PLANTING  AND MANAGEMENT OF TREES

Introduction
Where to Plant
What to Plant
Planning for Plantation
Planting material
Estimation of Seeds/Seedlings
When to Plant
Types of Plantation
Preparation of Planting Area
Spacing of Trees
Marking and Digging of Pits
Timing of Digging Pits
Transport of Saplings
Planting of Seedlings
Post planting Care
Care during Pruning and Harvesting
Common Damaging Agents

APPLE

Botanical name
Family
Origin Place
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Pollination and  fruit set
Cultivars
Planting
Care at planting
Manure and fertilizers
Interculture and Intercropping
Irrigation
Mulching Training and Pruning
Fruit thinning
Fruit retention
Harvesting
Yield
Post harvest handling and storage
Insects Pests
Diseases

AONLA

Introduction
Soil
Climate
Varieties
Propagation
Planting
Fertilizer  Application
Irrigation
Training and Pruning
Intercropping
Orchard Soil Management
Flowering and Fruiting
Pests, Diseases and Physiological Disorders
Harvesting and Yields
Uses and Composition
Marketing and Storage
Economics of Cultivation

BANANA CULTIVATION

IntroductionClimate
Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Fertilizer Application
Irrigation
Desuckering
Weed Control
Cultural Practices
Crop Rotation
Intrercropping
Disease Control
Pest Control
Flowering and  fruiting
Harvesting and Yield
Marketing and Storage
Artificial Ripening
Uses and Composition

BAMBOO

Introduction
Distribution
Biodiversity and Genetic
Resources
Genetic Improvement
Selection
Selection of seedlings
Selection of somatic mufants
Conservation
Cultivation
Soil
Preparation for plantation
Fertilizers
Regeneration
Propagation
Collection and storage of seed
Direct sowing
Nursery technique
Planting separated rhizomes
Culm-cutting
Offsets
Layering
Marcotting
Micropropagation
Macroproliferation
Silviculture and Management
Diseases and Pests
Diseases and their control
Microflora of seed
Nursery diseases
Leaf diseases
Witches broom
Bamboo blight
Decay in bamboo
Pests and their control
Seed insects
Defoliators
Soap suckers
Seed bugs
Culm and shoot borers
Borers of felied bamboos
Termites
Chafer grub
Harvesting
Yield
production
Some important Bamboo
Species and their uses

BABUL

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Medicinal Uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestry
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Method of Planting
Silvicultural Pactices
Biomass Production
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Babul defoliators
Diseases

BAEL (BEL)

Introduction
Occurrence and Distribution
Description
Properties and Uses

COCONUT

Introduction
Climate
Varieties
Planting Material
Selection and Preparation of Nursery
Land Preparations
Spacing
Time of Planting
After care of Young Plantations
Weeding
Gap Filling
Fertilizer Application
Irrigation and Soil Moisture
Conservation
Intercropping
Insect Pests
Diseases
Harvesting
Yield
Storage
Processing

CASUARINA

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestery
Silvilcutural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Vegetative Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Diseases
Management

CASHEW

Introduction
Climate
Varities
Planting Material
Selection of Mother Plant
Seed Rate
Selection of Seed Nut
Seed Treatment
Selection of Branches
Nursery
Land Preparation
Planting Distance
Planting Design
Digging of Pits
Planting of Saplings
Manuring
Fertilizers
Application of Manures and Fertilizers
Irrigation
Gap Filling
Interculture
Insect Pests
Diseases
Harvesting
Yield
Storing
Processing
Intercropping

DRUMSTICK

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Medicinal uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Method of seed sowing
Time of sowing
Seed rate
Raising Plants by Stem Cuttings
Planting
Method of Planting
Time of Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Training and Pruning
Thinning
Harvesting
Plant Protection

EUCALYPTUS

Introduction
Growth Habit
Soil and Climate
Seeds and Storage
Storage
Germination
Vegetative Propagation
Micropropagation
Nursery Raising
Transplaning
Fertilizers
Planting Techniques

GUAVA

Introduction
Climate
Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Fertilizer Application
Irrigation
Training and Pruning
Plant Protection
Problems  of Unfavourable
Climatic Conditions
Flowering and Fruiting
Maturity
Harvesting and Yield
Storage and Marketing
Intercropping
Uses and Composition

ISRAELI BABUL

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and Agrotorestry
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Planting
Silvicultural Practices

KHEJRI

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Soil Conservation and  Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Plant Protection

KARANJ

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and  Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Nursery Management
Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Harvesting

LITCHI

Introduction
Climate
Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Preparation to Land
Planting
Fertilizer Application
Irrigation
Training and Pruning
Interculture Operation
Intercropping
Mulching
Flowering and Fruit Setting
Plant Protection
Harvesting and Yield
Storage and Marketing
Uses and Composition

MANGO

Introduction
Climate
Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Fertilizer Application
Irrigation
Pruning and Training
Weed Control
Problems of Unvarourable Climatic Conditions
Flowering and Fruiting
Harvesting and Yield
Grading, Storage and Marketing
Intercropping
Uses and Composition

MAHUA

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and  Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Harvesting
Plant Protection

MULBERRY

Main attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Raising by Vegetative Methods
Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Manure and Fertilisers
Harvesting and Yield
Post Harvesting Handling and Storage
Diseases

NEEM

Botanical Characteristics
Home to the tree
Cultivation
Seeds
Nursery technique
Vegetative propagation
Plant multiplication through tissue culture
Mulching
Weeds and their  control
Pests and their control
Diseases and their control
Management of trees
Growth of trees
Harvesting and Yield
Collection of fruits
Storage of Fruits
Deputping  of fruits
Drying and storing of seeds
Decortication
Bark and leaves

POPLAR TREE

Introduction
Distribution
Morphology
Species
Soil and Climate
Growth Characteristics
Natural Regeneration
Plantation Technology
Pests and  Diseases
Poplar in Agroforestery
Uses
Rotation

ROSEWOOD

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Silvicultural Practices

RUBBER

Introduction
Climate
Soil
Botanical Description
Varieties
Propagation
Nursery Raising
Preparation of Planting Material
Planting Techiques
Preparation of Land
Drainage
Silt pits and Edakayyalas
Planting Distance
Pitting and Refilling
Planting
After care of Plantation
Cover Crop
Mulching
Manures and Fertilizers
Natritional Disorder of Rubber Plant
Weed Control
Pre emergent herbicides
Diseases
Control
Harvesting
Processing
By products of Rubber

