bioplastic technology – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports https://projectreports.eiriindia.org We Create Industrialist Sat, 01 Jun 2019 03:40:17 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/cropped-logo-1-32x32.jpg bioplastic technology – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports https://projectreports.eiriindia.org 32 32 Modern Technology of BIO GAS Production (Hand Book) https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/modern-technology-bio-gas-production/ Fri, 10 Mar 2017 07:49:06 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=7550 The book Modern Technology of Bio Gas Production covers Bio Gas as Appropriate Technology, Benefits and Costs of a Bio Gas Plant, The Digestion Process, Bio Gas plants, Scaling of Bio Gas Plants, Design of Bio Gas Plants, Bio Gas Utilization, Planning, Design and Construction, Types of Bio Gas Digesters and Plants, Constructing a Floating Drum Bio Gas Digester Outlet, Constructing a Floating Drum Bio Gas Digester Inlet, Constructing a Floating Drum Bio Gas Digester, Construction of a Bio Gas Digester, Bio Gas Plant Construction Manual Fixedome Digester, Food, Animal, Vegetable and Food Preparation By Product Treatment, Process for Anaerobic Treatment of Waste, Combined Anaerobic Process for Treating Organic Wastes , Combined Anaerobic Process for Treating Organic Wastes, Process for Producing Ethanol and for Energy Recovery, Methane Gas Process and Apparatus, Power Generation from Solar and Waste Heat, Apparatus and Process for Biological Wastewater Treatment, Self contained Biofuel production and water Processing Apparatus, Methd and Apparatus for Producing Bio-gas Employing Technology for Improving Quality of Raw Material, Method and Apparatus for Production of Bio-ethanol and Other Fermentation Products, Method and Apparatus for Removing CO2 in Mixed Gas such as Bio Gas, Method for Producing Biofuel using Electron Beam, Method for the Synthesis of Organic Compounds from Manure, Non-hazardous, Non-septic Liquid Waste Drying Process, Waste to Energy by way of Hydrothermal Decomposition and Resource Recycling, Plant Economics of Bio Gas Plant, Plant Economics of Bio Gas Filling in Cylinder, Plant Economics of Ethanol (Biofuel) from Molasses, Plant Economics of Methane Gas from Sodium Acetate and Soda Lime, Plant Economics of Solar PV Power Plant.

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]]> MODERN TECHNOLOGY OF BIO GAS PRODUCTION

BIO GAS AS APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

BENEFITS AND COSTS OF A BIO GAS PLANT

THE DIGESTION PROCESS

The fermentation slurry
Fermentation slurry as fertilizer
Bio Gas

BO GAS PLANTS

Feed methods
Plant types
Balloon Plants
Fixed Dome Plants
Floating Drum Plants

SCALING OF BIO GAS PLANTS

Definitions
Scaling of the Digester
Scaling of Gasholder
Digester/gasholder ratio
Examples for the Calculation
Measuring and lest programmes

DESIGN OF BIO GAS PLANTS

Shape and static loading
Bottom slab
Spherical shelf of masonry construction
Masonry and mortar
The parts of a biogas plant and their functions
Floating gas drum
Water lacket plant
fixed dome plants
Large scale plants
Bio Gas plants in cold regions

BIO GAS UTILIZATION

Bio Gas appliances
Lamp

PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Floating drum plant with filler funnel
Floating drum
Floating drum plant without water jacket
Floating drum plant with water jacket
Fixed dome plant without upper opening
Fixed dome plant with upper opening
Flating drum plant (quarrystone masonry)
Floating drum plant with extremely low VD/VG ratio
Channel type digester with folia

TYPES OF BIO GAS DIGESTERS AND PLANTS

Bio Gas Plant Designs
Digester types in industrialized countries
Selection of appropriate design
Ballon Plants
Variations
Horizontal Plants
Earth pit plants
Ferrocement plants
Bio Gas -Digester types
Dry fermentation
Wet fermentation plants
Fixed dome plants
Function
Digester
Gas Holder
Types of fixed dome plants
Climate and size
Summary
Variations
Floating drum plants
The drum
Size
Water jacket floating drum plants
Material of digester and drum
Guide frame
Types of floating drum plants
Low Cost Polyethylen Tube Digester
Digester
Gasholder and Gas storage Reservoir
Bio Gas Supply Line
Modification
Dry fermentation plants
Process

CONSTRUCTING A FLOATING DRUM BIO GAS DIGESTER OUTLET

CONSTRUCTING A FLOATING DRUM BIO GAS DIGESTER INLET

CONSTRUCTING A FLOATING DRUM BIO GAS DIGESTER

CONSTRUCTION OF A BIO GAS DIGESTER

Bio Gas Pipeline Connection fittings

BIO GAS PLANT CONSTRUCTION MANUAL FIXED DOME DIGESTER

Bio Gas (Gobar) Plant
Introduction
Determining Plant Size
Selection of Construction Materials, Bio Gas Plant Construction Manual Fixed dome Digester
Cement
Sand
Gravel
Water
Bricks
Cobble Stones
Bio Gas Plant Construction Site Selection
Construction Site Selection
Site Layout
Excavation
Construction of Digester Main Chamber
Bio Gas Plant, Dome Construction
Bio Gas Plant Outlet Chamber Construction
Construction of Inlet Tank
Bio Gas Plant Lay out of Pipeline
Construction of Gas Line Condensate Drain Valve Box
Compost pits
Bio Gas Appliances
Small scale Kitchen Waste Bio Gas Plant

