Castor oil is derived from the seeds of the plant Ricinus Communis, which occurs naturally in almost all tropical and near-tropical areas as a perennial. It is also widely found in temperate climates, but where frost occurs, the plant must be cultivated as an annual.

The seeds of the plant, commonly called castor beans, grow in clusters on spikes of the plant. The seed or bean itself is encased in a spiny outer shell, from which it may be separated by mechanically dehulling, or by sun-drying in the open until the casing splits. The bean itself consists approximately of 75% kernel and 25% husk. The oil content of the whole seed varies between 35-55%. A typical analysis will show: moisture - 5. 5%; oil -48.6%, protein - 17.9%; carbohydrate - 13.0%; fiber - 12.5%; and ash - 2.5%.

The oil is a rarity in nature, being almost a pure compound - about nine-tenths the glyceride of ricinoleic acid. The average fatty acid composition of castor oil is 86% ricinoleic, 8% oleic, 3%- linoleic. And 3% stearic and dihydroxystearic.

Although the mealy residue of bean following oil extraction is high in protein (about 35%) it is not suitable for use as a foodstuff due to the presence of the toxic albumin ricin. The ricin may be deactivated to some degree by steaming or heating. But since the bean also contains heat-stable allergenic materials, it is advisable not to use it as a feed ingredient.

Castor Oil Derivatives

For uses other than medicinal or lubrication, castor oil may be processed in several ways:

1) Sulfonation: Treatment of castor oil with concentrated sulfuric acid yields the sulfonated (actually sulfated) ester known as "Turkey-red" oil. This product is an anionic wetting agent widely used in textile drying and finishing.

2) Blown or Oxidized Castor Oils: Bringing castor oil into intimate contact with air or oxygen at elevated temperatures produces an oxidized or partially polymerized oil in a wide range of viscosities, color 3, and acid values. These oxidized oils are used as plasticizers or elasticizers in the manufacture of nitrocellulose films, artificial leathers and oilcloths.

3) Dehydration: The dehydration of castor oil can be controlled to yield two d1stinct types of material. One is the partially dehydrated oil which is soluble in mineral oil or glycols. Although this oil was once widely used as a lubricant it has been supplanted in recent years by specially "tailored" mineral lubricants. Its major present use is due to its low viscosity index -- in shock absorber fluids and brake and hydraulic fluids.

Fully dehydrated castor oil is an excellent drying oil, the equivalent of good tung oil. This dehydrated 0il is the largest single present use of castor oil. The oil is dehydrated by heating to elevated temperatures, in vacua, in the presence of metallic salt catalysts.

4) Hydrogenation: The complete hydrogenation of castor oil yields essentially trihydroxystearin. m. p. 85-870C. a waxy fat. Partial hydrogenations will yield intermediate melting point fats. Hardened castor oils are utilized in the manufacture of certain waxes, ointments and cosmetics. Hydrogenation is accomplished under H2 pressure and moderately elevated temperatures in the presence of nickel catalyst.

5) Saponification: Saponified castor oil is used to a minor degree in the production of lathering soaps. More recently, it has been used in increasing amounts as a chemical intermediate and as a source of such dibasic organic acids as suberic, sebacic, and azelaic, used for manufacture of nylon-type polymers.

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The seeds of the plant, commonly called castor beans, grow in clusters on spikes of the plant. The seed or bean itself is encased in a spiny outer shell, from which it may be separated by mechanically dehulling, or by sun-drying in the open until the casing splits. The bean itself consists approximately of 75% kernel and 25% husk. The oil content of the whole seed varies between 35-55%. A typical analysis will show: moisture - 5. 5%; oil -48.6%, protein - 17.9%; carbohydrate - 13.0%; fiber - 12.5%; and ash - 2.5%.

The oil is a rarity in nature, being almost a pure compound - about nine-tenths the glyceride of ricinoleic acid. The average fatty acid composition of castor oil is 86% ricinoleic, 8% oleic, 3%- linoleic. and 3% stearic and dihydroxystearic.

Although the mealy residue of bean following oil extraction is high in protein (about 35%) it is not suitable for use as a foodstuff due to the presence of the toxic albumin ricin. The ricin may be deactivated to some degree by steaming or heating. but since the bean also contains heat-stable allergenic materials, it is advisable not to use it as a feed ingredient.

The post CASTOR OIL AND OTHER PRODUCTS (OLEORESIN, TURKEY RED OIL, DCO, HCO, SEBACIC ACID, 12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID WITH COLD PRESSED, CP GRADE, COMMERCIAL GRADE, SPECIAL FIRST GRADE CASTOR OIL) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The completed services are usually recorded in a service book which is rubber stamped by the service centre upon completion of each service. A complete service history usually adds to the resale value of a vehicle.

