Carbon 13, a stable isotope of carbon (At wt 13) has recently come into prominence as a tracer element employed in the study of biological process. It is obtained from carbon compounds by concentrating the minute quantity of the heavier isotope, normally present in them, by thermal diffusion methods. Carbon 14 or radioactive carbon, a product of the uranium atomic pile, is used also as a tracer element in the study of plant and animal metabolism.

The term Activated carbon, active carbon, or active charcoal is usually applied to amorphous carbons possessing higher absorption capacities than wood or animal charcoal. Many processes were developed during world war for the production of effective absorbents for use in gas masks. Industrial activated carbons in the form of pellets, granules or fine powders, and with many industrial applications, are now available in the market under different trade names.

Commercial absorbent carbons may be grouped into decolorizing, gas absorbent, metal absorbent, and medicinal carbons according to their physical structure, properties, and applications. No one type of carbon can be used for all purposes. A large variety of raw materials are available for the manufacture of these products. Coal, petroleum coke, and wood charcoal are activated by gas activation. Industrial waste e.g. raw dust, bagasse, molasses, straw, coconut pericarp and shell, corn cobs, paddy and ground nut husk, corn bean shell, distillery slop, waste Mahua flowers, waste wood pulp laquor, and mud from sugar factories have been utilized for the production of active carbons by chemical activation.

Decolorizing Carbons

Decolorizing carbons are manufactured by gas activation, in which the raw materials are first carbonized and the resulting charcoal heated to a high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere Chemical activation in which the raw materials are impregnated with a chemical extruded and carbonized and deposition of carbon on porous inorganic base activation is needed in this case.

In the gas activation process, the raw material is carbonized under controlled conditions in closed retorts, the resulting charcoal is crushed, screened and heated in a second retort at 1000oC for 10 to 12 hours in an atmosphere of air, carbon dioxide, chlorine, super-heated steam or a mixture of steam and air. Raw materials which do not possess the necessary density and structure for direct conversion are briquetted prior to carbonization. Pre-briquetting gives a higher yield and a better product. In the process for the direct conversion of coal to activated carbon the crushed-materials, screened to 11/8 in pieces, is carbonized at 450o - 500oC and steam activated at 950o in continuous vertical retorts, the yield is about 12 1/2% of the coal taken.

For activation by chemical treatment, the raw material is ground and formed into paste with chemicals, e.g. chloride of zinc, calcium and magnesium, alkalis, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium, silicate, boric acid, potassium sulphide, lime, ferric chloride, or potassium thiocyanate. The paste is extruded under pressure dried and carbonized in gas retorts at about 1000oC. The charcoal is cooled, washed with hydrochloric acid and water to remove inorganic residues, and finally dried at about 300oC. A fluidized technique has been developed in France for the production of activated carbon.

The third process gives a product with a porous structure and appreciable mechanical strength. The raw materials viz. saw dust, sea weed, peat molasses, etc. is mixed with a insoluble salts and the mixture is strongly heated. The carbon gets deposited on the porous inorganic base. A similar product is obtained when a high ash vegetable product, such as paddy husk, containing an appreciable percentage of silica, is carbonized.

Gas Absorbent Carbons

Gas and vapour absorbent carbons are obtained by carbonizing coconut shells, apricot stones, vegetable ivory, and anthracite. In recent years, methods have been developed for using softer materials which are rendered hard and dense by briquetting. The carbons are gas activated. A preparation useful for gas masks has been obtained by chlorinate bituminous coal (6-20) mesh until a 100% increased in weight takes place, pelleting and chlorinated material with hydrolyzed starch as binder, baking, crushed and powdered to (8-20) mesh, and steam activated at 800oC. Gas absorbent carbons are available in granular form of specified mesh range, e.g. 4 x 6, 412, 20, i.e. retained on 6- and 20 mesh sieve and passing through 4.12 mesh sieve.

Metal Absorbent Chars

Metal absorbent chars are prepared by alkali activation. Structurally, they are identical with decolorizing carbons and are converted into the lather by acid treatment. An active product is obtained by heating bone charcoal with alkali at 850oC. The product obtained is negative changed material and important of its metal absorbing power. It however, possesses the properties of a decolorizing char. Treatment of flocculated material with alkali does not restore the metal absorbent properly.

Medicinal Carbons

Activated carbon finds application in the preparation of pills and digestive tablets. Its absorptive properties are utilized in the treatment of the stomach due to hyper acidity. It removes toxic amines, organic acids of decomposed foods, and probably also bacteria from the intestinal tract and many other purposes.

In 2020, India exported USD 241Million Activated Carbon, making it the 3rd largest exporter of Activated Carbon in the world.