FOOD, ANIMAL, VEGETABLE AND FOOD PREPARATION BY PRODUCT TREATMENT

Anaerobic Treatment (Digestion) Stage
Liquid Solid Separation Stage
Ammonia Removal and Recovery Stage
Solids Processing Stage
By product Characteristics
Full Scale Operation
Liquid Solid Separation and Solids Handling
Ammonia Removal and Recovery Stage
Methane Recovery
Example (Pilot Test)
Anaerobic Treatment Unit
Pilot 1 (Mesophillic)
Pilot 2 (Thermophilic)
Ammonia Removal and Recovery Pilot Testing

PROCESS FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF WASTE

Combined Anaerobic Process for Treating Organic Wastes

Explanation of the Marks on the Main Parts of the Figures

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ETHANOL AND FOR ENERGY RECOVERY

The Development and use of Biomass for Energy Production
Anaerobic Microbial Conversion
Anaerobic Digester System
3000 Head Dairy Example
Com Grower Ethanl Plant Dairy Farm System

METHANE GAS PROCESS AND APPARATUS

POWER GENERATION FROM SOLAR AND WASTE HEAT

Biotower
Spiral Cavity

APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

SELF CONTAINED BIOFUEL PRODUCTION AND WATER PROCESSING APPARATUS

Operation in General
Production of Sour Methane
Purifying Sour Methane by Scrubbing
Production of Ethanol
Production of Biodiesel
Review and Other Considerations
Conctusions Ramifications, and Scope

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING BIO GAS EMPLOYING TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF RAW MATERIAL

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTION OF BIO ETHANOL AND OTHER FERMENTATION PRODUCTS

Examples
Illustrative Example 1
Conversion of sewage Sludge
Gas Analysis
Gas Analysis
Liquid Analysis
Liquid Analysis
Solid Analysis
Carbon Balance
Energy Balance
Illustrative Example 2
Conversion of Sewage Sludge
Gas Analysis
Liquid Analysis
Solid Analysis
Carbon Balance
Energy Balance
Illustrative Example 3
Conversion of Corn Silage
Gas Analysis
Liquid Analysis
Solid Analysis
Illustrative Example 4
Use of Microwave Heating in a Catalytic Liquid Conversion Process

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CO2 IN MIXED GAS SUCH AS BIO GAS

METHOD FOR PRODUCING BIOFUEL USING ELECTRON BEAM

METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM MANURE

NON-HAZARDOUS, NON-SEPTIC LIQUID WASTE DRYING PROCESS

WASTE TO ENERGY BY WAY OF HYDROTHERMAL DECOMPOSITION AND RESOURCE RECYCLING

Hydrothermal Decomposition Reaction
Solid-Liquid Separation
Drying
Combustion of Solid Fuel
Steam Generation
Gas Scrubbing
3-Stage Wet Scrubbing Process
2-Stage Web Scrubbing Process
Purification (Waste Water Treatment)
Electricity Generation

PLANT ECONOMICS OF BIO GAS PLANT

PLANT ECONOMICS OF BIO GAS FILLING IN CYLINDER

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ETHANOL (BIOFUEL) FROM MOLASSES

PLANT ECONOMICS OF METHANE GAS FROM SODIUM ACETATE AND SODA LIME

PLANT ECONOMICS OF SOLAR PV POWER PLANT

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]]> Technology of disposable medical products (hand book) https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/technology-of-disposable-medical-products-hand-book/ Tue, 19 Apr 2016 13:30:19 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=6413 Medical care is vital for our life, health and well being .But the waste generated from medical activities can be hazardous, toxic and even lethal because of their high potential for diseases transmission. The hazardous and toxic part of the waste from health care establishments comprising infectious, bio-medical and radio-active material as well as sharps (hypodermic needles,knives,scalpels etc.) constitute a grave risk , if these are not properly treated/disposed or allowed to get mixed with other municipal waste . Its properties to encourage growth of various pathogens and vectors and its ability to contaminate other non-hazardous/non-toxic municipal waste jeopardizes the efforts undertaken for overall municipal waste management. The rag pickers and waste workers are often worst affected , because unknowingly or unwittingly , they rummage through all kinds of poisonous material while trying to salvage items which they can sell or reuse . At the same time, this kind of illegal and unethical reuse can be extremely dangerous and even fatal . Diseases like cholera, plague, tuberculosis, hepatitis , AIDS (HIV), diphtheria etc in either epidemic or even endemic form, pose grave public health risks . Unfortunately, in the absence of reliable and extensive data, it is difficult to quantify the dimension of the problem or even the extent and variety of the risk involved . However, the risk can be considerably reduced or minimized by the use of disposable medical items . This is an unique book of its kind . This will help to minimize spreading of diseases with the help of medical staffs, NGOs, volunteers and other non-medical man powers . Manufacturing know-how of most disposable medical items are described in a very simple manner . This is a very useful book for young scientists, medical students, industrialists to explore further .