SHISHAM/SISSOO

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Silviculture Practices
Plant Protection
Termites
Diseases

SUBABUL

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Good Characteristics of Subabul
Certain Constrains of Subabul
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Silvicultural and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Method of Sowing
Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Harvesting
Plant Protection

SIRIS

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Silvicultural Practices
Harvesting
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Diseases

SANDAL

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Nursery Management
Planting
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Diseases

TEAK

Introduction
Distribution
Description
Ecological Requirements
Raising Seedlings
Planting into the Field
Wood Qualities
Usages

TAMRIND

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Soil Conservation and Agroforestery
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Varieties
Nursery Management
Method of Seed Sowing
Planting
Harvesting
Plant Protection Insect pests
Diseases

TAD

Main Attributes
Morphology
Phenology
Distribution
Multiple Uses
Medicinal Uses
Silvicultural Characters
Climate
Soil
Propagation
Silvicultural Practices
Harvesting
Plant Protection Measures
Insect Pests
Diseases

AMLA PLANTATION PROCESSING & PRESERVATION

Introduction
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

BANANA PLANTATION

Introduction
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

BANANA POWDER

Introduction
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID AND KERNEL PROCESSING

Introduction
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

COCONUT PRODUCTS & BYE PRODUCTS PROCESSING COMPLEX (WET FRESH)

Introduction
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

COST ESTIMATION  ON COCONUT PLANTATION

Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Working Capital

EUCALYPTUS OIL

Introduction
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

EUCALYPTUS TREE PLANTATION

Introduction
Land & Building
Farm Equipments
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Receipts in 6 years

FLORICULTURE (CUT FLOWER ROSE) WITH GREEN HOUSE TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

FLORICULTURE GLADIOLUS WITH GREEN HOUSE TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

JATROPHA PLANTATION

Introduction
Plant capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

ROSE OIL

Plant capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

POPLAR PLANTATION

Introduction
Rated Palnt Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

NEEM OIL FROM SEEDS
Introduction
Plant capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

NEEM PLANTATION, COMMERCIALISATION AND NEEM BASED  PRODUCTS  PREPARATIONS
Introduction
Plant capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

RUBBER PLANTATION

Introduction
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Profitability Analysis

SUGAR CANE PLANTATION

Introduction
Plant capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

TEAK PLANTATION

Introduction
Plant capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Material
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point

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DYES

Requisites of a True Dye
Types of Fibres
Dyeing
Various methods of dyeing
Fastness properties
Historical development from natural to synthetic dyes
Nomenclature of dyes intermediates
Nomenclature of dyes
Historical Development of Dyes
Natural Dyes
Limitations of Natural Dyes
Synthetic Dyes
Important dyestuff intermediates
Disperse azo dye

AZO DYES

The Azo coupling reactions
Congo Red
Diazotization
Coupling
Isolation
Direct Black E
Diazotization of Benzidine
First Coupling
Second Coupling
Third Coupling
Isolation
Direct Blue 2B
Diazotization
Coupling
Isolation
Violet N
Diazotization of Benzidine
Coupling
Isolation
Sky Blue FF
Diazotization of Dianisdine
Coupling
Yield
Ethylation
Direct Light Fast Blue 4GH
Plant for Azo Dyes
Important notes for diazotization and coupling

AZOIC DYES

Azo Coupling Components
Bases
Rapid Fast Colours
Rapidogens
M-Nitro Aniline (Fast orange R)
Properties
Solubility
O-Chloronailine (Fast Yellow G, Gc)
O-Anisidine (Fast Red BB)
Solvolysis
Reduction
Properties
2-Nitro-p Anisidine (Fast Bordeaux G P)
Purification
Nitration
Hydrolysis
Purification
Naphthol AS
Properties of finished product
Naphthol AS-BS
Properties of finished product
Physical Properties of Naphthol AS-OL
Naphthol AS-G

ACID DYES

Simple Acid Dyes
Mordant Acid Dyes
Manufacturing Processes
Acid Orange II
Acid Flourescein
Acid Light Fast Yellow G
Acid Fast Red A
Metanil Yellow
Acid Black 10 BX

BASIC DYES

Diphenyl methane
Triphenyl methane dyes
Thiazines
Oxazine Dyes
Xanthene Dyes
Manufacturing Process
Auramine O
Reaction
Process
Malachite Green
Reaction
Process
Leuco Malachite Green
New Magenta
Process
Safranine T
Aminoazotoluene Preparation
Reduction
Oxidation
Methylene Blue
Nitrosoation
Reduction
Acid Formation
Indamine Formation
Cooking
Isolation
Rhodamine B
Reaction
Process

DISPERSE DYES

Dispersion
Effect of Dispersing Agents
Levelling Agents
Classification
Disperse dyes in the dye bath
Disperse dyes in the fibre
Solacet Dyes (Water Soluble)
Light
Gas Fumes
Sublimation
Wash fastness
Current Research Work
Disperse Yellow 1
Reaction
Disperse Yellow 13
Acid Pasting
Dispersion
Disperse Yellow 42
Reaction
Disperse Orange 1
Procedure
Emulsion of Diphenylamine
Test
Coupling
Disperse Orange 13
Diazotisation of Aniline
Coupling Solution
Coupling
Stage II Diazotization of aniline azo dye
Coupling Solution
Coupling
Dispersion
Disperse Red 4
Acid pasting and Dispersion
Dispersion
Test
Disperse Red 9
Treatment with hydrochloric acid
Disperse  Blue 1
Reactions
Reduction
Acetylation of 1:5 and 1:8 diamino anthraquinone
Stage IV Nitration and Reduction
Rduction
Stage V Hydrolysis
Disperse Blue 3
Reaction
Disperse Black 1
Coupling
Test
Disperse Violet B
Reaction
Sulfonation
Nitration
Hydrolysis
Dispersion