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install 6000 Tons/Year Activated Carbon production facility as a Green Field Project.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON (FROM COCONUT SHELL) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Activated carbon is a group of industrial adsorbent material with highly developed internal surface area and porosity (microcrystalline porous carbon matrix with pore diameter range of <2 nm to > 50 nm with large internal surface area to the extent of 400-3000 m2/g as measured by the nitrogen BET method and adsorption volumes of 0.2-0.8 cm3/g depending on activation conditions), and hence a large capacity for adsorbing chemicals from fluids; produced by pyrolysis and activation of carbonaceous natural as well as synthetic precursors.

Carbon is probably the most widely distributed element in nature. It occurs in two allotropic crystalline forms viz. graphite (hexagonal system) and diamond (isomeric system), the former is soft and black while diamond is hard and transparent. Charcoal, coke and carbon black, classified as emorphous carbon; are considered by some to represent a third allotropic form. They are said to be composed of very minute crystals of graphite by others. Carbon is an essential constituent of all vegetable and animal matter in which it occurs in combination with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements in immense variety of compounds. In combination with hydrogen it occurs as hydrocarbons in petroleum. It is also found in carbon dioxide in air (0.03% as sodium bicarbonate in sea water, and as calcium and magnesium carbonate in sedimentary rocks such as chalk and dolomite.

Many carbons of industrial value are prepared from coal and from organic vegetable and animal matter. The resulting amorphous products include charcoal, coke and petroleum coke. Several carbon products are prepared and used in the electrical and electro-chemical industry.

Carbon 13, a stable isotope of carbon (At wt 13) has recently come into prominence as a tracer element employed in the study of biological process. It is obtained from carbon compounds by concentrating the minute quantity of the heavier isotope, normally present in them, by thermal diffusion methods. Carbon 14 or radioactive carbon, a product of the uranium atomic pile, is used also as a tracer element in the study of plant and animal metabolism.

The term Activated carbon, active carbon, or active charcoal is usually applied to amorphous carbons possessing higher absorption capacities than wood or animal charcoal. Many processes were developed during world war for the production of effective absorbents for use in gas masks. Industrial activated carbons in the form of pellets, granules or fine powders, and with many industrial applications, are now available in the market under different trade names.

Commercial absorbent carbons may be grouped into decolorizing, gas absorbant, metal absorbant, and medicinal carbons according to their physical structure, properties, and applications. No one type of carbon can be used for all purposes. A large variety of raw materials are available for the manufacture of these products. Coal, petroleum coke, and wood charcoal are activated by gas activation. Industrial waste e.g. raw dust, bagasse, molasses, straw, Palm Shellpericarp and shell, corn cobs, paddy and ground nut husk, corn bean shell, distillery slop, waste Mahua flowers, waste wood pulp laquor, and mud from sugar factories have been utilized for the production of active carbons by chemical activation.

DECOLORISING CARBONS

Decolourizing carbons are manufactured by gas activation, in which the raw materials are first carbonized and the resulting charcoal heated to a high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere Chemical activation in which the raw materials are impregnated with a chemical extruded and carbonized and deposition of carbon on porous inorganic base activation is needed in this case.

In the gas activation process, the raw material is carbonized under controlled conditions in closed retorts, the resulting charcoal is crushed, screened and heated in a second retort at 1000oC for 10 to 12 hours in an atmosphere of air, carbon dioxide, chlorine, super heated steam or a mixture of steam and air. Raw materials which do not possess the necessary density and structure for direct conversion are briquetted prior to carbonization. Prebriquetting gives a higher yield and a better product. In the process for the direct conversion of coal to activated carbon the crushed-materials, screened to 11/8 in pieces, is carbonized at 450o-500oC and steam activated at 950o in continuous vertical retorts, the yield is about 12 1/2% of the coal taken.

For activation by chemical treatment, the raw material is ground and formed into paste with chemicals, e.g. chloride of zinc, calcium and magnesium, alkalies, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium, silicate, boric acid, potassium sulphide, lime, ferric chloride, or potassium thiocynate. The paste is extruded under pressure dried and carbonized in gas retorts at about 1000oC. The charcoal is cooled, washed with hydrochloric acid and water to remove inorganic residues, and finally dried at about 300oC. A fluidized technique has been developed in France for the production of activated carbon.

The third process gives a product with a porous structure and appreciable mechanical strength. The raw materials viz. saw dust, sea weed, peat molasses, etc. is mixed with a insoluble salts and the mixture is strongly heated. The carbon gets deposited on the porous inorganic base. A similar product is obtained when a high ash vegetable product, such as paddy husk, containing an appreciable percentage of silica, is carbonized.

