor

oil based polymers

Table  ADMET Polymerization Results

Table  Synthesis of PolyMAAsa

Table  Composition of Novel polymers

Table  Physicochemical Analysis of Novel Rosinated

Alkyd Res-ins based on coconut oil and rosin

Table  The IR-spectral data of Novel Polymer AR-

Table  The NMR-spectral data of Novel

Polymer AR-

Table  Composition of the model paint used to assess the appropriateness of the Xmax concept applied to rosin-based tin-free products (compositions in solids vol. %)

Table

Table  Cytotoxicity and anti-HSV- activity of abietane diterpenes on HeLa Cells determined by the end-point titration technique.

List of figures

Figure  Diterpene carbon skeletons found in the most common resin acids.

Figure  Structures of the most common abietane-type resin acids.

Figure  S tructures of the most common pimarane-type resin acids.

Figure  O xidation of levopimaric acid with formation of an endoperoxide.

Figure  C onversion of abietadienoic acids into dehydroabietic acid and retene.

Figure   Nitration of dehydroabietic acid.

Figure  M echanism of the acid-catalyzed isomerization of abietadienoic resin acids.

Figure  D iels-Alder reaction of levopimaric acid with maleic anhydride.

Figure  F ormation of dimeric ketones of maleopimaric-type adducts

Figure  A ddition of formaldehyde to abietic acid.

Figure  Formation of rosin-modifi ed phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Figure  F ormation of a chromane-type derivative of abietic acid through quinomemethide intermediate.

Figure  Formation of a chromane-type derivative of abietic acid by reaction with diphenylolpropane.

Figure  F ormation of levopimaric adducts with formaldehyde and their conversion into -hydroxymethyl derivatives.

Figure  T ypical dimeric structures of abietic-type acids.

Figure  S tructures of dehydroabietylamine and dehydroabietanol.

Figure  I nteraction of aluminium resinates with cellulose surface.

Figure  S ynthesis and polycondensation of a rosin-based poly(amide-imide).

Figure  S ynthesis of vinyl-type ester monomers from the maleopimaric adduct

Figure  S ynthesis of polyimides by Diels-Alder condensation of resin acid dimers with aromatic bismaleimides .

Figure  Synthesis of epoxy resins from resin acid dimer adduct with acrylic acid.

Figure  S ynthesis of secondary amines of methyl dehydroabietate.

Figure  Phase diagram for the three-component water-surfactant-decanol system.

Figure  Gun rosin usage in industry, the data adapted from reference

Figure  Antibacterial activity of (C) compared with bromo-geramium and ofloxacin, the data adapted from reference

Figure  Electropherogram for the enantiomeric separation of a mixture of three NDA-d/l-amino acids (i.e. NDA-d/l-?-Phen, NDA-d/l-Trp and NDA-d/l-Kyn).

Scheme : Reaction procedure of RPEG and RLA-PEG

Fig.  FTIR spectra of a) RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig.  HNMR spectra of a) RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig.  CNMR spectra of a) RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig. : Relation between surface tension and ageing time for different aqueous concentrations of RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig.  Adsorption isotherms of RPEG and RLA-PEG

Fig.  (a) Nyquist diagram for steel in  M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RPEG) showing experimental (square)and fit data (circle), (b) Nyquist diagram for steel in  M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RLA- PEG) showing experimental (square) and fit data (circle)

Fig. : Equivalent circuit used for fitting

the impedance data

Fig. a: Polarization curves for steel in M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RPEG). b: Polarization curves for steel in M HCl solution  containing different inhibitor concentrations (RLA- PEG).

Figure  Synthetic route for maleopimaric aicd and its triglycidyl ester

Figure  (a) &  (b) H-NMR and C-NMR spectra for tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid

Figure  FT-IR spectra for the mixture of maleopimaric acid and tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid before and after curing reaction

Figure  DMA curves for cured tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric Acid

Fig.  Synthetic scheme of Cts-g-PRAEE copolymer.

Figure  IR spectra of (upper curve) PAI-a and (lower curve) PAI-b.