VAT DYES

Five Membered Rings
One Heteroatom
Two Heteroatoms
Attachment at 2-position
Attachment at 1-2-position
Attachment at 2-3position
Attachment at 1.9-position
Vat Dyes Containing Six Membered Rings
Attachment at 1-2-position
Attachment at 1.9-position
Attachment at 3.4 -position of benzanthrone
Attachment at 1-position
Attachment at 1.2-position
Attachment at 2.3-position
Attachment at 1.9-position
Fused Ring System
Dyes containing larger ring systems

ANTHRIMIDES AND CARBAZOLES

Anthraquinone-carbazoles
Ring closure with aluminium chloride
Ring Closure with Titanium Tetrachloride
Ring closure with sulphuric acid
Ring closure with Potassium Hydroxide
Oxidation
Characterisation of Anthrmides and Anthraquinone Carbazoles
Spectral Differentiation
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectra
Infrared
C=O Stretching and NH deformation vibrations

VAT DYES & VAT PASTES

Vat Paste
Manufacturing of Vat Pastes
Vat Orange RF Paste
Golden Yellow G.O.K. Paste
Magenta B Paste
Vat Blue 4G Paste
Vat Pink R Paste
Vat Blue 4B Paste
Vat Black BB Paste
Vat Green FB Paste
Vat Brown RRO Paste Special
Vat Violet 2R Paste
Vat Violet GCN Paste
Vat Scariet GGN Paste
Vat Grey 3B Paste
Manufacturing Process
Indanthrene Rubine R
Formula
Ethylation of Anthrapyrazole yellow
Acid pasting Anthrapyrazote
Indanthrene Grey M
Stage III Cyclisation of anthrimide to carbazoles
Vat Red
Stage -1 Oxidation of 1-Nitro 2 methyl anthraquinone
Stage II
Microscopic Test
Purification
Vat Black
Reduction
Introduction
Procedure
Indanthrene Dark Blue Boa (Violanthrone)
Indanthrene Golden Orange 3-G
i. Anthrimide Formation
ii. Indanthrene Golden
Orange 3G (carbazol)
Indanthrene Brilliant Green Feb
2:2′ Dibenzanthroanl
Dihydroxy dibenzanthrone
Indanthrene Brilliant Green FFB Crude
Standardisation of Vat  Dyestuffs
The Spray drying method
The W & P Mixer Method
Indentification of Vat Dyes
Procedure
Sulphuric Acid or Nitric Acid Test
Alkaline Hydrosulphite Test
Acid Hydrosulphite Test

INDIGOLD AND THIOINDIGOLD DYES

Technical Synthesis of Indigo
Thioindigold dyes
Indigo
Brilliant Indigo-G
Thioindigo Red B
Procedure
Algol Orange-RF
Standardisation
Vat Printing Brown-G

INDIGOSOL

Anthrasol Brillant Orange IRK
Anthrasor Blue IBC
Oxidation to tetraester
Identification of Leuco
Ester Vat Dyes

FLUORINATION OF DYES

Hydorofluric Acid
Material of Construction
Fluorine
Material of Construction
Indanthrene Brilliant Violet F RK (C.I. 63350)
Indanthrene Printing Blue HFG
Nuclear Fluorination

SULPHUR DYES

Thionation
Types of Sulphur Dyes
Properties of Sulphur Dyes
Manufacturing Process
Sulphur Black-T
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Grain Standardisation
Immedial Orange C
Sulphur Orange 1
Property
Hydron Blue R Powder
R Base
Hydron Blue R powder
Procedure

REATIVE DYES

Classification of Reactive Dyes
Reactive dyes containing a cyanuric chloride nucleus
Reactive dyes containing a chlor pyrimidine nucleus
The vinyl sulfone reactive type
Reactive dye containing an epoxy group
Pyridazone
Dichloroquinoxaline
Acrylamide
Methylolated Nitrogen
Reactive dyes containing a Cyanuric Chloride Nucleus
Vinyl Sulfone Reactive Dyes
Chemistry of tetrachloropyrimidines
Reactive Dyes based on Epoxides
Other types of Reactive Dyes
Application Purification of Reactive Dyes
Advantage and Limitations of Reactive Dyes
Fabric Preparation
Washing Off New Developments of Reactive Dyes
Kayacelon Reaction Dyes
Cibacron C Dyes
Procion Supra Dyes of (I.C.I)
Procion HEXL Dyes
Prociline N Dyes
Reactive Red
Reactive Rose Red
Reactive Violet
Reactive Orange
Reactive Yellow
Reactive Red M8B
Acetylation of H Acid
Diazotisation of Tobias Acid
Reactive Dyes with Trichloropyrimidine As Reactive Group
Preparation
Reactive Dyes with 2.3-Dichloroquinoxaline
6-Carbonyl Chloride
as Reactive Group
Preparation
Reactive Dyes with Chloroacetyl As Reactive Group
Reactive Dyes with 6-Amino-2 Chlorobenzothiazole-5 Sulphonic
Acid as Reactive Group
Preparations
Properties of Cyanuric Chloride
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Identification of Reactive Dyes
Procedure

INTERMEDIATES FOR DYES AND PIGMENTS

Electrophilic
Nucleophilic substitution
Free radical
Sulphanilic Acid
Metanilic Acid
p-Aminophenol
Reduction
o-Phenylene Diamine
Property
o-And-p Nitrochlorobenzene
p-Phenylenediamine
Reduction
Control Test
1-Phenyl 3-Methyl 5-Pyrazolone
Quality of phenyl methyl pyrazolone
Tobias Acid
Quality
H-Acid
1-amino-2 Naphthol-4 Sulphonic Acid
Schaeffer’s Acid
J-Acid
Alkali Fusion of Amino J-Acid
N-Phenyl J-Acid
Anthraquinone
2-chloro Anthraquinone
2-Amino Anthraquinone
1-Hydroxy Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone 1-sufonate potassium salt
1-Hydroxy Anthraquinone
1:4 Dihydroxy Anthraquinone-(quinizarine)
Purification
1:4 Diaminoanthraquinone
Test for completion
Oxidation
1. Amino-2 Methyl- Anthraquinone
2. Methyl Anthraquinone
1-Nitro-2 Methyl anthraquinone
Purification of crude product
Amino-2 methylanthra quinone
Benzanthrone

