E-rickshaws are now one of the preferred modes of transport in streets because of its low maintenance cost, low fuel cost, eco-friendly, no noise pollution, easy to drive and last but not the least livelihood, e-rickshaw is a boon to the common Man. Without putting in much physical efforts and without investing much amount of money, the earning is quite good for an e-rickshaw driver and hence it is an important means of livelihood for many.

These e-rickshaws consist of 3 wheels with a differential mechanism at rear wheels. Basically these vehicles have a mild steel tubular chassis. The motor is brushless DC motor manufactured mostly in India and China. The electrical system used in Indian version is 48V DC can run 90-100 km/full charge. Basic seating capacity is driver plus 4 passengers

These vehicles are now started using in transporting light weight goods as e-loader. Hence there are lots of opportunities of income.

There are two types of e-rickshaw:

1. E-Rickshaw (Passenger)

2. E-Rickshaw (Cargo)

1. E-Rickshaw (Passenger)

“E-rickshaw” means a special purpose battery operated vehicle having three wheels and intended to provide last mile connectivity for transport of passengers for hire or reward, provided

i) Such vehicle is constructed or adapted to carry not more than four passengers, excluding the driver, and not more than forty kilograms luggage in total;

ii) The net power of its motor is not more than 2000 W;

iii) The maximum speed of the vehicle is not more than 25km/h

Electric rickshaws (also known as Tuk Tuk, e-rickshaw) have been becoming more popular in some cities since 2008 as an alternative to auto rickshaws and pulled rickshaw because of their low fuel cost, and less human effort compared to pulled rickshaws. They are being widely accepted as an alternative to Petrol/Diesel/CNG auto rickshaws. They are 3 wheels pulled by an electric motor ranging from 650-1400 Watts. They are mostly manufactured in China, only a few other countries manufacture these vehicles.

Battery-run rickshaws could be a low-emitter complementary transport for the low-income people, who suffer most from a lack of transport facility, if introduced in a systematic manner according to experts.

The electric automobile did not easily develop into a viable means of transportation. Research waned from 1920-1960 until environmental issues of pollution and diminishing natural resources reawakened the need of a more environmentally friendly means of transportation. Technologies that support a reliable battery and the weight of the needed number of batteries elevated the price of making an electric vehicle.[6] In 1837, Robert Davidson of Scotland appears to have been the builder of the first electric car, but it wasn’t until the 1890s that electric cars were manufactured and sold in Europe and America. During the late 1890s, United States roads were populated by more electric automobiles than those with internal combustion engines.

E-Rickshaw is the most convenient and safe mode of local transportation of two or four passengers. E-rickshaw is commonly available in India and other parts under developed & developing countries for hiring on small rentals for limited time. Apart from E-Rickshaw, company will also make E-Rickshaw which can carry weight up to 300 kgs.

E-Rickshaw drivers will obtain licence through which he/she can drive E-rickshaw in city. The entire assembly and fabrication work for mfg. E-Rickshaw performed in highly automatic plants.

Rims, Tyres, Brakes, Headlight, Taillight, Horn, Turning Lights & Traction Batteries, wire Harness, Throttle, Motor, & Controllers are purchased from the AIS approved companies. Whereas Company will make chasis & assemble the body parts along with painting & testing of the vehicle within the premises.

The components are made as per standard specifications and hence permit 100% inters changeability and the chasis is fabricated accordingly keeping the optimum ground clearance and other factors in view. Components are available in ready to use surface conditions. Automatic assembly-fixtures, working tools and testing equipments cover the range of installations. Normally the E-Rickshaw assembly unit with installed capacity around one lacks Nos. p.a., falls in a medium scale industry category. But a SSI-Unit can also be started with limited facilities like:-

