Alum are represented by the general formula R1/2 SO4, R2"(SO4)3.24.H2O. Where R and R"are respectively monovalent and trivalent radicals. They are usually the double salts of ammonium, potassium or sodium sulphate with aluminium. Chromium or iron sulphate and are readily prepared by concentrating and cooling a solution containing molecular proportions of the Component Sulphate.

Ferric and Non Ferric Alum is marketed in various grades. The cheapest grade called "alum cake". Potash alum also known as alum alumen.

Ferric alumin is aluminium sulphate containing iron obtained from the bauxite ore. Potash alum is prepared from its naturally occurring minerals such as alunite and Ratinite, but in India these do not occur in appreciable quantities. Alum was formerly prepared from alum shales by roasting them in year and leaching it out with water. Alum is now produced in India by crystallizing together equivalent produced in India by Crystallizing together equivalent proportion of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. The solution is concentrated and the crystals are separated out are melted to yield lump alum or recrystalized to obtain large crystals.

Alum (Aluminium sulphate) forms white crystals of specific gravity 1.62 of Al2 (SO4)3. 18H2O readily soluble in water (128 gms per litre at 30oC) but insoluble in alcohol.

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Ferric and Non Ferric Alum is marketed in various grades. The cheapest grade called "alum cake". Potash alum also known as alum alumen.

Ferric alumin is aluminium sulphate containing iron obtained from the bauxite ore. Potash alum is prepared from its naturally occurring minerals such as alunite and Ratinite, but in India these do not occur in appreciable quantities. Alum was formerly prepared from alum shales by roasting them in year and leaching it out with water. Alum is now produced in India by crystallizing together equivalent produced in India by Crystallizing together equivalent proportion of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. The solution is concentrated and the crystals are separated out are melted to yield lump alum or recrystalized to obtain large crystals.

There are two broad categories of Alum as follows: Ferric Alum which is generally made from Bauxite and Iron free Alum (non Ferric Alum), generally made from Alumina. Commercially, hydrated AluminumSulphate is called Alum and is sold under such names as Filler Alum, Commercial Alum, and Paper Maker’s Alum etc. Technical grade AluminumSulphate is provided in two forms: a partially dehydrated solid and an aqueous solution of this material containing about 27% Al2 (SO4)3... The reagent grade Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O is slightly, odorless, colorless monoclinic crystals, having a specific gravity of 1.69. The solid material, `Dry Alum’ is partially crystalline and may be discolored to a brownish-green owing to impurities (chiefly iron) in the ores from which it is made. The solution form, `liquid Alum’ may exhibit a similar discoloration. The major area of use for Alum is in water treatment and clarification. Its clarifying action is attributed to Aluminum hydroxide formation by hydrolysis. This, in turn, carries down all the colloidal impurities and forms a slimy layer at the bottom. Sizing of Paper the other major areas of use is in sizing of paper. It reacts with sodium resinate to give insoluble Aluminumresinate. For sizing of paper, Alum should be free from Ferric ions or else the paper will be discolored. Ferrous ions do not harm since they form a soluble colorlessresinate which, however, would represent a loss of resinate. Alum imparts certain degree of resistance to penetration by liquids during sizing of paper. Alum is also required in various other industries like Dyes, Food, Petroleum, Pharmaceuticals, fire-proofing, tanning etc.

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Alum are represented by the general formula R1/2 SO4, R2"(SO4)3.24.H2O. Where R and R"are respectively monovalent and trivalent radicals. They are usually the double salts of ammonium, potassium or sodium sulphate with aluminium. Chromium or iron sulphate and are readily prepared by concentrating and cooling a solution containing molecular proportions of the Component Sulphate.

Ferric and Non Ferric Alum is marketed in various grades. The cheapest grade called "alum cake". Potash alum also known as alum alumen.

Ferric alumin is aluminium sulphate containing iron obtained from the bauxite ore. Potash alum is prepared from its naturally occurring minerals such as alunite and Ratinite, but in India these do not occur in appreciable quantities. Alum was formerly prepared from alum shales by roasting them in year and leaching it out with water. Alum is now produced in India by crystallizing together equivalent produced in India by Crystallizing together equivalent proportion of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. The solution is concentrated and the crystals are separated out are melted to yield lump alum or recrystalized to obtain large crystals.