FLUORESCENT BRIGHTNERS AND OPTICAL WHITENING AGENTS

Chemical Constitution
Stibene derivatives
Derivatives of dibenzothiophene-5 5-dioxide
Azoles
Monoazoles
Bisazoles
Coumarian Derivatives
Derivaties of 6-memberedring heterocycles
Derivative of pyrazoline
Finishing of Commercial Optical Brightners
Pastes
Powder
Instant finish (easily water soluble)Liquid forms
Stable Dispersions
Evaluation and testing
Active strength of fluorescent brightners
Uses
Detergent Brightners
Brightners for the textile industry
Natural Fibres
Brightner for cellulose
Brightners for wool
Brightners for synthetic fibres
Brightners for Cellulose Acetate
Brightners for Polyamide fibres
Brightners for polyester fibres
Brightners for Acrylic fibres
Brightners for Polyacrylonitrile fibre
Multi fibre brightening
Paper Brightners
Brightners for plastics
Brightners for Cosmetic Preparations
Brightners for Miscellaneous Application
Biological aspects

TYPICAL COMMERCIAL BRAND NAMES OF TEXTILE COLORANTS, ACCESSORY PRODUCTS

ETC.

CLASSIFICATION OF PIGMENTS AND EXTENDRES

Inorganic Pigment
Organic Pigment
Difference between Organic and Inorganic  Pigment
Difference between Pigments & Dyes
Classification of Pigments
Inorganics
White
Black
Red Brown
Yellow Orange
Green
Blue Purple
Metallic Powder
Organic Pigments
Lakes
Metal Toners
Azo Pigment
Yellow Pigments
Vat Pigment and Polycyclic Pigments
Phthalocyanines Blue Green
Extenders
Types of Extenders Pigment
Whiting Calcium Carbonate (Natural)
Calcium Carbonate (Synthetics)
Barytes
Barium Sulphate
Silicates
China Clay (Kaolin)
Silica (Silicon Dioxide)

INORGANIC PIGMENTS

Titanium Dioxide
Manufacture
Sulphate process
Wet treatment
The chloride process  Application of Titanium pigments
Paper
Textile
Plastics
Ceramics
Rubber
Plastics
Ceramics
Rubber
Miscellaneous
Iron Oxides
Manufacture Uses
Synthetic Iron Oxide
Manufacture
Calcined Coppers Red
Ferrite Red
Precipitated Synthetic Red Iron Oxide
Calcined Black (Red) Iron Oxide
Uses
Chromates
Zinc Chromate
Lead Chromate
Primrose Yellow
Light or Lemon Yellow
Medium Yellow
Chrome Orange
Manufacture
Chromium oxide green
Cadmium pigments
Manufacture
Zinc Oxide
From Zinc Metal (French or Indirected Process)
From Zinc Oxide Ores (American or Direct process)
From Zinc Sulphide Ore
Zinc Sulphide
Lithopone
Zinc Phosphate
Metallic Pigment
Copper and Copper Alloy Flake Copper
Alloy Flake Powders
Zinc Pigment
Stainless Steel Flake Pigment
Carbon Blacks
Uses
Ultramarine Pigments
Prussian Blue

AZO PIGMENTS

Red Pigments
Permanent Reds
The Pyrazolone Red
Yellow Pigments
Manufacture of azo Manufacture of azo pigments
Pigment Yellow G
Procedure
Diazotization
Coupling Component
Pigment Yellow 10G
Procedure
Diazotization
Coupling preparation
Coupling
Benzidine Yellow
Diazotization
Coupling Preparations
Coupling
Benzidine Orange
Diazotization
Preparation of Coup Ling component
Coupling

HIGH GRADE ORGANIC PIGMENTS

Azo condensation
Vat Pigments and Related Compounds
Anthraquinone pigment\\\
Thioindigo Pigments
Dioxazine
Quinacridone
Quinacridone
Toning White Enamels
Isoindolinone
Applications
Phthalocyanine

PHTHALOCYANINES

Manufacturedine
Methods for formation of pigments from crude
Acid pasting
Acid slurry
Concentration of the sulfuric acid
Amounts of the sulfuric acid
Slurrying time
Temperature of the slurry
Production of b-form pigment by salt grinding
Manufacture of metal free phthalocyanina
Manufacture of phthalocyanine green
Properties Phthalocyanines
Flocculation, Flotation and Flooding
Control of flocculation
Floatation
Flooding
Application of phthalocyanine pigments
Phthalocyanine dyes of Textile materials
Phthalocyanine formation in the fibre

FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS

Photostability of Fluorescent Pigments
Fluorescent Application
Phosphorescent
Luminous Pigments
Properties and characteristics
Uses
Use in Plastic
Peart Luster Pigments

QUALITY CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF PIGMENTS

Quality Control
Evaluation of Pigments
Physical Properties of Pigment
Moisture Content
Bulking Volume
Mesh Residue
Particle Size
Procedure
IS Specification
Solvent Stability
Aim
Importance of the test
Procedure
IS Value
Water Soluble Matter
pH of the Pigments
Oil Absorption
Raw Materials required
Procedure
Defination of Oil Absorption
Opacity
Colour
By Automatic Muller
Mass Tone
Apparatus required
Reduction Tone
Raw Materials Used
Other materials required
Procedure
Raw Material required
Dispersibility, Texture and Rheology
Stability and Fastness
Other Properties
To Destermine the Sp.
Gravity of Pigment
To determine percentage purity of crude
phthalocyanine
Volumetric Method for the determination of  copper in Cuprous
Chloride
Estimation of Organically
Bound hlorine

PIGMENTS FOR TEXTILES

Viscosity of Batch
Amount of Grinding Media
Amount of Material to be Ground
Handy Hints for Milling
Anionic surfactants
Non-ionic surfactants
Auxilliary or water retaining agents  in pigment emulsion
Mill Cleaning Methods
Formulations of different pigment Emulsions
Binder
Thickeners
Water Retaining agents
Catalysts
Preparation of 10% Binder Reduction
Thickening
Recipe for printing paste
After treatments