E-Rickshaws are three wheel battery operated vehicles, which are considered as an upgrade to conventional rickshaws, and economically better than auto rickshaws and other fuel variants, these rickshaws, since are battery powered have zero emission, and is often argued to be much better than other rickshaws as they are considered almost pollution free. E rickshaws are now fairly popular amongst Indian rickshaw drivers and has created new opportunities for people, as they require minimum investment to earn a living. They offer huge returns in less time, and are easy to operate and has low maintenance and running cost. A lot of variants are available these days, most of them started as low quality products and were imported from China. These days Indian e rickshaws have been developed offering a higher quality and better services at an equivalent cost. E rickshaws can provide a decent income since the battery charging cost is far lower than any other fuel, new material such as fiberglass has been introduced in them, since the material provides high strength, durability and lighter than metals.

E–Rickshaws or Electric rickshaws have been becoming more popular in most parts of the globe since 2008. In India, e – rickshaws began to gain popularity since 2011.

As these rickshaws faced a ban by the Indian government in the capital city of Delhi, the increase in their number failed. But, still they are widely used in most parts of the country.
On 8 October, 2014, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways had notified the rules to regulate the e- rickshaws by making important amendments under the Motor Vehicles Rules of 1989. In March 2015, the Parliament passed the amendments and finally, legalized the use of electric rickshaws.

Recently, the transport department decided to introduce these e-rickshaws in four major cities of Maharashtra – Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and Nashik.

Now, that these new age vehicles will be available on the streets soon, let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of e-rickshaws.

E-rickshaw or electric rickshaw is gaining popularity in India since 2011 due to their low cost and high efficiency they are accepted on the Indian streets, they are still widely used in many parts of India.

E-rickshaws are now one of the preferred mode of transport in streets because of its low maintenance cost, low fuel cost, Eco-friendly, no noise pollution, easy to drive and last but not the least livelihood, e-rickshaw is a boon to the common man. Without putting in much physical efforts and without investing much amount of money, the earning is quite good for an e-rickshaw driver and hence it is an important means of livelihood for many.

These e-rickshaws consist of 3 wheels with a differential mechanism at rear wheels. Basically these vehicles have a mild steel tubular chassis. The motor is brush-less DC motor manufactured mostly in India and China. The electrical system used in Indian version is 48VDC can run 90– 100 km/full charge, top speed 25 km/hour and this electric motor power ranging from 650-1400 Watts; the battery takes 8–10 hrs to become fully charged. Basic seating capacity is driver plus 4 passenger total 5 persons.
These vehicles are now started using in transporting light weight goods as e-loader. Hence there are lots of opportunities of income, you just need to find a good manufacturing company like in Kolkata there is Electeca which is a part of Kirti Solar Limited, a diversified group involve in manufacturing solar and renewable energy projects. Electeca specializes in manufacturing the highest quality E- vehicles designed and tested under the CMVR rules. Electeca has a strong team of technical & skilled work force with hands on experience automobile industry and they have growing business coverage in Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Assam and obviously in West Bengal.

The post ELECTRIC RICKSHAW appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The electric car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the automotive industry. Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around being proactive and using electricity, some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both electricity and gas. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S, Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money, but also help contribute towards a healthy and stable environment.

Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere, leaving us vulnerable to things like pollution and greenhouse gases. In order to help positively the environment we live in, an electric car is a great step forward. By buying an electric car, you can also receive government subsidies for being environmentally conscious. Although you may end up paying more for your vehicle, the positives greatly overshadow the negatives. However there are still two sides to consider when you’re thinking about investing in an electric vehicle.

EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. These batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of lights and wipers. Electric cars have more batteries than normal gasoline car. It’s the same kind of batteries that are commonly used when starting up a gasoline engine. The only difference comes in the fact that in electric vehicles, they have more of them which are used to power the engine.

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An inverter can be defined as it is a compact and rectangular shaped electrical equipment used to convert direct current (DC) voltage to alternating current (AC) voltage in common appliances. The applications of DC involves several small types of equipment like solar power systems. Direct current is used in many of the small electrical equipment such as solar power systems, power batteries, power-sources, fuel cells because these are simply produced direct current.