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]]> Medical care is vital for our life, health and well being .But the waste generated from medical activities can be hazardous, toxic and even lethal because of their high potential for diseases transmission. The hazardous and toxic part of the waste from health care establishments comprising infectious, bio-medical and radio-active material as well as sharps (hypodermic needles,knives,scalpels etc.) constitute a grave risk , if these are not properly treated/disposed or allowed to get mixed with other municipal waste . Its properties to encourage growth of various pathogens and vectors and its ability to contaminate other non-hazardous/non-toxic municipal waste jeopardizes the efforts undertaken for overall municipal waste management. The rag pickers and waste workers are often worst affected , because unknowingly or unwittingly , they rummage through all kinds of poisonous material while trying to salvage items which they can sell or reuse . At the same time, this kind of illegal and unethical reuse can be extremely dangerous and even fatal . Diseases like cholera, plague, tuberculosis, hepatitis , AIDS (HIV), diphtheria etc in either epidemic or even endemic form, pose grave public health risks . Unfortunately, in the absence of reliable and extensive data, it is difficult to quantify the dimension of the problem or even the extent and variety of the risk involved . However, the risk can be considerably reduced or minimized by the use of disposable medical items . This is an unique book of its kind . This will help to minimize spreading of diseases with the help of medical staffs, NGOs, volunteers and other non-medical man powers . Manufacturing know-how of most disposable medical items are described in a very simple manner . This is a very useful book for young scientists, medical students, industrialists to explore further .

CONTENTS AND SUBJECT INDEX

1
Syringe Disposable Device

2
Disposable Needle Stick Prevention Aid to Prevent Needle Stick Injury

3
Disposable Surgical and and Diagnostic Fluid Control Island

– The Drawings
– Descriptions
– Drawing reference Numbers

4
Disposable Humidifier
– Descriptions
– The Drawings
– Description of the Illustrative Examples

5
Disposable Adhesive Bandage
– The Drawings
– Descriptions

6
Disposable Cosmetic Glove
– The Drawings
– Descriptions

7
Electromagnetic Syringe Needle Disposer

8
Disposable Protective Bandage for Animals

9
Disposable Automatic Hypodermic Needle Guard

10
Disposable Elastomeric Gloves

– The Drawings
– Descriptions
– Disposable Elastomeric Gloves
– Advantages

11
Modern Disposable Syringe

– The Drawings
– Descriptions
– First Example
– Manner of Operation of the First Example
– Second Example
– Manner of Operation of the Second Example

12
Disposable Needle Cover

13
Syringe Needle Disposal Apparatus

14
Methods of Making Disposable Gloves

15
A Disposal Applicator Glove for Applying Lotions

16
Disposable Gloves

– The Drawings
– Descriptions
– Manufacturing Process
– Exam Glove Manufacturing Process
– Full Automatic Disposable Glove Machine
– Detailed Product Description

17
Syringe with Disposable Needle

18
Disposable Syringes

19
Modified Single Use Disposable Syringe

20
Pencil Grip Fine Needle Aspiration Syringe Holder

– Methods
– The Drawings
– Descriptions

21
Disposable Electromagnetic Fluid Sensor

22
Antimicrobial Disposable Absorbent Articles

– Drawings
– Disclosures
– Descriptions
– Examples

23
Safety Dispensing System for Hazardous Substances

– Definition of Terms
– Objects
– Mode 1
– Mode 2
– Drawings
– Descriptions

24
Disposable Plastic Razor

– First Method
– Second Method
– Descriptions
– Third Method
– The Drawings
– Fourth Method
– The Drawings
– Descriptions
– Fifth Method
– The Drawings
– Detailed Descriptions
– Sixth Method
– The Drawings
– Detailed Descriptions
– Seventh Method
– The Drawings
– The Drawings
– Eighth Method
– The Drawings
– Detailed Description
– Ninth Method
– The Drawings
– Descriptions
– Tenth Method
– The Drawings
– Detailed Descriptions
– Eleventh Method
– The Drawings
– Detailed Description
– Twelth Method
– Figures
– Detailed Description

25
Plant Economics of Surgical Adhesive
Tape on Cloth Surface

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

26
Plant Economics of Blood Bags

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

27
Plant Economics of Disposable Surgical Caps and Masks

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

28
Plant Economics of Dextrose Saline (I.V. Fluids)

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

29
Plant Economics of Disposable Needles

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

30
Plant Economics of Plastic Syringe

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

31
Plant Economics of Surgical Cotton and Bandage

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

32
Plant Economics of Surgical Examination Gloves

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

33
Plant Economics of Surgical Bandage

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

34
Plant Economics of Surgical Adhesive Tape
on Cloth Surface

– Rated Plant Capacity
– Land & Building
– Plant & Machinery
– Fixed Capital
– Raw Materials
– Total Working Capital/Month
– Total Capital Investment
– Turn Over/Annum

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]]> PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS AND BIOPLASTICS TECHNOLOGY (POLYLACTIC ACID, BIO-BASED POLYETHYLENE, POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS, COPLYESTER, POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, POLYETHYLENE ISOSORBIDE THEREPHTHALATE) https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/production-biodegradable-plastics-bioplastics-technology/ Fri, 12 Sep 2014 12:19:49 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=2588 The book covers  Manufacturing Polyhydroxyalkanoates (a Biodegradable Polymer),  Methods, Extraction and Analysis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from Bacterial Isolates, Bacterially Manufactured Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Converting Renewable Resources into Bioplastics,  Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) Production, Polyhydroxy Alkanoates A Sustainable Alternative to Petro Based Plastics,  Industrial Demand of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Bioplastic, Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in the Medical Industry, Production of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Conversion Technology, Technology of Biodegradable Plastic (Poly Lactic Acid) from Molasses, Biodegradable Poly Lactic Acid Plastics produced by Injection Moulding, Crystalline Structure of Annealed Polylactic Acid and its processing, Manufacturing Process of PLA based Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Fibers & Fibrils, Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT),  Bio based Polyamides (Nylon), Production Technology of Bio based Polyethylene  Manufacturing and Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) from Bio-based PE, Polyurethane(PUR) from Bio based Polyols, Thermosets (Bio-based), Other Bio based Thermoplastics, Biodegradation of Aliphatic aromatic Coplyester, Synthesis  and Characterizations of Degradable Aliphatic Aromatic Coplyesters,  Degradation of Aliphatic Polyesters, Biodegradable Polymer Networks ( Aliphatic Polyesters),  Biodegradable Polyesters for Medical and Ecological Applications, Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) from Bio based BDO, Poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) from Biobased Succinic Acid,  Bio based Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Polyethylene Isosorbide Therephthalate (PEIT),  Applications of Bio based Polymers, Current and Projected Demand for Bio based Polymers.