PIGMENTS FOR PAINTS

Mass Tone Colour
Under Tone Colour
Particle Shape
Particle Size Distribution Dispersibility
Effect on Vehicle Viscosity
Weathering
Parameters of pigment performance in paint industry
Dispersion
Surface Treatment
Particle Size
Surface area and characteristics
Mechanical Properties
Paint
Drying
Flushed pigments
Fluorescent pigments
Pigments
Fastness Properties
Light Fastness
Fastness to solvents
Heat Fastness
Chemical Fastness
General Paint
Pigment tailored to suit many specific uses are now available
Characteristics and fastness properties of the various classes of pigment
Dinitroaniline Orange
Toluidine Reds
Hansa Yellow Pigments (pigment yellows)
Polycyclic Pigments
Manufacture of Paint
Suitability of different pigments for use in various paints systems
Catalysed Paints
Unsaturated polyester paints
Acid curing paints
Polyurethane paints
Cold curing epoxy paints
Epoxy stoving enamels
Metallic finishes
Colouration of Aqueous Paint Systems Particularly of Emulsion Binders
Pigment paste from pigment Formulation of Different Pigment Paste
Separation and Identification of pigments  from synthetic enamel

PIGMENTS FOR PRINTING INKS

Fastness to Light
Fastness to alkali
Fastness to acid
Transparency
Dispersion
Organic pigment for printing ink should offer

PIGMENTS FOR PLASTICS, RUBBER AND COSMETICS

Selection of pigment
Colouring Techniques
Colouring plastic materials for  injection moulding
Colouration of moulding compounds
Phenoplasts
Colouring Thermoplasticslastics
Plasticised polyvinyl chloride
Rigid PVC
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polyurethane foams
Pigments for Rubber
Vulcan Fast and Vulcan Pigments
Colourant for Cosmeticsmetics
Miscellaneous applications

CHEMICAL PLANT DATA FOR DYES AND PIGMENTS

Plant Layout
Typical weaknesses in a poor plant layout
Materials Handling
Reduction in time
Reduction in handling
Equipment design
Summary
Material of construction
Metals
Cast Iron
White  Cast Iron
Plain Carbon Steel
Low carbon steel of Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Alloy Steel
Low alloy steel
High alloy steel
Stainless Steel
Non Metals
Cement and Stoneware Product
Glass
Rubber
Plastics
Other Materials
Wood
Linings for Chemical Plants  and  Equipment
Important Equipments for Dyes, Pigments and Chemical Plant
Autoclaves or Pressure Vessels
Reaction kettle or Reactor
Materials of Construction
Type and shape of reactor
Agitation
Jacket Design
Glass Line Reactor
Mechanical Resistance
Thermal Resistance
Testing
Vacuum Distillation Plant
Filter Presses
Filtrate discharge
Dryers
Spray dryers
Advantage of Micropulverizer
Research and Development

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYE & DYE INTERMEDIATE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF METHYLE BLUE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ACID BLOCK DYE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF GREEN OXIDE AND BLUE OXIDE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF AZO DYE (RHODAMINE-B)

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYES (ANTHRAQUINONE, B-NAPHTHOL ETC.)

SUPPLIERS OF PLANTS, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENTS

Engineers India Research Institute (EIRI) is a renowned name in the industrial world for offering technical

and financial consultancy services.

EIRI services are:

Detailed Feasibility Reports
New Project Identification
Project Feasibility and Market Study
Identification of Lucrative Industrial Project Opportunities
Preparation of Project Profiles / Pre-Investment and Detailed Feasibility Studies,
Market Surveys / Studies, Market Survey Cum Detailed Techno-Economic Feasibility Reports
Project Reports in CD Roms
Identification of Plant /Process/Machinery and Equipment, Industrial General Guidance for setting up new
industrial projects.

Our most up-to-date and Technologically Advanced Industrial Project Reports, categorized with respect to

Financial Outlays and Sector – wise Classification are immensely useful for :

Existing Small or Medium Scale Industrialists facing competition from large houses
Young Entrepreneurs dreaming to start their own industrial enterprise
Young Graduates and Professionals wishing to begin their career
Industrialists interested in Debottlenecking  their capacities & New Product – Lines
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The post technology of synthetic dyes, pigments and intermediates appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

DETAILS OF RAW MATERIALS USED FOR SWEETS MANUFACTURE

Sweeteners Gur (Jaggery), Khandsari, Bura, Chini
Grains
Chawal (Rice, Maida, Suji, Rava
Dry Fruits and other Nuts
Badam, Kaju, Copra, Pista, Khaskhas, Akhrot, Kishmish
Flavourings and Colourings
Chhoti Elaichi (Cardamom), Gulab Jal (Rose Essence), Kesar (Saffron), Cocoa
Miscellaneous
Water

MAKING OF MILK BASED SWEETS

Khoa/Mawa
Sensory Profile of Traditional Dairy Products
Khoa Powder
Gulabjamun
Pantua
Lalmohan
Burfi
Kalakand
Milk Cake
Peda
Dharwad Peda
Thirattupal
Rabri
Khurchan
Basundi
Kulfi and Frozen Desserts
Malai Ka Baraf
Falooda
Kunda
Bal Mithai
Puffed Rice Laddoo
Marunda
Black Gram: (Urad) Pappads
Vadian
Besan Poora
Besan Laddoos
Pakoras
Bhuga
Sesame Gachak
Chikki
Gulgulas

DESERT POWDERS AND PUDDINGS

Gelatin Dessert Powders
Flavours for Gelatin Desserts

ICE CREAM

Introduction
Definition
History and Development
Classification
Composition
Food and Nutritive Value
Role of the Constituents in Ice Cream
Milk Fat
Milk Solids not fat
Sugar
Stabilizer
Emulsifier
Total Solids
Flavour
Colour
Properties of Mix
Method of Manufacture, Packaging, Hardening and Storage
Dairy products
Non Dairy products
Vanilla
Distribution
Soft Ice Cream (Softy)
Judging and Grading of Ice Cream
Defects in Ice Cream, their Causes and Prevention
Uses of Ice Cream

