Basically Gambia’s aquaculture is carp-oriented and the contribution of other species is marginal. Fish culture can be classified as extensive, semi-intensive or intensive and stocking rate is high.

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Preparing the Pond

The optimum size of the pond is rectangular with size varying from in several hectares with a depth ranging from 2.0 -3.0 metres.
Soil and water

The soil type in the pond and its fertility status very much in our country. However the best soil for the fish pond for the fresh water fishes especially the carps is alluvial soil with neutral pH ranging between 6.5 to 7.5. Though the soil type cannot be changed except in the long range plans, the pH has to be brought to neutral if the pond soil and water are saline, alkaline, sodic or acidic.

Aquatic Weeds

Most of the aquatic weeds in the fish pond are undesirable. They not only take away the nutrients but also upset the oxygen balance in the water by releasing carbon dioxide into the pond during the night. Aquatic weeds also obstruct the movement of fishes as well as the netting operations. The aquatic weeds may be free floating surface weeds, submerged weeds, rooted emergent weeds, marginal shallow water weeds and algae. All these weeds have to be eradicated.

Unwanted Fishes

The unwanted fishes in the ponds may be predatory or weed fishes. They compete with cultured fish for feed, nutrients and space. These predatory and weed fishes can be eliminated through repeated netting of the pond. Another method of eradicating the above mentioned unwanted fishes is to drain out the whole water from the pond and eliminating all of them manually and refill the pond with water. In big fisheries the only effective method of eradicating the unwanted fishes is the use of fish toxicants.
Fertilizer Application in the Pond.

Maximum fish production is achieved by the efficient soil and water management in the fish pond especially by maintaining the natural productivity of the pond. The natural productivity is maintained by the regular manuring and fertilizer application in the pond so that all essential nutrients for the growth of aquatic micro and small organisms (both plant and animal types) are supplied which directly or indirectly serve as feed for the fishes. Liming and manuring are the two main types of fertilization of the fish pond.

Selection and Stocking of Carps

About 15-20 days after the initial manuring selected species of the carps are introduced into the pond. When several species of fishes are reared together in the same pond in an intensive way it is called composite fish culture.

Depending on the number of species the ratio of the species will vary. Generally six carp species are reared together. They are: Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Silver Carp, Grass Carp and Common Carp.

Stocking Size

The survival of the fingerlings introduced into a particular pond depends very much on their size: bigger the size greater will be the survival rate and vice versa. The fingerlings stocked should have a size of 10 to 15 cm.
Time of stocking

If any toxicant material for the eradication of the unwanted fish has been used then stocking /of the fish should be done only after the toxicant effect is completely over. Generally by two to three weeks the toxicant effect will be over. From the temperature point of view the best time to stock the pond will be- when the water in the pond is within the optimum range of 20 to 30ocentigrade. Obviously temperatures below 18o C and above 30°C will affect the growth of the fish. Hence stocking is avoided in winter and summer months.

Feeding of Carps

Feeds for the carps may be of two types: natural feeds and artificial feeds. The natural growth of flora and fauna in the pond can be increased by regular manuring. commmercial fish rearing cannot be successful if one depends only on the natural feed generation. Hence supplementary feeding should be provided to the carps. The feeding of carps also is easier as they can be fed on most of the by-products like rice polish, wheat bran, oil cakes, vegetable wastes and other farm wastes.

Water Management

In the water management first of all proper depth of the water should be maintained always in the pond. An average depth of 6.5 to 10ft depth should be maintained in the case of six species composite fish culture. Care should be taken to avoid decomposition of large amount of organic matter at the bottom of the pond. In intensive fish culture such accumulation of organic matter is inevitable. It can be removed every year after draining out the water, from the pond.

Harvesting and Marketing

Harvesting can be done either by partially draining water out of the pond through an outlet point, or by repeat netting. It is preferable when the fish attain an average weight of 750 grams, though common species can attain weight in excess of a few kilos. Farmers sell their catch in local markets. Fish is a perishable commodity and cannot be kept for a long period of time without proper arrangements of preserving them. Big farmers sell their catch to wholesalers, who pass it on to local suppliers from whom the retailers buy.

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Among air breathing fishes, murrels commonly called snakeheads, are widely preferred by consumers all over Southeast Asia, due to their taste, few intramuscular spines and medicinal value2. Since murrels are air breathing and survive in oxygen depleted water bodies, they are suitable for profitable culture in tropical shallow waters. The giant murrel Channa marulius, the striped murrel C. striatus, the spotted murrel C. punctatus and the red line murrel C. micropeltes are widely preferred in India as well as Southeast Asia because of their large size as food fishes. However, fish farmers interested in murrel farming are afraid, since murrels are carnivorous, piscivorous and cannibalistic. Moreover unlike carps, there are no seed supply centres and no readymade feed is available for murrels in markets.