The post PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS AND BIOPLASTICS TECHNOLOGY (POLYLACTIC ACID, BIO-BASED POLYETHYLENE, POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS, COPLYESTER, POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, POLYETHYLENE ISOSORBIDE THEREPHTHALATE) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

]]> The book covers  Manufacturing Polyhydroxyalkanoates (a Biodegradable Polymer),  Methods, Extraction and Analysis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from Bacterial Isolates, Bacterially Manufactured Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Converting Renewable Resources into Bioplastics,  Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) Production, Polyhydroxy Alkanoates A Sustainable Alternative to Petro Based Plastics,  Industrial Demand of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Bioplastic, Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in the Medical Industry, Production of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Conversion Technology, Technology of Biodegradable Plastic (Poly Lactic Acid) from Molasses, Biodegradable Poly Lactic Acid Plastics produced by Injection Moulding, Crystalline Structure of Annealed Polylactic Acid and its processing, Manufacturing Process of PLA based Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Fibers & Fibrils, Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT),  Bio based Polyamides (Nylon), Production Technology of Bio based Polyethylene  Manufacturing and Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) from Bio-based PE, Polyurethane(PUR) from Bio based Polyols, Thermosets (Bio-based), Other Bio based Thermoplastics, Biodegradation of Aliphatic aromatic Coplyester, Synthesis  and Characterizations of Degradable Aliphatic Aromatic Coplyesters,  Degradation of Aliphatic Polyesters, Biodegradable Polymer Networks ( Aliphatic Polyesters),  Biodegradable Polyesters for Medical and Ecological Applications, Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) from Bio based BDO, Poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) from Biobased Succinic Acid,  Bio based Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Polyethylene Isosorbide Therephthalate (PEIT),  Applications of Bio based Polymers, Current and Projected Demand for Bio based Polymers.

PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS AND BIOPLASTICS TECHNOLOGY

(Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Polylactic Acid, Poly(trimethylene terephthalate), Bio-based Polyamides (Nylon), Bio-based Polyamides (Nylon), Bio-based Polyethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Aliphatic  Polyesters, Polyurethane, Aliphatic aromatic, Copolyester, Polybutylene Terephthalate, Polyethylene Isosorbie Therephthalate, Bio-Based Polymers)

MANUFACTURING POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (A BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER)

  • Biosynthetic Pathways of PHA
  • The general structure of polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • The biosynthetic pathway of PHB and P(HB-HV) in Alcaligenes eutrophus
  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates as biodegrable thermoplastic
  • Physical properties of various PHAs and polypropylene
  • Production of Polymer
  • The polymer biodegradability

METHODS, EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE (PHA) FROM BACTERIAL ISOLATES

  • Materials and Methods
  • Collection of organism and subculturing
  • Screening of microorganisms
  • Mineral media preparation
  • Growth rate studies of organisms
  • Microscopic observation
  • N2 estimation and extraction
  • Estimation of nitrogen
  • Screening of substrate
  • Effect of carbon source
  • Standard nitrogen curve
  • Clumps of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Percentage PHA yield by P.aeruginosa
  • P.aeruginosa organism
  • Bacillus subtills
  • clumps of Bacillus subtills
  • Percentage PHA yield by Bacillus subtills
  • Results and Disccussion
  • Percentage PHA yield by increase in substrate with combination of sugarcane bagasse with P.aeruginosa Carbon
  • Standard nitrogen table
  • Brief Conclusion

BACTERIALLY MANUFACTURED POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE (PHA) CONVERTING RENEWABLE RESOURCES INTO BIOPLASTICS

  • Development of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and its importance
  • Development of PHA
  • Bacterial used for production of PHA from plant oils and wastes
  • Biosynthesis of PHA
  • Bacterial Strains
  • Fermentation processes
  • Development of renewable resources
  • Plant oils
  • Observation of PHA granules under phasecontrast and transmission electronmicroscope
  • Glycerol
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Other attractive renewable resources
  • Downstream processing (PHA recovery and purification)
  • Applications of PHA
  • Conclusion

POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHA) Production

  • PHAs Production from Molasses
  • PHAs Production from whey and whey hydrolysates
  • PHAs fermentations using various cheap substrates
  • PHAs Production from lignocellulosic raw materials
  • PHA Production from fats, vegetable oils and cooking oils
  • PHAs Production from glycerol
  • PHAs Production from wastewater
  • Material properties of PHAs Produced from different carbon sources
  • Physical properties of some  PHAs and synthetic plastic commoditiesa
  • Conclusions and Results