RAW MATERIAL THE MILK USED FOR MAKING SWEETS

Terms Related to Milk Structure
Constituents of Milk
Minor Constituents

TECHNOLOGY OF BENGALI SWEETS

Rasogolla
Rasomalai
Rajbhog
Khirmohan
Sandesh
Chhana Murki
Cham-Cham
Chana Podo
Surti Paneer
Bandel Cheese
Regional Products

TECHNOLOGY OF DAHI AND YOGURT

TECHNOLOGY OF MISHTI DOI

SHRIKHAND MANUFACTURE

CHAKKA POWDER

SHRIKHAND WADI

KHEER MANUFACTURE

DRIED KHEER MIX MANUFACTURE

PAYASAM MANUFACTURE

PHIRNI MANUFACTURE

Ingredients

SEVIAN MANUFACTURE

SOHAN HALWA

GAJA KA HALWA

KAJU BURFI MANUFACTURE

GHEVAR PREPARATION

RASOGOLLA, KHEER AND PAL PAYASAM

PROPARATION OF LASSI

Introduction
Composition
Method of Preparation
Microflora of Lassi

SHRIKHAND PREPARATION

Introduction
Material required
Method of Preparation

TECHNOLOGY OF KHOA MANUFACTURE AND STORAGE

Introduction
Definition
Vaieties and grades of Khoa
Chemical composition of Khoa
Microbiological Quality of Khoa
Methods of Manufacture
Packaging and Storage of Khoa

PEDA

Introduction
Composition
Method of Manufacture of Peda

KHOA BASED SWEET-KALAKAND

Introduction
Chemical Composition
Method of Manufacture of Kalakand

KHOA BASED SWEET-GULAB JAMUN

Introduction
Composition of Gulab Jamun
Method of Preparation

MILK BASED SWEET BURFI

Introduction
Composition of burfi
Method of preparation of Burfi
Microbiological Standards

CHHANA BASED SWEET-RASOGOLLA

Introduction
Composition of Rasogolla
Method of Rasogolla Preparation
Microbiological standards

PREPARATION OF KULFI

Introduction
Materials Required
Procedure

YOGHURT

PRODUCTION OF SANDESH

Introduction
Mechanisation of sandesh preparation
Optimisation of processing parameters for mechanised production
Vented extruder for the continuous cooking of chhana sugar mixture
Testing of vented extruder
Evaluation of sandesh

MANUFACTURE OF SHRIKHAND BY ULTRAFILTRATION PROCESS

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Ultrafiltration (UF) Unit
Basket Centrifuge
Shrikhand Making
Sensory Evaluation
Results and Discussion

PREPARATION OF TRADITIONAL SWEETS

GULAB JAMUN/RASGULLAS

Rice Products

WINTER PRODUCTS

Summer Drinks

Some Selected Recjpes of Traditional Foods
Mathi
Matri
Sevian
Suji Halwa
Pinnis
Mall Pura
Gulab Jamun
Poories
Jalebi
Samosa
Dalia (Broken Whet Porridge)
Phulvarian
Rice Khichri
Sweet Rice
Sugarcane Juice Kheer
Phirni

Engineers India Research Institute (EIRI) is a renowned name in the industrial world for offering technical and financial consultancy services.

EIRI services are:

Detailed Feasibility Reports
New Project Identification
Project Feasibility and Market Study
Identification of Lucrative Industrial Project Opportunities
Preparation of Project Profiles / Pre-Investment and Detailed Feasibility Studies,
Market Surveys / Studies, Market Survey Cum Detailed Techno-Economic Feasibility Reports
Project Reports in CD Roms
Identification of Plant /Process/Machinery and Equipment, Industrial General Guidance for setting up new industrial projects.

Our most up-to-date and Technologically Advanced Industrial Project Reports, categorized with respect to Financial Outlays and Sector – wise Classification are immensely useful for :

Existing Small or Medium Scale Industrialists facing competition from large houses
Young Entrepreneurs dreaming to start their own industrial enterprise
Young Graduates and Professionals wishing to begin their career
Industrialists interested in Debottlenecking  their capacities & New Product – Lines
Large Industrial Houses pursuing  Expansion, Growth and Diversification Plans

The post Technology of Sweets (Mithai) with Formulae Book appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

CREATING A PERFUME

Introduction
Working within a Framework
Price
Packaging
Inspiration
The Practical Foundation
Inspiration
Response to Stinuli
Trial and error colours
Trial and error
Colours
Jeancard on composition
Limitations of Formulae
The Perfumer’s knowledge of Chemistry
Creativity in the Art of Perfumery
Carles’s Method
Merit of Carles’s System
Tone
Volatility
Intensity
Volume
Atmosphere
Tenacity
Fixation
Systematic Recording of Data

FLOWER PERFUMES AND THEIR FORMULATIONS

Introduction
Rose
Jasmine
Orangeflower and Neroli
Violet
Acacia
Broom
Carnation
Types of Camation
Oeillet de nice Garden pink
Sea pink
Cyclamen
Fougere (Fern)
Gardenita
Hawthorn
Heliotrope
Honeysuckle
Hyacinth
Iris
Litac
Lity of the Valley
Linden (Lime Blossom)
Mangotia
Mignonette (Reseda)Mimosa
Narcissus
Nardo
New Mown Hay
Nicotiana
Opopanax
Orchid (Orchidee)
Pansy
Peony
Phlox
Sweet Pea
Syringa (Philadelphus)
Trefle (Clover)
Tuberose
Verbena
Wallflower
Wistaria
Ylang-Ylang

SOPHISTICATED/FANTASY PERFUMES AND THEIR FORMULATIONS

Introduction
Aldehyde Perfumes
Chypre Types
Oriental Perfumes
Green Perfumes
Dominant Note Types
The Ambergns Note
Manufacturing Processes
Alcoholic Strengths
Control

PACKAGING OF PERFUMES

Introduction
Packaging in the Past
The Impact of Aerosols
Perfume Identity
The Name
The Bottle
Labels
Cartons and Coffrets
External Wrapping
Perfume and the World of Fashion
The Question of Colour
The Means of Advertising
Press Publicity
Samples and Models