The basic role of an inverter is to change DC power into AC power. The AC power can be supplied to homes, and industries using the public utility otherwise power grid, the alternating-power systems of the batteries can store only DC power. In addition, almost all the household appliances, as well as other electrical equipment can be functioned by depending on AC power.

In some cases, generally, the input voltage is lesser whenever the output voltage is equivalent to the grid supply voltage of either 120 V otherwise 240 V based on the country. These devices are standalone devices for some applications like solar power. There are different types of inverters available in the market based on the switching waveform shape. An inverter uses DC power sources to provide an AC voltage to giving the supply to the electronic as well as electrical equipment.

Solar Inverters

A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. ... Solar inverters are also called as photovoltaic solar inverters.

Working Principle of a Solar Inverter

The inverters work by taking in power from a Direct Current (DC) Source, i.e., the solar panel. The power is generated in the range of 250 Volts to 600 Volts. DC power is converted into AC power by the inversion process taking place in the inverter. This process of DC to AC Conversion is achieved by using a set of solid state devices like Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT’s.). These devices when connected in a typical H-Bridge arrangement oscillate the DC power thereby creating AC power.

A step up transformer is used in between the devices. At this stage, the AC power output is obtained, which is either consumed by the local loads or can be fed to the grid. A few manufacturers have started manufacturing transformer-less inverters which have higher efficiencies as compared to inverters having transformers.

In any solar power inverter a micro-controller chip is present which is programmed to execute various complex algorithms in a precise manner. The controller maximizes the power output from the photovoltaic panels through the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm.

Components of a Solar Inverter

Capacitors - are used to filter ripple contents (undesirable phenomenon due to semi-conductor switching) on dc lines. It is also be used to keep the dc bus voltage stable and minimize losses between the PV array and the inverter.

Software and monitoring - the software designed to run on the inverter’s digital signal processor or microcontroller. Data monitoring is important since it lets owners and installers know its status and provides quick alerts if there are any faults.

Solid state switches – they are basically a combination of power semiconductors – IGBTs, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFETs) or both in some cases – to invert dc to ac power.

Magnetic components – these include the inductor and the transformer to filter the wave shapes and smoothening them, and bring ac voltages to the correct levels for grid interconnection. They also provide isolation between the dc circuits and the ac grid.

Solar Inverter Advantages:

After knowing in detail what a solar inverter is and how different useful it is to make appliances work at residential and industrial levels we must discuss about the many advantages of the device.

• Solar energy has always helped in reducing global warming and green house effect.

• Also use of solar energy helps in saving money many people have started using solar based devices

• A solar inverter helps in converting the Direct current into batteries or alternative current. This helps people who use limited amount of electricity.

• There is this synchronous solar inverter that helps small homeowners and power companies as they are large in size

• Then there is this multifunction solar inverter which is the best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC power to AC very carefully which is perfect for commercial establishments

• This inverter is cost effective i.e. less expensive than generators

• Apart from solar inverters there are other devices too that make use of solar energy namely, solar cooker, heater.

• Solar inverters are the best way and they are better than the normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost much money

Solar Inverter Disadvantages:

• Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar inverter

• It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.

• The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space

• The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong.

• Solar Inverters can work when there is no Sunlight but provided their battery is charged fully with the help of Sunlight.

Types of Solar Inverters –

1. String Inverters

These are the most common type of inverter used for residential purposes. All the solar inverters above are basically a string inverters. It is called a string inverter because there is a large number of strings are connected on them.

String inverters

A string inverter is the type most commonly used in home and commercial solar power systems. It is a large-ish box that is often situated some distance away from the solar array. Depending on the size of the installation, there may be more than one string inverter present.

Leading string solar inverter brands are Sungrow and SMA.