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Demand is increasing for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. China provides 62% of the world's farmed fish. As of 2016, more than 50% of seafood was produced by aquaculture.

Farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries. Carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO totaled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.

SHRIMPS:-

Arthropoda, class Crustacea, subclass Malacostraca, order Decapods, suborder Macrura)

A considerable part of the fisheries in India is constituted by the crustaceans, such as shrimps, shrimps and lobsters. shrimps and shrimps, which belong to the group Natantia, are similar in appearance; shrimps, however, are smaller in size. Lobsters are robust, heavily aromoured creatures; they are exclusively marine and are included under the group Reptantia. All the three decapods have elongated bodies divisible into two easily recognizable parts, viz. The cephalothorax and the abdomen. The cephalothorax is formed by the fusion of the head and thorax, and is made up of not less than thirteen segments, five in the head and eight in the thorax. The abdomen is composed of six distinct segments with a tail piece or telson behind the last segment. Each of these segments generaally carries a single pair of appendages, which are useful in the normal functioning of the body. Head appendages are two parirs of antennae, sensory in function, and a pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae, used in capturing and masticating food. Thorax possesses three pairs of maxillipedes, probably used for holding the prey, and five pairs of walking legs for crawling. Abdominal appendages are adapted for swimming. Sexes are separate and the reproductive organs are mainly situated in the cephalothorax.

Penaeus Fabr:- The rostrum is serrated on both the edges; a gill is attached to the body wall on the last thoracic somite; exopodites are present on all or all but the last pair of thoracic legs. Larges shrimps caught from the Indian seas belong to this genus.

P. indicus

BENG.:- Chapda chingri;

MAL.- Vella-chemmeen naran- chemmeen.

The body is somewhate laterally compressed an when alive the shrimp is rather white and translucer with a large number of brown, grey of green dot over the carapace and abdomen. The antennae an tips of the appendages are pink. It is fairly large in size, growing to about 20 cm. in length, and occur commonly along the entire coast-line of the country in coastal waters, estuaries, coastal lakes and back waters.

M. affinis

MAL. Kazhadnthan-chemmeen.

The rostrum is curved in this species, and the last pair of thoracic legs in both sexes, when stretched forwards, project beyond the tips of the antennal scale. In respect of size and a few other characters it resembles M. monoceros (Fabr.), described below. It occurs along both the coasts, but is not very common in the backwates and estuaries.

M. brevicornis

BENG. Dhanbone Chingri.

The rostrum in this species is shot, rarely reaching to the middle of the second joint of the antennular peduncle. Fully grown forms rarely exceed 13 cm. in length. It is the commonest penaeid species of West Bengal, found in vast numbers in the inundated paddy dield during the rainy season. It is foud, though in smaller numbers, on the Bombay coast also.

P.Stylifera

MAL. - Karikkadi-chemmeen.

It is characteristically reddish brown in colour. The presence of a number of small spines on either side of the pointed extremity of the telson further distinguishes this species from others. Adult shrimps reach a length of about 13 cm. Its distribution is mainly on the west coast, and it is caught in large numbers along the Kerala coast during December-May. A variety of this species, viz. coromandelica Alcock, with two spines on each side of the telson, has also been recorded from various places along the east coast.

P.styliferus

BENG. - Ghora chingri.

This species inhabits both marine and brackish waters and contributes substantially to the shrimp fishery of the Gangetic delta and the Bombay coast. It seldom exceeds 5 cm. in length.

P.tenuipes (Henderson)

This species is easily recognizable by the long and slender fourth and fifth pairs of walking legs. Its habitat is similar to that of P. styliferus and it is caught in large numbers off the Bombay coast.

M.malcolmsonii is very common in the Chilka lake in Orissa, Hooghly estuary, Godavari, and Ganga towards the close of the monsoon and is mainly a freshwater species tolerating brackish water. During this period, mostly the gravid female shrimps are caught. They do not exceed 23 cm. in length.

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Project Reports Cover:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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• Aquaculture Prawn Farming (Fresh Water)
• Chitin & Chitosan From Prawn Shell Waste
• Chemicals from Prawn Fish Head
• Developing Trout Fish Preservation & Storage and Marketing Infrastructure
• Fish Farming
• Fish  Canning and Pouching
• Fish Processing (Blast Freezing Process)
• Fish Net
• Fish Oil Soap
• Fish Meal
• HDPE Fishing Net
• Plastic Milk Crate and Plastic fish Crate
• Trout Fish Farming, Canning & Preservation with AQUA Feed  Manufacturing (Intregrated Complex)

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