TESTING OF PERFUME

Introduction
Sampling
Sampling Equipment
Closed type (Undivided)
Closed type (Divided)
Open Type
Sampling Scoop
Sampling Iron Tanks
Cr.teria for conformity
For Individual samples
Examples
Packaging and labelling
Instructions regarding costly materials
Analysis
Proparation of the Material for Physico Chemical Analysis
Physical Analysis
Estimation of relative density
Estimation of relative density by Pyknometer
Principle
Apparatus
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of freezing Point
Principle
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Determination of refractive index by refractometer
Principle
Apparatus
Refractometer, light source  (sodium light)
Precedure
Calculation
Determination of solubility in ethanol
Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculations
Determination of optical rolation and specific rotation by polarimeter
Principle
Apparatus
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of melting Point  and melting range principle
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Determination of boiling (Distillation) renge Principle
Apparatus
Procedure
Method for offactory assessment of natural and synthetic perfumery materials
Principle
Terminology
Material Requirements
Ethyl alcohol, Perfumery grade
Diethyl phthalate, Perfumery grade
Determination of residue on evaporation
Apparatus
Preparation of sample
Procedure
Calculation
Chemical Analysis
Determination of Content of alcohol insoluble solid impurities
Principle
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of water content
Principle
Reagent
Apparatus
Calculation
Determination of acid value
Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Determination of ester value, content of esters and combined alcohols
Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Prepared sample
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of ester value after acetylation and free alcohols
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of carbohyl value and content of carbonyl compounds
Hydroxylammonium chloride method Method A
Principle
Calculation
Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of phenols
Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedue
Determination
Calculation
Determination of heavy metals
Determination of lead content
Apparatus
Procedure
Reagent blank determination
Expression of results
Determination of Iron
Reagents
Standard iron solution
Procedure
Detection of petroleum and mineral oils
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Estimation of chlorinePrinciple
Apparatus
Procedure
Result
Determination of cineole content Principle
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation

AEROSOL SPRAY

Manufacturing Process
Essence of Perfumery
Synthetic Rose Otto No. 1056
Red Roses No. 1057
Violet No. 1068
Plant Economics
Land and Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (BEP)

AROMATIC PERFUMERY COMPOUNDS

Formulation and raw materials
Fancy Bouquet
Manufacturing Process
Process
Royale Bouquet
Process
Plant Economics
Land and Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (BEP)

SCENTS AND PERFUMES

Process of Manufacture
Extraction Process
Extraction Volatile Solvent
Plant Economics
Land and Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (BEP)

SPRAY (PERFUMES)

Manufacturing Process
General Procedure
Synthetic Rose otto No. 1056
Red Roses. No. 1057
Violet No. 108
Plant Economics
Land and Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (BEP)

FLORAL OILS

Selection of Site
Raw Materials
Treatment of the Ingredients
Manufacture by Maceration
Concentrating the Preparation
Hastening the process
Tier system
Another Tier Arrangement
Oil Direct from the Seeds
Recipes
Bella Oil
Jasmine Oil
Chameli Oil
Champaka Oil
Kantali Champaka Oil
Jahuri Champaka Oil
Dolan Champaka Oil
Nageswar Champaka Oil
Henna Oil
Gul Henna Oil
Musk Henna Oil
Janti Oil
Mallika Oil
Tuberose  Oil
Rose Oil
Bakul Oil
Ketaki Oil
Kamini Oil
Lemon Flowers Oil
Gandharaj Oil
Madhumalali Oil
Khus Oil
Lotus Oil
Storing

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF FLAVOURS

Introduction
The Thermally Processed
Flavours (Meat and Savory Flavours)
Protein Hydrolysates
Yeast and Autolyzed
Yeast  Extract
Basic Process Flavourings
Complex Process Flavourings
Encyme Modification and Fermentation The Dairy Flavours
Milk and Cream Flavours
Cultured Dairy Flavours
Butter Flavour
Cheese Flaours
Creation of Dairy Flavours
Regulatory Issues

NON-ALCOHOLIC FLAVOURS

Compounding
Vanilla Flavour (True)
Lemon Flavour
Orange Flavour
Vanilla Flavour
Vanilla Bean Flavour
Limitation Rasberry Flavour
Plant Economics of Non- Alcoholic Flavours
Rated Plant Capacity
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (B.E.P.)

FLAVOURS FRUIT (WHISKEY, VODKA, GRAPE BUTTER SCOTCH AND RUM)

Artificial Flavourings
Process Flow Diagram of Rum Flavour
Manufacturing Process
For Rum Process
Plant Economics of Fruit Flavours
Rated Plant Capacity
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

TERPENELESS MENTHOL CRYSTALS

Manufacturing Process
Fractional Distillation of D.M.O. for Removar of  Terpene
Extraction of Menthol
Crystallization
Separation of the menthol Crystals from the Dementholized Oil
Drying the Menthol Crystals
Yield of Menthol & Dementholized Mint Oil
Plant Economics of Terpeneless  Menthol Crystals
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

TRENDS IN TRADE OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Introduction
Indian Scenario
Uses of Essential Oils

DEMAND FOR ESSENTIAL OILS

SUPER CRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION (SCFE) TECHNOLOGY FOR SPICE EXTRACTION

Abstract
Introduction
Scope of this presentation
Supercritical Fluid Extraction System (SCFE)
Working Principle and SCFE Process Description
Carton Dioxide as SC Solvent its Plust Point
Advantages of the  SCFE process
Parameters to be Determined in SCFE Process Design Need for Basic Process Data
Important Parameters of the SCF Extraction Plant  for  Spices (19)
SCF Extraction of Spice Essential Oils, Oleoresins and Major Chemical Constituents present therein
SCFE of Pepper Oil
SCF CO2 Extraction Versus Conventional
Solvent Extraction
SCFE of Black Pepper  Oleoresin
SCFE of Ginger Oil
SCFE (CO2) of Piperine Pepper
Economics of the SCFE Process
Commercial Scale SCFE Plants in U.K. Austria Germany, Australia & France
Factors Affecting plant designing
Other commercial SCFE Activity Areas
Future Scope for SCFE Process