String inverter advantages

 Allows for high design flexibility
 High efficiency
 Robust
 3 phase variations available
 Low cost
 Well supported (if buying trusted brands)
 Remote system monitoring capabilities

1. Smaller in size when compared to central inverters
2. Better MPPT capability per string
3. Scalability for future expansion by adding parallel strings
4. Short DC wires
5. Monitoring at string level

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The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children. The oldest known doll toy is thought to be 4,000 years old.

Playing with toys is considered to be important when it comes to growing up and learning about the world around us. Younger children use toys to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults on occasion use toys to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, help in therapy, and to remember and reinforce lessons from their youth.

The post KIDS RIDE ON BATTERY OPERATED CARS AND BIKES MANUFACTURING UNIT appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

On almost every motorcycle you will find a battery, used for providing power for starting the bike and for buffering an amount of electric energy. The battery itself is charged by a generator driven by the engine, and as long as the engine is running there will be a current flowing through the battery. The no load voltage of a fully charged battery is about 13 Vdc. For charging it the charging-system should provide a voltage of about 14.4 Vdc and this should be a constant voltage at all engine-speeds.

The generator itself is located in or on the engine, and on most bikes there is a separate regulator-rectifier unit located somewhere on the frame. The reason for this is that almost all motorcycles are equipped with a three-phase AC (Alternating Current) generator, while the electrical system on the bike is a DC (Direct Current) system. The rectifier part inside the regulator-rectifier takes care of converting the AC-current to the DC-current the battery needs. The three-phase AC generator is used so often because it is much more efficient and reliable than a DC-generator. It can produce power for charging the battery even with the engine idling. The regulator part of the regulator-rectifier is used to regulate the output-voltage (to the battery) to the 14.4 Vdc that is needed.

RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device composed of one or more diodes that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A diode is like a one-way valve that allows an electrical current to flow in only one direction. This process is called rectification.

Types of rectifiers

The rectifiers are mainly classified into two types:

• Half wave rectifier

• Full wave rectifier

Half wave rectifier

As the name suggests, the half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts half of the AC input signal (positive half cycle) into pulsating DC output signal and the remaining half signal (negative half cycle) is blocked or lost. In half wave rectifier circuit, we use only a single diode.

Full wave rectifier

The full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts the full AC input signal (positive half cycle and negative half cycle) to pulsating DC output signal. Unlike the half wave rectifier, the input signal is not wasted in full wave rectifier. The efficiency of full wave rectifier is high as compared to the half wave rectifier.

Regulator

It controls the generator output according to the need. It controls the current or voltage.

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TYPES OF PCB

1. Single-sided PCB

2. Double-sided PCB

1. Single-sided PCB

The single-sided PCBs are mostly used in entertainment electronics where manufacturing costs have to be kept at a minimum. However, in industrial electronics also, cost factors cannot be neglected and single-sided boards should be used wherever a particular circuit can be accommodated on such boards.

To jump over conductor tracks, components have to be utilized (Fig A). If this is not feasible, jumper wires are used. The number of jumper wires on a board, however, is restricted by economic reasons. If their number is more than a few, the use of a double-sided PCB should be considered.

Advantages of single-sided PCBs include:

•    Low cost, especially for volume production;

•    Low rate of issues during PCB manufacturing process, accordingly, leading to high speed of fabrication;

•    Suitable for simple circuits.

2. Double-sided PCB

Double-sided PCBs can be made with or without plated-through holes. The production of board with plated-through holes is fairly expensive. Therefore, plated-through hole boards are only chosen where the circuit complexity and density does not leave any other choice. Even on such boards, the total number of plated-through holes, in particular of via-holes (holes utilized only for through-contact and not for component mounting), should be kept to the minimum for reasons of economy and reliability.

The cost factor for double-sided PCBs without plated-through holes is considerably lower because plating can be avoided. Through-contacts are made by soldering the component leads on both the board sides where required. Jumper wires may still be added. However, hand soldering must be applied for soldering of the component side joints.