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•    INTRODUCTION
•    PROPERTIES
•    USES & APPLICATIONS
•    B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
•    FERRIC & NON-FERRIC ALUM PLANT
•    RAW MATERIALS
•    MARKET SURVEY
•    PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF FERRIC AND NON FERRIC ALUM
•    MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE (ALUM) NON FERRIC
•    MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF NON FERRIC ALUMINIUM SULPHATE (ALUM)
•    DETAILED PROCESS DESCRIPTION
•    METHODS OF TEST FOR ALUM, NON FERRIC (ALUMINIUM SULFATE)
•    DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC
•    DETERMINATION OF THE AMMONIUM SALTS
•    SAMPLING OF ALUM, NON FERRIC (ALUMINIUM SULPHATE)
•    BLOCK DIAGRAM TO PRODUCE ALUMINIUM SULPHATE NON FERRIC
(17% TO 18%) ALUMINA CONTENT IN GRANULES (2MM TO 4MM)
AND FLAKES FORM
•    FERRIC ALUM PLANT
•    ALUM (FERRIC AND NON-FERRIC)
•    PLANT LAYOUT
•    RAW MATERIAL CALCULATION BASIS-1 MONTH
•    COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS OF FERRIC & NON-FERRIC ALUM PLANT
•    TO GET REQUIRED CERTIFICATION & OTHER FORMALITES
FOR EXPORTING NON FERRIC ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
•    ADDRESSES OF CONSULTANTS
•    ADDRESSES OF PILOT PLANT SUPPLIERS
•    ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
•    SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
•    PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
•    PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
•    EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
•    PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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Each ‘EIRI’ MARKET OVERVIEW CUM DETAILED TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT (Complete Report) tentatively covers
•    Introduction
•    Properties
•    BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) Specifications & Requirements
•    Uses & Applications
•    Present Indian Market Overview/Position
•    Export & Import Statistics Data
•    Names and Addresses of Existing Units (Present Manufactures)
•    List of Plant & Machineries
•    Miscellaneous Items and Accessories
•    Instruments, Laboratory Equipments and Accessories
•    Electrification, Electric Load and Water
•    Maintenance, Suppliers/Manufacturers of Plant and Machineries
•    Manufacturing Process with Formulations (If applicable)
•    Flow Sheet Diagram
•    List of Raw Materials
•    Availability of Raw Materials
•    Requirement of Staff & Labour
•    Personnel Management
•    Skilled & Unskilled Labour
•    Requirement of Land Area
•    Built up Area
•    Plant Layout
Along with financial details as under:
•    Summary of Capital Cost of Project
•    Land & Side Development Exp.
•    Buildings
•    Plant & Machineries
•    Misc. Fixed Assets
•    Technical Know how Fees & Exp.
•    Preliminary Expenses
•    Pre-operative Expenses
•    Provision for Contingencies
Below mentioned financial statements (Annexure) will be  for 5 to 10 Years
•    Annexure:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance
•    Annexure:: Output, Profitability and Cash Flow Chart
•    Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital requirements
•    Annexure:: Sources of Finance
•    Annexure:: Balance Sheets
•    Annexure:: Break-Even Analysis and profitability analysis.
•    Annexure:: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks
•    Annexure:: Sales Realisation
•    Annexure:: Raw Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Other Raw Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Packing Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Consumables, Store etc.,
•    Annexure:: Employees Expenses
•    Annexure:: Fuel Expenses
•    Annexure:: Power/Electricity Expenses
•    Annexure:: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.
•    Annexure:: Other Mfg. Expenses
•    Annexure:: Administration Expenses
•    Annexure:: Selling Expenses
•    Annexure:: Depreciation Charges - Profitability
•    Annexure:: Depreciation Charges
•    Annexure:: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans
•    Annexure:: Tax on Profit
•    Annexure:: Assumptions for Profitability workings
•    Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital

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Project Reports Cover:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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