GAS ABSORBENT CARBONS

Gas and vapour absorbent carbons are obtained by carbonizing Palm Shellshells, apricot stones, vegetable ivory and anthracit. In recent years, methods have been developed for using softer materials which are rendered hard and dense by briquetting. The carbons are gas activated. A preparation useful for gas masks has been obtained by chlorinate bituminous coal (6-20) mesh until a 100% increased in weight takes place, pelleting and chlorinated material with hydrolyzed starch as binder, baking, crushed and powdered to (8-20) mesh and steam activated at 800oC. Gas absorbent carbons are available in granular form of specified mesh range, e.g. 4 x 6, 412, 20, i.e. retained on 6 and 20 mesh sieve and passing through 4.12 mesh sieve.

METAL ABSORBENT CHARS

Metal absorbent chars are prepared by alkali activation. Structurally, they are identical with decolorizing carbons and are converted into the lather by acid treatment. An active product is obtained by heating bone charcoal with alkali at 850oC. The product obtained is negative changed material and important of its metal absorbing power. It however, possesses the properties of a decolorizing char. Treatment of flocculated material with alkali does not restore the metal absorbent properly.

MEDICINAL CARBONS

Activated carbon finds application in the preparation of pills and digestive tablets. Its absorptive properties are utilized in the treatment of the stomach due to hyper acidity. It removes toxic amines, organic acids of decomposed foods, and probably also bacteria from the intestinal tract and many other purposes.

The post PALM SHELL CHARCOAL/ACTIVATED CARBON appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Many carbons of industrial value are prepared from coal and from organic vegetable and animal matter. The resulting amorphous products include charcoal, coke and petroleum coke. Several carbon products are prepared and used in the electrical and electro-chemical industry.

Carbon 13, a stable isotope of carbon (At wt 13) has recently come into prominence as a tracer element employed in the study of biological process. It is obtained from carbon compounds by concentrating the minute quantity of the heavier isotope, normally present in them, by thermal diffusion methods. Carbon 14 or radioactive carbon, a product of the uranium atomic pile, is used also as a tracer element in the study of plant and animal metabolism.

The term Activated carbon, active carbon, or active charcoal is usually applied to amorphous carbons possessing higher absorption capacities than wood or animal charcoal. Many processes were developed during world war for the production of effective absorbents for use in gas masks. Industrial activated carbons in the form of pellets, granules or fine powders, and with many industrial applications, are now available in the market under different trade names.

Commercial absorbent carbons may be grouped into decolorizing, gas absorbant, metal absorbant, and medicinal carbons according to their physical structure, properties, and applications. No one type of carbon can be used for all purposes. A large variety of raw materials are available for the manufacture of these products. Coal, petroleum coke, and wood charcoal are activated by gas activation. Industrial waste e.g. raw dust, bagasse, molasses, straw, coconut pericarp and shell, corn cobs, paddy and ground nut husk, corn bean shell, distillery slop, waste Mahua flowers, waste wood pulp laquor, and mud from sugar factories have been utilized for the production of active carbons by chemical activation.

DECOLORISING CARBONS

Decolourizing carbons are manufactured by gas activation, in which the raw materials are first carbonized and the resulting charcoal heated to a high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere Chemical activation in which the raw materials are impregnated with a chemical extruded and carbonized and deposition of carbon on porous inorganic base activation is needed in this case.

In the gas activation process, the raw material is carbonized under controlled conditions in closed retorts, the resulting charcoal is crushed, screened and heated in a second retort at 1000oC for 10 to 12 hours in an atmosphere of air, carbon dioxide, chlorine, super heated steam or a mixture of steam and air. Raw materials which do not possess the necessary density and structure for direct conversion are briquetted prior to carbonization. Prebriquetting gives a higher yield and a better product. In the process for the direct conversion of coal to activated carbon the crushed-materials, screened to 11/8 in pieces, is carbonized at 450o - 500oC and steam activated at 950o in continuous vertical retorts, the yield is about 12 1/2% of the coal taken.

For activation by chemical treatment, the raw material is ground and formed into paste with chemicals, e.g. chloride of zinc, calcium and magnesium, alkalies, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium, silicate, boric acid, potassium sulphide, lime, ferric chloride, or potassium thiocynate. The paste is extruded under pressure dried and carbonized in gas retorts at about 1000oC. The charcoal is cooled, washed with hydrochloric acid and water to remove inorganic residues, and finally dried at about 300oC. A fluidized technique has been developed in France for the production of activated carbon.

The third process gives a product with a porous structure and appreciable mechanical strength. The raw materials viz. saw dust, sea weed, peat molasses, etc. is mixed with a insoluble salts and the mixture is strongly heated. The carbon gets deposited on the porous inorganic base. A similar product is obtained when a high ash vegetable product, such as paddy husk, containing an appreciable percentage of silica, is carbonized.