In the layout design of such boards, solder joints on the component sides have to be kept minimum in number because the replacing of such components is extremely difficult. A typical strategy is therefore to realize the conductors as much as possible on the non-component side and to put only the remaining once on the component side. Such boards are therefore compromise between serviceability and electrical design optimum on the one hand and the cost factor on the other.

Therefore, advantages of double-layer PCBs can be summarized into the following aspects:

•    More flexibility for designers;

•    An increase of circuit density;

•    Relatively low cost;

•    Reduction of board size.

INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF PCB
PCB ASSEMBLY
FOLLOWING ELECTRONICS PARTS AND CONSUMABLES ARE NEEDED
FOR PCB ASSEMBLY
METHOD OF PCB ASSEMBLY
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
TYPES OF SMD
ACTIVE COMPONENTS
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SMD COMPONENTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
THE ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY
THE DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY
USES AND APPLICATION
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SMD COMPONENTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
APPLICATION:
COMPUTERS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PROCESS FLOW CHART
ASSEMBLING PROCESS OF PCB
PROCESS OVERVIEW
SMT PROCESS
SOLDER PASTE
PREHEAT ZONE
THERMAL SOAK ZONE
REFLOW ZONE
COOLING ZONE
TYPES OF REFLOW SOLDERING
GENERALLY, THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF LASERS USED FOR REFLOW SOLDERING:
CLEANING
REWORK
INSPECTION OF SOLDERED JOINTS
MARKINGS
PACKAGING /SHIPMENT
MARKET POSITION
THE INDIAN PCB INDUSTRY
METHODOLOGY
MARKET AT A GLANCE
GROWTH DRIVERS
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDUSTRY
OTHER CHALLENGES INCLUDE:
GROWING INORGANICALLY
MOVING FORWARD
INDIAN PCB INDUSTRY GROWTH
SIGNS OF GROWTH
GROWTH DRIVERS
THE DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP
OBSTACLES IN THE PATH OF GROWTH
OTHER CHALLENGES INCLUDE:
GROWING INORGANICALLY
ADVANTAGES IN INDIA
LOOKING AHEAD
PLANT LAYOUT
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF PCB BOARD
SUPPLIERS OF PCB
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
BARE PCB BOARD
SUPPLIERS OF SOLDER PASTE
SUPPLIERS OF SURFACE MOUNTED DEVICES
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
PCB ASSEMBLING PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIERS OF AUTOMATIC XRAY INSPECTION MACHINE
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
PLATEFARM WEIGHING MACHINE
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURING SERVICE (EMS) FACILITY IN ASSEMBLY OF PCB AND COMPONENTS appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Battery-run rickshaws could be a low-emitter complementary transport for the low-income people, who suffer most from a lack of transport facility, if introduced in a systematic manner according to experts.

The electric automobile did not easily develop into a viable means of transportation. Research waned from 1920-1960 until environmental issues of pollution and diminishing natural resources reawakened the need of a more environmentally friendly means of transportation. Technologies that support a reliable battery and the weight of the needed number of batteries elevated the price of making an electric vehicle.[6] In 1837, Robert Davidson of Scotland appears to have been the builder of the first electric car, but it wasn't until the 1890s that electric cars were manufactured and sold in Europe and America. During the late 1890s, United States roads were populated by more electric automobiles than those with internal combustion engines.

E-Rickshaw is the most convenient and safe mode of local transportation of two or four passengers. E-rickshaw are commonly available in India and other parts under developed & developing countries for hiring on small rentals for limited time. Apart from E-Rickshaw, company will also make E-Rickshaw which can carry weight up to 300 kgs.

E-Rickshaw drivers will obtain licence through which he/she can drive E-rickshaw in city. The entire assembly and fabrication work for mfg. E-Rickshaw performed in a highly automatic plants.

Rims, Tyres, Brakes, Headlight, Taillight, Horn, Turning Lights & Traction Batteries, wire Harness, Throttle, Motor, & Controllers are purchased from the AIS approved companies. Where as Company will make chasis & assemble the body parts alongwith painting & testing of the vehicle within the premises.