POLYHYDROXY ALKANOATES A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO PETRO BASED PLASTICS 

  • Biopolymer
  • Classification of PHAs Comparison between Biopolymer and Petrobased plastics
  • Characteristics of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • Physical characteristics
  • Biological characteristics
  • A comparison between the physical properties of different PHAs and commonly used conventional polymers
  • Synthetic Biology, Bioplastics and Environment
  • Biodegradability
  • Biocompatibility
  • Renewable nature
  • Sustainable PHAs Using Low Cost Production Technology
  • Microorganisms
  • Waste materials as inexpensive  substrate
  • Plant oils
  • Rice bran
  • Molasses
  • Dairy whey
  • Downstream processing
  • Conclusions

INDUSTRIAL DEMAND OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE BIOPLASTIC

  • Fossil Fuels
  • Petroleum
  • A hydrocarbon unit, and common hydrocarbons Methane Ethane, Octane
  • Plastics
  • Petroleum lastics
  • Major products of naphtha cracking
  • A simplified polymerization reaction of ethylene molecules to produce a polymer, where  in is the number of subunits defined by reaction conditions
  • Bioplastics
  • Polhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
  • PHA Structure, Function and Mechanism
  • Polhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) An ester n is number of subunits, n is number of carbons within subunit, R and R are alkyl groups
  • PHA Sources, Biosynthesis, and Degradation
  • Health, Environmental and Industrial Implications
  • Future Demand
  • Conclusion

APPLICATIONS OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES IN THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY

  • Schematic structures of representative polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • Biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoates
  • Biocompatibility of plyhydroxyalkanoates
  • Examples of PHA matrices fabricated for medical use
  • Survey of in Vivo Biocompatibility Studies of PHA Matrices
  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates as medical scaffolding material
  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates as surgical material
  • Drug release
  • Survey of Drug Release Studies from PHA Matrics
  • Medical polyhydroxyalkanoaes

PRODUCTION OF POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) AND CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY

  • PLA molecule
  • Production of PLA
  • Lactic acid from a carbon substrate
  • PLA from lactic acid
  • Production of PLA from fermentable sugar
  • Stereocomplexation between PLLA and PDLA
  • Stereocomplexation
  • Crystal structure of PLA Stereocomplex
  • Conversion technologies
  • Properites
  • PLA family copolymers of D and L Lactic units
  • Chemical Properties
  • Properties of NatureWorks PLA Polymers
  • Physical Properties
  • Thermal properties of amorphous versus crystalline and stereocomplex PLA
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Thermal Properties
  • Other properties
  • Thermal properties of amorphous versus crystalline and stereocomplex PLA
  • Main applications for PLA share of interviewed companies, total production by market sector.
  • Properties of copolymers, blends and composities
  • Additives
  • Technical  substitution potential
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Sector

TECHNOLOGY OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC (POLY LACTIC ACID) FROM MOLASSES

  • Material and methods
  • Experiments
  • Lactic acid production
  • Block Diagram fr production of PLA
  • Procedure
  • Result
  • Observations
  • Properties of lactic acid
  • PLA Production Procedure
  • Result
  • Observation
  • Major Engineering Problems
  • Comparative analysis of Poly lactic acid
  • Conclusion
  • Washing of PLa with Methanol
  • Conclusion

BIODEGRADABLE POYLACTIC ACID PLASTICS PRODUCED BY INJECTION MOULDING 

  • Characteristics of material
  • Molecular structure of polylactide
  • Polymerization route to polylactide & Schematic of PLA
  • Produced via prepolymer and lactide
  • Methods processing of Poly lactic acid (PLA)
  • Injection Moulding
  • Major components of an injection molding machine showing the extruder (reciprocal screw) and clamp units
  • Results

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF ANNEALED POLYLACTIC ACID AND ITS PROCESSING

  • Materials, processing and experimental
  • Results and discussion
  • WAXD spectra of PLA annealed at 80oC for 10-60 minutes
  • WAXD spectra of PLA annealed at 120oC for 10-60 minutes
  • (a) DMA and (b) DSC curves of un annealed, amorphous PLA captured at a 1oC/min heating rate
  • DMA curves of un annealted PLA captured at 1-2-5-10 15-20oC/min heating rates
  • DSC curves of un annealed PLA captured at (a) 10 and (b) 20oC/min heating rates
  • Crystallization enthalpies and enthalpies of fusion of the unannealed specimens
  • DMA curves of annealed PLA
  • The DMA curve of amorphous, semi crystalline, and recrystallized PLA
  • Crystallinity values, crystallization enthalpies and enthalpies of fusion of the annealed specimens
  • The DMA curves for amorphous PLA semi crystalline PLA, and PLA recrystallizing during measurement
  • DSC curves of PLA annealed at 80oC
  • The amorphous PLA pellets stuck on the  sruface of the screw
  • Welded surface of pellets at 80oC
  • Unannealed and annealed pellet with peeled off ribbons
  • Peeled off ribbons on the srface of PLA pellet
  • DSC curves of (a) annealed and (b) unannealed PLA/starch blends
  • Conclusions

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PLA-BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH CELLULOSE FIBERS & FIBRILS