Maintenance tasks commonly carried out during a motor vehicle service include:

•    Change the engine oil
•    Replace the oil filter
•    Replace the air filter
•    Replace the fuel filter
•    Replace the cabin filter
•    Replace the spark plugs
•    Tune the engine
•    Check level and refill brake fluid/clutch fluid
•    Check Brake Pads/Liners, Brake Discs/Drums, and replace if worn out.
•    Check level and refill power steering fluid
•    Check level and refill Automatic/Manual Transmission Fluid
•    Grease and lubricate components
•    Inspect and replace the timing belt or timing chain if needed
•    Check condition of the tires
•    Check for proper operation of all lights, wipers etc.
•    Check for any Error codes in the ECU and take corrective action.
•    Wash the vehicle and clean the interiors.

In the old days, oil filters were all pretty much the same inside. But not anymore. If your owner’s manual recommends extended oil change intervals (every 6,000 miles instead of 3,000 miles), you must buy a filter that’s rated to go the distance. In other words, don’t fill your engine with expensive synthetic oil and then spin on an economy filter—it won’t last. Check the filter box, ask the store clerk, or check the filter manufacturer’s Web site to make sure the filter you buy is rated for extended oil change intervals.

There’s a huge difference between an economy filter and a top-of-the-line version. But there’s only a small difference in price. If you use conventional oil and diligently change it every 3,000 miles, you can get by with the economy filter. But if you regularly “forget” and go beyond that mileage or use long-mileage synthetic blends or full synthetic, spend the extra bucks on a better filter. Look at these cutaway filters and you can see why the premium filter is a better choice.

INTRODUCTION
FRANCHISHING
TYPES OF MOTOR OIL AND RECOMMENDED USE
AUTOREPAIR & SERVICE STATION CONCEPTS
DETAILS OF ENGINE OIL FOR CAR OIL SERVICE
MARKET SURVEY
PROCEDURE FOR OIL SERVICE OF CAR
DATAILS OF CAR OIL SERVICE
MAJOR SERVICABLE COMPONENTS
TIPS FOR OIL CHANGING
OVERVIEW OF AUTOMABILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA
CAR MANUFACTURERS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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The seeds of the plant, commonly called castor beans, grow in clusters on spikes of the plant. The seed or bean itself is encased in a spiny outer shell, from which it may be separated by mechanically dehulling, or by sun-drying in the open until the casing splits. The bean itself consists approximately of 75% kernel and 25% husk. The oil content of the whole seed varies between 35-55%. A typical analysis will show: moisture - 5. 5%; oil -48.6%, protein - 17.9%; carbohydrate - 13.0%; fiber - 12.5%; and ash - 2.5%.

The oil is a rarity in nature, being almost a pure compound - about nine-tenths the glyceride of ricinoleic acid. The average fatty acid composition of castor oil is 86% ricinoleic, 8% oleic, 3%- linoleic. and 3% stearic and dihydroxystearic.

Although the mealy residue of bean following oil extraction is high in protein (about 35%) it is not suitable for use as a foodstuff due to the presence of the toxic albumin ricin. The ricin may be deactivated to some degree by steaming or heating. but since the bean also contains heat-stable allergenic materials, it is advisable not to use it as a feed ingredient.

The major usage for extracted castor-bean meal is as a fertilizer for which use it is eminently suited. It releases its nitrogen content slowly. and is quite high in humus value. Further, the meal also contains several other elements of plant food.

Two grades of castor oil are recognized in the United States. These are No. 1 oil, consisting of the first pressing (cold) of the oil seeds. This pressing is followed by bleaching and filtration with activated carbon or earths. The No.. 1 oil is light in color, brilliant. and low in acidity. It is suitable for use in medicinal preparations.

The other grade of oil is No.3. This is extracted from the press cake from No. I oil pressing by means of hydrocarbon solvents. The No. 3 oil is darker in color, and higher in acidity than cold pressed oil, and is considered unsuitable for medicinal purposes.

Castor Oil Derivatives

For uses other than medicinal or lubrication, castor oil may be processed in several ways:

1) Sulfonation: Treatment of castor oil with concentrated sulfuric acid yields the sulfonated (actually sulfated) ester known as "Turkey-red" oil. This product is an anionic wetting agent widely used in textile drying and finishing.

2) Blown or Oxidized Castor Oils: Bringing castor oil into intimate contact with air or oxygen at elevated temperatures produces an oxidized or partially polymerized oil in a wide range of viscosities, color3, and acid values. These oxidized oils are used as plasticizers or elasticizers in the manufacture of nitrocellulose films, artificial leathers and oilcloths.

3) Dehydration: The dehydration of castor oil can be controlled to yield two d1stinct types of material. One is the partially dehydrated oil which is soluble in mineral oil or glycols. Although this oil was once widely used as a lubricant it has been supplanted in recent years by specially "tailored" mineral lubricants. Its major present use is due to its low viscosity index -- in shock absorber fluids and brake and hydraulic fluids.