The components are made as per standard specifications and hence permit 100% inters changeability and the chasis is fabricated accordingly keeping the optimum ground clearance and other factors in view. Components are available in ready to use surface conditions. Automatic assembly-fixtures, working tools and testing equipments cover the range of installations. Normally the E-Rickshaw assembly unit with installed capacity around one lacks Nos. p.a., falls in a medium scale industry category. But a SSI-Unit can also be started with limited facilities like:-

E Rickshaws are three wheel battery operated vehicles, which are considered as an upgrade to conventional rickshaws, and economically better than auto rickshaws and other fuel variants, these rickshaws, since are battery powered have zero emission, and is often argued to be much better than other rickshaws as they are considered almost pollution free. E rickshaws are now fairly popular amongst Indian rickshaw drivers and has created new opportunities for people, as they require minimum investment to earn a living. They offer huge returns in less time, and are easy to operate and has low maintenance and running cost. A lot of variants are available these days, most of them started as low quality products and were imported from China. These days Indian e rickshaws have been developed offering a higher quality and better services at an equivalent cost. E rickshaws can provide a decent income since the battery charging cost is far lower than any other fuel, new material such as fibreglass has been introduced in them, since the material provides high strength, durability and lighter than metals.

MACHINERY USED
USES AND APPLICATIONS
THE E-RICKSHAW FUTURE (MARKET POSITION)
TERRA MOTORS EYES 30,000 E-RICKSHAWS SALES IN INDIA
BY YEAR-END (2016-17)
SAFETY AND SECURITY
THREE-WHEELER FACEOFF
FARE
LAW
SPEED
SAFETY
LICENCE
IMPORT DATA
ELECTRIC RICKSHAW FROM CHINA FOR INDIA AND BANGLADESH
E-RICKSHAW LAW IN INDIA    29
BATTERY OPERATED E-RICKSHAWS IN THE STATE OF DELHI
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECT INTO CONSIDERATION
BATTERY OPERATED E RICKSHAW IN DELHI
APPROVAL,VERIFICATION AND AUTHORISATION
FEATURES AND SPECIFICATION OF E-RICKSHAW
FEATURES:
SPECIFICATIONS:
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF E-RICKSHAW
GOVT LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY FOR E-RICKSHAW
STATEMENT OF ISSUE
FOLLOWING ISSUES NEED TO BE ADDRESSED THROUGH
AN E-RICKSHAW POLICY:
CPPR AND E-RICKSHAWS
SUBSIDIES AND DETAILS OF GOVT APPROVAL FOR E-RICKSHAW
CONTACT DETAILS
REVIEW AND STUDY THE RULES AND REGULATION FOR E-RICKSHAW
SCENARIO OF E-RICKSHAW
SELECTIONS OF AREAS OF STUDY
TABLE: COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF RICKSHAWS IN DELHI
CENTRAL MOTOR VEHICLES RULES,1989
PARAMETER SELECTION
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
TABLE PARAMETERS FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCLUSIONS
RESULTS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY
TABLE  RENTED RICKSHAWS
TABLE SELF-OWNED RICKSHAWS
FIGURE : PREVIOUS PROFESSIONS OF THE BATTERY RICKSHAW DRIVERS
TABLE : EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF DRIVERS
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF E-RICKSHAWS
TECHNICAL STUDY FOR E-RICKSHAW
TABLE : PARAMETERS FOR THE TECHNICAL STUDY
TABLE : RESULTS OF THE TECHNICAL STUDY
KEY FINDINGS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF E-RICKSHAW
PROCESS:-
SUB ASSEMBLIES ARE:-
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING THROUGH FLOW SHEET
WORKING OPERATED OF E-RICKSHAWS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
POWER PRESS
POWER SHEARING MACHINE
HYDRAULIC PRESS
BENDING MACHINE
WELDING EQUIPMENTS
TESTING EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES
POWDER COATING MACHINE
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS SUPPLIERS
E-RICKSHAW SPARE PARTS SUPPLIERS
CHASIS
TRACTION BATTERY
STEEL PIPE
PICKLING CHEMICALS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post E-RICKSHAW (5 Nos/Day) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Working Principle of Lead Acid Battery