  • The reduction of plastic waste a future challenge
  • Composites produced from a sustainable feedstock a possible solution
  • Background
  • Pulp and pulping different approaches
  • Kraft Process
  • Schopper Riegler concept
  • Cellulose structure and morphology
  • MFC produced from wood based materials now and then
  • Crystal unit cell of five cellulose chains with the dimension of 8x8x80A
  • Hierarchical structure of a wood from a cellulose molecule to a cellulose fiber
  • Pre treatments
  • Enzymatic treatment
  • Polylactic acid
  • Cellulose fibrils aggregate to form larger bundles of fibers creating a hierarchical structure
  • Repeating unit of PLA
  • Previous and planned production of biodegradable plastics in metric tons
  • Basic concept of composites
  • Plastic based composites with MFC and cellulose fibers as reinforcing agents
  • Different dimensions and orientation of the reinforcing fibers in a composite
  • Scientific space from literature study
  • Method and materials
  • Experimental setup and manufacturing of composites with a sheet former
  • Materials
  • Wet step
  • Drying step
  • Melting step
  • A standard sheet former
  • The two layers formed through the two step approach
  • Results
  • Influence of methodology
  • PLA/MFC composites made by pre drying in Buchher funnel
  • Formette method
  • Fibers impregnated with alkyl ketene (AKD) without bottom layer
  • MFC reinforced HRKP/PLA composites with a bottom layer
  • SEM images
  • HRKP reinforced composites with a bottom layer before & after not pressing
  • SEM images
  • HRKP reinforced  composites with a bottom layer before & after hot pressing
  • 50/50 HRKP/PLA sample with a pure 20 gm2 HRKP bottom layer not yet hot pressed
  • Magnified (2000x) of a 50/50 HRKP/PLA sample not yet hot pressed
  • Hot pressed 50/50 HRKP/PLA composites Mag 500x
  • Kraft pulp reinforced composites and pure kraft pjp film
  • HRKP reinforced composites with small additions of MFC
  • Magnification (2000000x) of a hot pressed 50/50 HRKP/PLA sample
  • 50/50 Kraft pulp/PLA composite, Dispersion is limited between the two species, Magnification 992x
  • Sample of pure kraft pulp with A) fiber aggregation and B) w\void/defects Magnification 554xX
  • MFC reinforced 40/60 HRKP/PLA composites
  • Mechanical testing
  • HRKP/PLA  composites with varying pulp content and relative bottom layer thickness
  • PLA Composites with constant bottom layer containing refined pulps HRKP and MFC
  • PLA composites with a constant bottom layer containing less refined pulps kraft pulp CTMP and broke
  • MFC reinforced HRKP/PLA composites
  • Discussion
  • Tensile strength for PLA composites reinforced with varying amounts of HRKP
  • Strain plotted against increasing HRKP content
  • Since 50% of the total HRKP content was added as a bottom layer the grammage increased relative to total amount of pulp present in the composite
  • Stress strain curves of HRKP/PLA composites 100/0 in red. 70/30 green & 30/70 blue
  • Tensile strength for HRKP/PLA composites with constant bottom layer plotted against increaseing HRKP content
  • Comparison of tensile strength of HRKP and MFC composites with increasing pulp content
  • Comparson of tensile strength of BSKP, CTMP and broke composites with increasing pulp content
  • Tensile strength of 50/50 HRKP/PLA composites reinforced with 0.2, 4.6 and 8% MFC
  • Tensile strength of 50/50 HRKP/PLA composites reinforced with 0.2,4, 6,8 and 10% MFC

POLY(TRIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) (PTT)

  • PTT molecule
  • Production Process
  • From biomass to 1,3-propandiol
  • Fermentation route to PDO
  • Conversion of glycerol to propylene glycols via the thermo chemical route
  • From bio based 1,3-PDO to PTT
  • Other products from PDO
  • Properties
  • Production of PTT from PDO and PTA or DMT
  • Chemical and physical properties
  • Mechanical and thermal properties
  • Other properties
  • Technical substitution potential Comparison of vapour transmission rates of films made from PTT, PET, Nylon 6 and PTN
  • Technical substitution potential for PTT
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Current and emerging producers

BIO BASED POLYAMIDES (NYLON)

  • Commercially available bio based polyamides and potential bio based polyamides
  • Technology of bio based polyamides
  • PA11 from castor oil
  • Production of x aminoundecanoic acide from castor oil
  • Production of sebacic acid from castor oil
  • PA 610 from caster oil
  • PA 66 from bio based adipic acid
  • PA 69 from bio based azelaic acid
  • PA6 from bo based caprolactam
  • Properties
  • Conventional route to adipic acid
  • Biotechnological production of adipic acid
  • Nylon 66 from adipic acid and diamine conventional step polymerization by means of the carbonyl addition/elimination reaction
  • Production of azelaic acid and conventional step polymerization to PA69 (standard route incorporating the renewable feedstoc oleic acid)
  • Biotechnological production of caprolactam and PA6 via conventional ring opening polymerisation
  • Technical substitution potential
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Material properties of unmodified nylon polymers
  • Main applications for polyamides by market sector

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BIO BASED POLYETHYLENE 

  • Building block of PE
  • Production
  • Schematic overview of the productionof biobased PE
  • Properties
  • Technical substitution potential
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Polyolefin (PE,PP) demand in Western Europe
  • Properties of petrochemical HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE
  • Main applications for LDPE/LLDPE and HDPE, total demand by market sector in Germany

MANUFACTURING AND PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) FROM BIO BASED PE