Fully dehydrated castor oil is an excellent drying oil, the equivalent of good tung oil. This dehydrated 0il is the largest single present use of castor oil. The oil is dehydrated by heating to elevated temperatures, in vacua, in the presence of metallic salt catalysts.

4) Hydrogenation: The complete hydrogenation of castor oil yields essentially trihydroxystearin. m. p. 85-870C. a waxy fat. Partial hydrogenations will yield intermediate melting point fats. Hardened castor oils are utilized in the manufacture of certain waxes, ointments and cosmetics. Hydrogenation is accomplished under H2 pressure and moderately elevated temperatures in the presence of nickel catalyst.

5) Saponification: Saponified castor oil is used to a minor degree in the production of lathering soaps. More recently, it has been used in increasing amounts as a chemical intermediate and as a source of such dibasic organic acids as suberic, sebacic, and azelaic, used for manufacture of nylon-type polymers.

INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATION OF CASTOR OIL GRADES AND DERIVATIVES
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL
DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL
PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION
USES AND APPLICATION
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO)
DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL
FIRST SPECIAL GRADE (FSG) CASTOR OIL
MARKET SURVEY
CURRENT END USES FOR CASTOR OIL & DERIVATIVES
DEMAND OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR
DEMAND OF DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL
COLD PRESSED CASTOR OIL
BENEFITS OF COLD PRESSED CASTOR OIL
DERIVATION AND SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT GRADES
(CASTOR OIL AND DERIVATIVES)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL
DETAILED MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL
EXPRESSION PLANT FLOW SHEET
EXPRESSION EXTRACTION PLANT FLOW SHEET
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF COMMERCIAL GRADE CASTOR OIL
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COMMERCIAL CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL (FIRST SPECIAL GRADE)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF FIRST SPECIAL GRADE CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL (COLD PRESSED GRADE)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COLD PRESSED CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PP GRADE CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF B.P. GRADE CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DCO (DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR CASTOR OIL DERIVATIVE OLEORESIN
PERFORMANCE MEASURMENTS IN FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION COLUMN
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR CASTOR OIL DERIVATIVE OLEO-RESIN
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SULPHONATED CASTOR OIL (TRO)
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR TURKEY RED OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN DETAILS FOR DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL (DCO)
PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL (DCO)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HCO (HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL) IN DETAILS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR HCO
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) FLAKES/POWDER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SEBACIC ACID
METHOD FOR PREPARING SEBACIC ACID AND OCTANOL-2
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF 12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID
RAW MATERIAL CALCULATION FOR OLEORESIN
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS) FOR REFINED CASTOR OIL
FIRST SPECIAL GRADE (FSG)
TEST PARAMETERS OF FIRST SPECIAL GRADE CASTOR OIL
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post CASTOR OIL AND ITS DERIVATIVES (OLEORESIN, TURKEY RED OIL, DCO, HCO, SEBACIC ACID, 12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID WITH COLD PRESSED, CP GRADE, COMMERCIAL GRADE, SPECIAL FIRST GRADE CASTOR OIL) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The seeds of the castor plant are produced in racemes, or clusters of capsules.  The capsules are usually spiny and each contains three seeds.  The hulls surrounding the seeds constitute roughly one thrid of the weight of the mature capsule.  The seeds are mottled to varying extents, most often with shades of dark brown overlaying, shades of light brown.  Seed size of commercial varieties varies from 250 to 1680 per kilogram.   Although laoratory  yield  of  oil from entire  (undecorticated)  seed  of commercial  varieties  averages about 49%, the factory  yield  is usually about 45%.

Castor oil is also known as Ricinus Oil,  oil  of  Palma Christi, tangatangan oil, and Neoloid. Typical of most fats, the oil is a triglyceride of fatty acids. What is unique is that  the fat contains 87%-90% ricinoleic  acid,  cis-12- hydroxyoctadec-9- enoic acid, CH3(CH2)5CH(OH)CH2CH==CH(CH2)7COOH, a rare source  of an eighteen carbon hydroxylated fatty acid with one double  bond. Castor  oil, sometimes described as a triglyceide  of  ricinoleic acid,  is  one  of the few naturally  occurring  glycerides  that approaches being a pure compound.

The   oil  is  pale  yellow  and  viscous,  with  a   slight characterisitc   odor,  and  nearly  tasteless   but   familiarly unpleasant  through its minor use as a purgative. The  industrial uses of castor oil are extensive.