The storage battery or secondary battery is such battery where electrical energy can be stored as chemical energy and this chemical energy is then converted to electrical energy as when required. The conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy by applying external electrical source is known as charging of battery. Whereas conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy for supplying the external load is known as discharging of secondary battery. During charging of battery, current is passed through it which causes some chemical changes inside the battery. This chemical changes absorb energy during their formation.

When the battery is connected to the external load, the chemical changes take place in reverse direction, during which the absorbed energy is released as electrical energy and supplied to the load. Now we will try to understand principle working of lead acid battery and for that we will first discuss about lead acid battery which is very commonly used as storage battery or secondary battery

MATERIALS USED FOR LEAD ACID STORAGE BATTERY CELLS
The main active materials required to construct a lead-acid battery are
1. Lead peroxide (PbO2)
2. Sponge lead (Pb) and
3. Dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Lead Peroxide (PbO2)

The positive plate is made of lead peroxide. This is dark brown, hard and brittle substance.

Sponge Lead (Pb)
The negative plate is made of pure lead in soft sponge condition.
Dilute Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
Dilute sulfuric acid used for lead acid battery has ration of water: acid = 3:1.
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
DIFF BETWEEN FLAT PLATE AND TUBULAR LEAD ACID BATTERY
THE FLAT PASTED PLATE
CONSTRUCTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
USES AND APPLICATION
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
MARKET SURVEY
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PVC BATTERY CONTAINER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FLAT PLATE
PROCESS FLOW CHART
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL

APPENDIX – A :

1.             COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post INVERTER BATTERY (LEAD ACID BATTERY MANUFACTURING UNIT FLAT TUBE AND TUBULAR LEAD ACID BATTERY) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

A modern computer system is one of the most complex and wonderful  achievement of mankind. This is due to its  incredible speed, very high reliability and almost limitless versatility. For example, a very large commercially available computer can (in 1980) executes about five to ten million instructions  per  second (MIPS). Further more, this raw processing potential can be programmed so that a single machine performs such diverse  design of high - speed aircraft, preparation of the payroll for thousand of employees, or keeping track of inventory for a whole chain  of retail stores.
Computer Assembly
A PC computer is a modular type of computer, it can be assembled using hardware components made by different manufacturers, so as to have a custom built computer according to one's specific needs.
The following components are available when building a computer:

•    The casing: metal casing which houses the internal components of the computer. The casing usually comes with it's own power supply and a set of screws, connectors and cables.
•    The motherboard: a large printed circuit board used to connect the processor, RAM, hard drives and CD/DVD drives, and comes with its own set of riser connectors.
•    The processor: the computer's main integrated circuit, the true brain of the computer, performing all the main calculations.
•    RAM modules.
•    Storage devices such as hard drives, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives and burners, and the floppy disk drive.
•    Expansion cards are used to upgrade computer functionality and performance.

The motherboard is the main card, in the form of a large printed circuit board with connectors for the processor, RAM modules and expansion cards.

INTRODUCTION
COMPUTER ASSEMBLY
COMPUTER AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OPERATING PRINCIPLES
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
MARKET SURVEY
INDIA PC MARKET GROWS 14.1% IN Q, HP TOP PLAYER:
HP RETAINED ITS TOP SPOT WITH MARKET SHARE OF 26.4 PER CENT, FOLLOWED BY DELL, LENOVO AND ACER.
TOTAL PC (DESKTOPS & NOTEBOOKS)
MARKET REGIONAL SPREAD
DESKTOP MARKET SHARE OF INDIAN, MNC & INFORMAL
CLASSIFICATION AND GROWTH OF COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ASSEMBLY UNITS
MARKET SHARE OF PERSONAL COMPUTER
OVERVIEW OF IT HARDWARE INDUSTRY
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF PERSONAL COMPUTER
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF THE MICROPROCESSOR
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
MEMORY
PROCESS FLOW CHART
CONSTRUCTION OF ASSEMBLY OF PERSONAL COMPUTER
MANUFACTURE OF PERIPHERALS
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES (INDIAN)
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERIES (IMPORTED)
SUPPLIERS OF COMPONENTS/PARTS