GAS ABSORBENT CARBONS

Gas and vapour absorbent carbons are obtained by carbonizing coconut shells, apricot stones, vegetable ivory, and anthracit. In recent years, methods have been developed for using softer materials which are rendered hard and dense by briquetting. The carbons are gas activated. A preparation useful for gas masks has been obtained by chlorinate bituminous coal (6-20) mesh until a 100% increased in weight takes place, pelleting and chlorinated material with hydrolyzed starch as binder, baking, crushed and powdered to (8-20) mesh, and steam activated at 800oC. Gas absorbent carbons are available in granular form of specified mesh range, e.g. 4 x 6, 412, 20, i.e. retained on 6- and 20 mesh sieve and passing through 4.12 mesh sieve.

METAL ABSORBENT CHARS

Metal absorbent chars are prepared by alkali activation. Structurally, they are identical with decolorizing carbons and are converted into the lather by acid treatment. An active product is obtained by heating bone charcoal with alkali at 850oC. The product obtained is negative changed material and important of its metal absorbing power. It however, possesses the properties of a decolorizing char. Treatment of flocculated material with alkali does not restore the metal absorbent properly.

MEDICINAL CARBONS

Activated carbon finds application in the preparation of pills and digestive tablets. Its absorptive properties are utilized in the treatment of the stomach due to hyper acidity. It removes toxic amines, organic acids of decomposed foods, and probably also bacteria from the intestinal tract and many other purposes.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON {GRANULAR AND POWDER} appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON {GRANULAR AND POWDER} appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Carbon  is probably the most widely distributed  element  in nature.   It  occurs  in two allotropic  crystalline  forms,  viz graphite  (hexagonal system) and diamond (isomeric  system),  the former  is soft and black while diamond is hard and  transparent.  Charcoal, coke and carbon black, classified as emorphous  carbon; are  considered  by some to represent a  third  allotropic  form.  They are said to be composed of very minute crystals of  graphite by others.  Carbon is an essential constituent  of all  vegetable and  animal  matter  in  which  it  occurs  in  combination  with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements in immense  variety of  compounds.   In  combination   with  hydrogen  it  occurs  as hydrocarbons in petroleum.  It is also found in carbon dioxide in air (0.03% as sodium bicarbonate in sea water, and as calcium and magnesium  carbonate  in  sedimentary rocks  such  as  chalk  and dolomite.

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•         Introduction
•         Uses and Applications
•         Properties
•         Market Survey with future aspects
•         Present Manufacturers
•         B.I.S. Specifications
•         Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•        Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•         Capacity
•         Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•         List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•         Raw Materials
•         Details/List and Costs
•         Power & Water Requirements
•         Labour/Staff Requirements
•         Utilities and Overheads
•         Total Capital Investment
•         Turnover
•         Cost of Production
•         Break Even Point
•         Profitability
•         Land Man Ratio
•         Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON FROM RICE HUSK AND COCONUT SHELL/SAW DUST appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

                                                 AND COCONUT SHELL/SAW DUST

Carbon  is probably the most widely distributed  element  in nature.   It  occurs  in two allotropic  crystalline  forms,  viz graphite  (hexagonal system) and diamond (isomeric  system),  the former  is soft and black while diamond is hard and  transparent.  Charcoal, coke and carbon black, classified as emorphous  carbon; are  considered  by some to represent a  third  allotropic  form.  They are said to be composed of very minute crystals of  graphite by others.  Carbon is an essential constituent  of all  vegetable and  animal  matter  in  which  it  occurs  in  combination  with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements in immense  variety of  compounds.   In  combination   with  hydrogen  it  occurs  as hydrocarbons in petroleum.  It is also found in carbon dioxide in air (0.03% as sodium bicarbonate in sea water, and as calcium and magnesium  carbonate  in  sedimentary rocks  such  as  chalk  and dolomite.

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON FROM RICE HUSK AND COCONUT SHELL/SAW DUST appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON POWDER AND GRANULES FROM COCONUT SHELL appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONUT SHELL appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post ACTIVATED CARBON FROM CASHEWNUT SHELL appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Activated  carbon  is  an  inert  material  with  a   porous
structure  having property of absorbing organic  compounds,  dyes
and  colour bodies.  It absorbs vapours and gases and gets  as  a
catalyst or catalyst carrier in certain chemical reactions.

Activated  carbon has an extensive surface area due  to  the
porous  structure, absorption quality of carbon depends upon  the
basic  carbonaceous materials from which it is produced  and  the
number of pores per unit area.

The  activated carbon of gas and vapour absorbant  type  was
developed during world war I as a means of defence against  toxic
gases  used for military purposes.  Since then, the  application
of  this  product  has been  gradually  spreading  to  industrial
activities.

Project Reports Cover:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post Activated Carbon & Sodium Silicate from Paddy/Rice Husk appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.