Figure : Structures of D-RMID and pPhDA

Figure  FTIR Spectra of a) RMA and b) RMA-(MPEG )

Figure  A general strategy toward renewable degradable rosin acid-caprolactone block Copolymers

Figure  Triglyceride structure where R, R, and R represent fatty acid chains

Figure  Common fatty acids obtained from vegetable oil triglycerides

Figure  Vegetable oil based monomer synthesis

Figure  H NMR of castor oil based monomers

Figure  H NMR of ADMET prepared polyesters

Figure  H NMR of oxalate polymer prepared by thiol-ene polymerization

Figure  DSC thermograms (nd heating cycle) of polyesters: (top left) thiol-ene oxalate polymer (Mn = , g/mol); (top right) ADMET prepared oxalate polymer (Mn = , g/mol); (bottom left) ester polymer (Mn = , g/mol); (bottom right) hydroquinone polymer (Mn = , g/mol)

Figure  GPC traces of ADMET prepared oxalate polymer before (green, Mn= , g/mol) and after (blue, Mn= , g/mol) acid degradation

Figure. -Scheme of synthesis of polyurethane rosin

Fig.  Synthesis of the hydrogenated rosin epoxy methacrylate (HREM).

Fig.  Schematic illustration (cross section view) of the behaviour of a biocide-based antifouling system exposed to sea water. In the TBT-SPCs, the main biocide complementing Cu+ was chemically anchored to the polymer binder matrix while in the tin-free alternatives they are usually embedded in the vehicle.

Fig.  Scheme of the TBT-SPC mathematical model. The main processes involved in the activity of a TBT-SPC paint and their interactions are combined with chemical speciation calculations and transport phenomena. The mathematical model can provide reliable estimations of the A/F paint performance.

Fig.  SEM picture of a cross section of an exposed antifouling paint based on ZnR and CuO (upper left picture) and its corresponding EDX analysis showing the Cu signals as dots (upper right picture). The intensity of the Zn (not shown) and Cu signal is processed by means of ImagePro, showing a distinct gradient from the unreacted paint to the paint surface (bottom). Under the inert paint, the Zn profile is constant and taken as reference (unreacted Zn-line). The Zn profile in the leached layer (Zn-line) shows a relative residual Zn value at the paint surface of around % of that in the unreacted paint film. The Cu profile (Cu-line) shows approximately the extent of the leached layer. The reason for the larger fluctuations in the Zn signal is a much lower concentration compared to Cu.

Fig.  Molecular structures of abietic (), levipomaric (), pimaric () dihydroabietic( ), tetrahydroabietic () and dehydroabietic () acids. Adapted from .

Fig.  Dissolution rate under static conditions ofWWrosin in artificial sea water ASTM – related to immersion time (days). Modified from .

Fig.  Accumulated -D diffusion-controlled mass loss from a panel immersed in an infinite amount ofwater. Calculated using the transient diffusion equation (Eq. ()) solved for constant concentration at the film surface and infinite water volume.

Fig.  Chemical structures of tested abietanes.

Figure : Tensile specimens mold

Figure : Viscosity change with temperature unsaturated polyester containing different concentrations of styrene

Figure : Density change with styrene concentration ratio for unsaturated polyester resin

Figure : Curing time for different volume fraction of unsaturated polyester with % MEKP

Figure : Gel time for unsaturated polyester containing different concentrations of styrene and MEKP ratios

Figure : Time to peak for unsaturated polyester containing different concentrations of styrene and MEKP

Figure : Exotherm temperatures for unsaturated

polyester containing different concentrations of styrene

and MEKP

Fig.  Curing reactions of methyl maleopimarate/phenyl glycidyl ether (a), and abietyl glycidyl ether/aniline (b).

Fig.  H NMR spectra of (i) abietic acid (ii) abietyl glycidyl ether (iii) methyl maleopimarate

Fig.  DSC thermograms of curing of model compounds at different heating rates

Fig.  Degree of conversion versus temperature at different heating rates