APPENDIX – A :

1.       COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post COMPUTER ASSEMBLY appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Multilayer PCB Is made up of three or more conductive layers (copper foil layer), these layers are pressed together and form multilayer PCB. Copper foil layer is bonded together by PP (prepreg), Multilayer PCB is one of the most complex types in printed circuit board. Because of the complexity in PCB manufacturing process, low yield rate and difficulty of rework, making the price is relatively high.

Due to the packaging density increase in integrated circuit, which bring about interconnect highly concentrated, thus using multilayer PCB become necessary. In the layout of printed circuit boards, sometimes it will have some unforeseen design problems, such as noise, stray capacitance, crosstalk and so on, therefore, when design printed circuit board, it must be committed to make the length of signal wire as short as possible and avoid parallel circuits, etc. Obviously, it is hard to get satisfied solution from single-sided PCB or even double-sided PCB, due to the cross circuit number is limited. In the demand of mass interconnection and interdigitation, if printed circuit board wants to achieve a satisfactory performance, it must be extend to more than two layers, thus the multilayer PCB appeared.

Multilayer PCB at least has three conductive layers, two layers on surface side, and the rest of the layers are synthesized inside the insulation part. The electrical connection between each layer is usually realized by plated through hole. Unless special instructions, both multilayer PCB and double-sided PCB are plated through hole printed circuit boards.

A multilayer board consists of a number of layers of dielectric material that has been impregnated with adhesives, and these layers are used to separate the layers of copper plating. All of these layers are aligned and then bonded into a single board structure under heat and pressure. Multilayer boards with 48 or more layers can be produced with today's technologies.

In a typical four layer board design, the internal layers are often used to provide power and ground connections, such as a +5V plane layer and a Ground plane layer as the two internal layers, with all other circuit and circuit package formats.

In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support electronic components which have their connection leads soldered onto copper pads in surface mount applications or through drilled holes in the board and copper pads for soldering the component leads in thru-hole applications. A board design may have all thru-hole components on the top or component side, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount on the top side only, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount components on the top side and surface mount components on the bottom or circuit side, or surface mount components on the top and bottom sides of the board.

The boards are also used to electrically connect the required leads for each component using conductive copper traces.  The component pads and connection traces are etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.  Printed circuit boards are designed as single sided with copper pads and traces on one side of the board only, double sided with copper pads and traces on the top and bottom sides of the board, or multilayer designs with copper pads and traces on top and bottom of board with a variable number of internal copper layers with traces and connections.

A PCB is found in almost every electronic device. If you have electronic components in a device, they are mounted on a PCB, big or small. Besides keeping the components in place, its purpose of a PCB is to provide electrical connections between the components mounted on it. As electronic devices have become more complex, and require more components, the PCB has become more populated, and dense with wiring and components.

INTRODUCTION
USES AND APPLICATION
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
MARKET SURVEY
DETAILED IMPORT DATA OF BOARD BARE FROM UNITED STATES
MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIERS OF PCB
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PCB MANUFACTURING STEPS
PROCESS FLOW CHART
QUALITY CONTROL
PLANT AND MACHINERY
IT HAS GOT THE FACILITY OF INSPECTION OF PHOTO FILMS AND PCBS UNDER A TABLE LAMP WITH A MICROSCOPE.
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

The post PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD MANUFACTURING PLANT (SINGLE, DOUBLE & MULTI LAYER) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.