  • Production
  • Building block of polyvinyl chloride ethylene PVC molecule
  • Properties
  • Production of PVC
  • Typical properties of rigid petrochemical PVC
  • Typical properties of flexible petrochemical PVC
  • Technical substitution potential
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Man applications for PVC
  • PVC production for construction industry
  • Current and emerging producers

POLYURETHANE (PUR) from Bio based Polyols

  • Renewable content of commercial available bio based polyols and PURs
  • Production of PUR
  • Production of fossil fuel based PUR
  • PUR production from a polyol and an isocyanate
  • PUR from bio based polyol
  • Bio based polyether polyols
  • Properties and uses of polyether polyols
  • Bio based polyols for PUR production
  • Vegetable oil based polyols
  • Oxidation and epoxidation of vegetable oil
  • Common plant oils (polyols and polyol precursors)
  • Transesterification of vegetable oil
  • Hydroformylation of vegetable oil
  • Epoxidation and ring opening of plant oil to obtain a polyol
  • PUR formulations with a bio based component and main applications
  • Ozonolysis of vegetable oil
  • Properties
  • transesterification of castor oil with glycerine to produce a mixture of polyols with higher functionality
  • Technical substitution potential
  • Applications for Future
  • Application of PUR by market sectors world wide PUR consumption 10 Mt
  • Current and emerging producers
  • Raw material, trade names and major producers of bio based polyols and PUR

THERMOSETS (BIO BASED)

  • Epoxy resins
  • Production
  • Process
  • Conversionof glycerol into epichlorohydrin according to the Solvay Epicerol TM
  • Production of DGEBA from epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Epoxidized vegetable oils
  • Production
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Current and emerging producers
  • Thermosets based on propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol)
  • Thermosets based on PDO (1,3 propanediol)
  • Other products

OTHER BIO BASED THERMOPLASTICS

  • Polyesters
  • Polyesters from bio based or potential bio based monomer

BIODEGRADATION OF ALIPHATIC AROMATIC COPLYESTER

  • Materials and Methods
  • Bioplastic materials
  • Plastic films sterilization
  • Preparation of clear zone plates with BTA 40:60
  • Formula of the aliphaticaromatic copolyester BTA 40:60 used for the screening of microorganisms with regard to their degradation abilities

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF DEGRADABLE ALIPHATIC AROMATIC COPOLYESTERS 

  • experimental
  • Materials
  • Synthesis
  • Characterizations
  • 1H NMR spectroscopy
  • Summary of the synthesis reaction of aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters
  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
  • FTIR spectra of copolymers derived from LA/DMT/EG with various monomer feed ratios
  • Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
  • Fourier Transform Infrared  (FTIR) spectroscopy
  • Solubility test
  • Results and discussion
  • Effects of diols
  • Results on chain microstructure, thermal properties, and  solubility of the copolyesters
  • Effects of monomer feed ratios
  • Conclusions

DEGRADATION OF ALIPATIC POLYESTERS

  • Degradation Mechanisms
  • Experimental
  • Materials
  • Processing
  • Melt Mixing
  • Compression Molding
  • Film Extrusion
  • Designation of materials
  • Testing and Characterization
  • Degradation Study
  • Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements
  • Mechanical properties Testing
  • Results and discussion
  • Percentage weight change vs time for PLLA CM and PLLA EXT
  • Percentage weight change vs time for PST CM and PST Ext
  • Percentage weight change vs time for PCL, PST, PLLA, and PLA compression molded specimens
  • Percentage weight change vs time for PCL EXT and its composites Samples were prepared by extrusion mixing
  • Percentage weight change vs time for PLA and its composites
  • pH change vs time for PCL-EXT and its composites. All samples were prepared by extrusion mixing
  • pH change vs time for PLA and its composites
  • Intrinsic viscosity measurements for polyesters as a function of immersion time. The designation CM and EXT denote compression molded and extruded samples, respectively
  • Thermal data for PCL and its composites
  • Thermal data for PLA and its composites
  • Thermal data for PST before and after 28 days immersion
  • Stress at yield for PLA before and afer 2 weeks immersion
  • Percentage elongation at yield for PLA before and after 2 weeks immersion
  • Conclusion

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER NETWORKS(ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS)

  • Synthesis and characterization of poly(e-caprolactone)diols
  • Synthesis of pol(e-caprolacton) diol derived from tetraethylenglyol and 1.4-butandiol
  • H-NMR spectrum of telechelic poly(e-caprolactone)prepared using 1.4-butandiol (1/20)
  • MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of PCL1
  • DSC curves of the poly(e-CL)diols derived from BD
  • Synthesis and characterization of Network
  • Synthesis and characterization of networks derived from poly(e-cl) diols.
  • Synthesis and characterization of combi networks derived from poly(e-CL) diols and polyethyleneglecols
  • H-NMR spectrum of Net3
  • DSC curves of the networks synthesized from poly(e-CL)diols derived from TEG
  • The 400 MHz H-NMR spectrum of Net19
  • Synthesis and characterization of combinetworks derived from poly(e-CL)diols and bis(hydroxyprobyl) terminated poly (dimethylsilloxan)
  • Combi-networks synthesized from PCL 5with PEG 2000
  • DSC curves of the networks synthesized from PCL8 and PEG with Mw=4600
  • Combi-networks synthesized from PCL5 with Polysiloxane

BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS FOR MEDICAL AND ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 