Castor oil is used as a raw material in a number of chemical and  pharmaceutical  industries.   It has a medical  value  as  a purgative.  So it is a very important vegetable oil.  In chemical industry it is used in the manufacture of soaps.  Castor oil  is extracted  from castor oil seeds which are obtained from a  plant which  grows as a wild plant but its regular plantation has  been started  in  India.   Castor oil has white tingue and it has a viscosity  approximately that of the sirson oil.  The plantation is grown and cultivated as sirson oil and some other seeds.  When the plant gets matured it develops big size buddings of the size about 1" to 2" in diameter.  This shell or buddings consists of castor oil seeds, some pulp and other carbonaceous  matter  etc.  The  crop is cut and the shells containing castor oil  seeds  are collected.  It is allowed to dry for few days so that  the  seeds may be separated from the shell easily with the help of a  simple shredder.

Caster seed  is very hard and does not  require  much  care during storage.  No insect or disease attacks the seed.  The oil content does not get either reduced or affected even 3 years of storage.   Usually castor seed is not required to be stored  in warehouses  area  long  periods.   Being a cash  crop,  it   is immediately crushed locally and the oil exported.  In warehouses, castor-seed is stored in  gunny (jute) bags.

Sometimes  if  the  bags get wet due  to  high  humidity  or leakage of rain-water, the seeds become slightly mouldy but  this does not reduce the oil content or the viability.

The odour of castor oil is not appreciable and hence before using  in  soap industry or many industry its  deodourization  is necessary.  For saponification 18.5% caustic potash is required.  It  is easily saponified and the soap prepared from this  oil  is soft and easily soluble in water.  Other oils are mixed with this oil for soap making industry for economic reasons.

1.   INTODUCTION
2.   PROPERTIES
3.   USES OF CASTOR OIL
4.   B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
5.   MARKET SURVEY
6.   PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF CASTOR OIL
7.   DEALERS OF CASTOR OIL
8.   RAW MATERIAL MAJOR AREAS OF PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
9.   QUALITIES OF CASTOR SEED
10.  PROCESSING OF CASTOR
11.  CASTOR CAKE
12.  USES
13.  MANUFACTURING DIAGRAM
14.  PLANT LAYOUT
15.  SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
16.  SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post CASTOR OIL appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

NOPs all have similar sources and applications, but the materials themselves can be quite different, depending on how they are made. All are clear liquids, ranging from colorless to medium yellow. Their viscosity is also variable and is usually a function of the molecular weight and the average number of hydroxyl groups per molecule (higher mw and higher hydroxyl content both giving higher viscosity.) Odor is a significant property which is different from NOP to NOP. Most NOPs are still quite similar chemically to their parent vegetable oils and as such are prone to becoming rancid. This involves autoxidation of fatty acid chains containing carbon-carbon double bonds and ultimately the formation of odoriferous, low molecular weight aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Odor is undesirable in the NOPs themselves, but more importantly, in the materials made from them.

INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF NATURAL OIL POLYOLS
USES & APPLICATION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CASTOR OIL BASED
POLYOLS AND THEIR APPLICATION
CASTOR OIL BASED POLYOLS
POLYOLS
MARKET SURVEY
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF POLYOL
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYOLS
POLYESTER POLYOLS
ANALYSIS OF CASTOR OIL POLYOLS
ALTERNATIVES TO CASTOR OIL POLYOL AND  THEIR CHARTERISTICS AND TEST RESULT
CASTOR OIL POLYOLS AS A REACTIVE MONOMER FOR FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF POLYOL FROM CASTOR OIL
PROCESS IN DETAILS
METHOD OF PREPARATION FOR DIFFERENT TYPE OF POLYOLS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
HEALTH & SAFETY FACTOR
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
VACUUM DRING UNIT

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post POLYOLS FROM CASTOR OIL appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Castor  oil  obtained  by  a  combination  of  pressing  and extraction  from  the  seeds of the  castor  oil  plant  (Ricinus communis)  consists  of upto 90% of  triglyceride  of  ricinoleic acid, 12 hydroxy oleic acid. The hydroxyl number of castor oil is 161-169.

The  component  glycerides of castor oil (%  mole)  comprise saturated-diricinoleins    (7.3%)    oleo-diricinoleins    (2.5%) Linoleo  diricinoleins  (13.4%), Dihydroxy  Stearo  diricinoldins (2%) Triricinolein (74.8%).

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•         Introduction
•         Uses and Applications
•         Properties
•         Market Survey with future aspects
•         Present Manufacturers
•         B.I.S. Specifications
•         Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•        Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•         Capacity
•         Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•         List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•         Raw Materials
•         Details/List and Costs
•         Power & Water Requirements
•         Labour/Staff Requirements
•         Utilities and Overheads
•         Total Capital Investment
•         Turnover
•         Cost of Production
•         Break Even Point
•         Profitability
•         Land Man Ratio
•         Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post CASTOR OIL AND ITS DERIVATIVES OLEO RESIN, TURKEY RED OIL, DCO, HCO, SEBACIC ACID, 12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.