  • Modes of resorption of polymers
  • Classification of biodegradable polymers
  • Application of biodegradable polymers
  • Biomedical applications
  • Biomaterials
  • Minimal requirements of biomaterials
  • Surgical use
  • Medical applications of bioabsorbable polymers
  • Representative synthetic biodegradable polymers currently used or under investigation for medical application
  • Pharmaceutical use
  • Use for tissue engineering
  • Ecological applications
  • Processing of plastic wastes
  • Ecological applications of biodegradable polymers
  • Classification of ecological plastics
  • Classification of aliphatic polyesters
  • Physical properties of ecological plastics
  • Melting and glass transition temperatures and tensile modulus of representative biodegradable and typical conventional polymers
  • Biodegradability
  • Moisture barrier, oxygen barrier, mechanical properties, and  cost of  representative biodegradable polymers
  • Increase in total organiccarbon (TOC) after hydrolysis of films  prepared from copolymers of butylene succinate (BS) and ethylene succinate (ES) by lipase from Phycomyces nitens at 30oC for 16 h as a function of the BS content in the copolymers)
  • Crystallinity  of films prepared from copolymers of butylene succinate (BS) and ethylene succinate (ES) as a function of the BS content in the copolymers)
  • Increase in total organic carbon and weight loss(O) of PCL filaments after hydrolysis by lipase from Phizopus arrhizus at 30o C for 16 h as a function of the draw ratio of the filaments
  • Dual applications
  • Polylactides and PCL
  • Synthesis of PLA
  • Physical properties of PGA, PLLA, PDLLa, and PCL
  • Physical properties of PLA
  • Molecular weight effect
  • Copolymerization effect
  • Tensile strength (sB), Young’s modulus (E), and elongation
  • DSC thermograms of P(LLA-GA) and P(DLA-GA) having different L-and D-lactide contents (XLI and XDL, respectively)
  • Annealing effect
  • Orientation effect
  • Physical properties of PLLA films annealed at temperature Ta for time ta after melting at 200oC)
  • Weight remaining for P(DLLA-GA) with DLLA contents of 100.66(F), 42(H), and 27%(O) as a function of hydrolysis time
  • Blending effect
  • Tm of PLLA films subjected to different thermal processes as a function of Ta
  • Polarizing optical photomicrographs of PLLA films annealed at 100
  • Piezoelectric constants of PLLA films at room temperature as a function of the film drawing ratio
  • Bending strength of PLLA rods as a function of draw ratio
  • DSC thermograms of blends from PLLA and PDLA having different PDLA contents (XD)
  • Conclusion
  • PLLA and PDLA molecular arrangements in a stereocomplex crystal projected on the plane normal to the chain axis

POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PBT) FROM BIO BASED BDO

  • Production
  • PBT molecule
  • Properties
  • Technical substitution potential

POLY(BUTYLENE SUCCINATE) (PBS) FROM BIOBASED SUCCINIC ACID

  • Production
  • PBS molecule
  • Properties
  • Technical substitution potential
  • Applications today and tomorrow
  • Main applications for PBS and PBSA share of interviewed company’s total production by market sector
  • Current and emerging producers

BIO BASED POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)

  • Production
  • PET molecule
  • Properties
  • Properties of petrochemical PET standard grade
  • Technical substitution potential
  • Application today and tomorrow
  • Share of PET production by market sector in Germany, excluding PET fibre production

POLYETHYLENE ISOSORBIDE THEREPHTHALATE (PEIT)

  • Production
  • Properties
  • Current and emerging producers
  • Applications

APPLICATIONS OF BIO-BASED POLYMERS

  • Medical applications
  • Surgical sutures
  • Bone fixation devices
  • Vascular grafts
  • Adhesion prevention
  • Artificial skin
  • drug delivery systems
  • Preparation and photogelation of mucosaccharides derivatized with cinnamate or thymine groups
  • Agricultural applications
  • Agricultural mulches
  • Controlled release of agricultural chemicals
  • Agricultural planting containers
  • Packaging

CURRENT AND PROJECTED DEMAND FOR BIO BASED POLYMERS

  • Projections for bio based plastics worldwide
  • projection based on company announcements
  • World wide capacity of biobased plastics until 2020 based on company announcements
  • World wide shares of biobased plastics by types and major players in 220 according to company announcements.
  • Breakdown of worldwide capacity of bio based plastics by region in 2020 according to company announcements
  • Categorization of bio based plastics into the categories Biodegradable and Nondegradable worldwide production by 2020.
  • Comparing the world wide projections with the market potential, based on the maximum technical substitution potentials
  • Projections based on company expectations for bio based plastics market as a whole
  • Technical barriers
  • Bulk applications
  • production cost vs petrochemical counterparts
  • Raw material supply security
  • Other factors
  • Influencing factors and expected growth in the three scenarious for biobased plastics unitl 2020.
  • Comparison with earlier projections
  • Projections for bio based plastics in Europe
  • European capacity development of bio based plastics unitl 2020 according to company announcements
  • World wide production capacity of bio based plastics unitl 2020 comparison of old and new projections
  • Shares of bio based plastics by types in Europe 2020 based on company announcements
  • European production capacity of bio based plastics until 2020 comparison of old and new projections

The post PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS AND BIOPLASTICS TECHNOLOGY (POLYLACTIC ACID, BIO-BASED POLYETHYLENE, POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, ALIPHATIC POLYESTERS, COPLYESTER, POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, POLYETHYLENE ISOSORBIDE THEREPHTHALATE) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

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