CITRONELLA OIL

Planting and Cultivation
Harvesting
Distillation
Distillation Process Erection and distillation of suitable type of still
The Election and Operation of suitable type of still
Water and Steam still
Fuel
Steam Stills
Condenser
Storage of Citronella Oil
Determination of Aidehyde and Ketones
Process flow sheet
Procedure
Natural Sulphite Method
Procedure
Plant Economics of  Citronella Oil
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

CLOVE OIL

Process of Manufacture
Plant Economics of Clove Oil
Rated Plant Capacity
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

EXTRACTION OF  ESSENTIAL OILS BY SUPER CRITICAL FLUID (CARBON DIOXIDE) METHOD FROM FLOWERS, HERBS AND SPICES

Manufacturing Process
Extraction of Essential Oil from Flowers
Solvent Extraction Process using super critical Fluid (CO2)
From Flowers
Process flow  Diagram
From Herbs
Process flow Diagram for Extraction of Essential Fluid Method
Process flow diagram from Extraction of Essential oils from spices using super  critical Fluid (SCF) method
From Spices
Plant Economics
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

EUCALYPTUS OIL

Process of Manufacture
Distillation
Distillation Processes
Operation
Refining
Yield
Location  Conditions
Raw Materials
Market
Water Position
Transportation Facilities
Labour
Power and Fuel
Plant Economics of Eucalyptus Oil
Rated Plant Capacity
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

GINGER OIL

Manufacturing Process
Preparation of Raw Materials
Cleaning
Milling
Soaking
Loading  of Charging
Bleaching of Ginger
Distillation
Practice of Distillation
Steam Distillation
Flow Diagram for Ginger Oil
Plant Economics of Ginger Oil
Rated Plant Capacity
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working  Capital
Raw Materials
Total working capital/month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even point (B.E.P.)

JASMINE FLOWER OIL

Manufacturing Process
Extraction with Solvent
Constrcution of Apparatus
Concentration of Solutions
Final Concentration
Concrete Flower Oils
Conversion of Concretes
into Absolutes
Plant Economics
Rated Plant  Capacity
Land & Building
Plant and Machinery
Fiex Capital
Raw Materials
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (B.E.P.)

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF JASMINE FOR ESSENTIAL OIL

Extraction of Jasmine
Concrete and its Economic  Prospect

LEMON GRASS OIL

Manufacturing  Process
Process Flow Diagram
Raw Material Position

PALMOIL CRUSHING UNIT

Manufacturing Process
Technology and Process
Description
Reception of Raw Material
Sterilizing
Stripping
Digesting
Pressing/Oil Extraction
Process flow Sheet  for Palm Oil
Clarification and Storage
Plant Economics
Rated Plant Capacity
Land & Building
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum
Profit Sales Ratio
Rate of Return
Break Even Point (B.E.P.)

ESSENTIAL  OILS BY STEAM DISTILLATION

Introduction
Principle of Distillation
Efficiency of Distillation
Factors affecting efficiency
Practical Distillation of Herbs
Surface Born Oils
Moistur balance of Still
Centre Born Oils
Water Distillation
Effect of oils affinity for water
Effect  of Hydrolysis
Effect of temperature/Pressure Differential
The effect of Turburlence
The effect of Cohobation
Design of Equipment
Still
Condenser
Receiver
Steam Generator
Storage

COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM FLOWERS OF KEORA

Abstract
Introduction
Composition of Essential Oil of Keora flowers
Chemical Composition of Keora Oil

DISTILLATION OF EUCALYPTUS HYBRID OIL

Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussions
Conclusion
Percentage of Climate in the oil

TURMERIC  LEAF OIL

Abstract
Introduction
Materials  and Methods
Plant Material
Distillation of Essential Oil
GC analysis
Identification of the compounds
Results and Discussion
Composition of the Essential oil of Turmeric Leaf

ESSENTIAL OILS  FLAVOURS

Gas Liquid Chromatography
Capillary and Chiral
Gas Chromatography
Preparative Gas Chromatography
Column Chromatography
Thin Layer  Chromatography
Instrumental Thin Layer Chromatography(High Performance Thin Layer  Chromatography H.PTLC
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)/Fractionation/(SFF)/ Chromatography (SFC)
Techniques Ancillary to Gas Chromatography
Retention Indices
Mass Spectrometry
Multidimensional GC-MS
HRGC-FTIR
High Pressure
Liquid Chromatogrph
Chemical Transformation
Techniques Ancillary to Liquid Chromatography
Ultra Violet and Infra Red Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Detection of Synthetics in Natural Oils by Isotopes Analysis
Isotope Analysis by MS
ISotope Analysis by NMR
Intelligent  Sensor Technology

TECHNOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL OILS

Odoriferous  Elements
Preliminary Treatment
Process of Manufacture
By Maceration
Exhaustion of Oil Bearing Sources
Concentration of the Oil
Collecting the Oil
By Distillation
By Expression
Enfleurage
Solvent Extraction
Absolutes
Preservation
Properties
Ajwan Oil
Amla Oil
Aniseed Oil
Camphor
Cinnamon Oil
Citrus Oils
Cloves Oil
Cardamom Oil
Cassia Oil
Eucalyptus  Oil
Geranium Oil
Ginger Grass Oil
Khus Oil
Lemon Grass Oil
Lemon Rind Oil etc.
Linaloe Oil
Palmarosa Or Rosha
Grass Oil
Orange Oil
Pumelo Oil
Rose Oil
Sandalwood Oil
Salresin or Chua Oil
Turpentine Oil

ESSENCES AND OTTOS: PREPARATION OF ESSENCES

Mode of Preparation
Floral Extracts
Classes of Essences
Blending
Filtering and Packing

NATURAL ESSENCES

Bakul
Henna
Musk Henna
Ketaki
Bela
Mallika
Gandharaj
Hasu No Henna
Champaka
Jahuri Chamapaka
Kantali Champaka
Rose
Tuberose
Chameli
Jasmine
Khus
Fanti
Orange
Ambergris
Musk
Patchauli
Cloves
Lavender
Pumelo
Cassia
White Rose
Orange
Bergamot
Violet
Rose Geranium
Lemon
Sandalwood

MANUFACTURING OF ARTIFICIAL ESSENCES

Simple  Essences
Handkerchief Essences
Compound Essences
Forgot Me-Not
Remember Me
Sir Walter Scott
Essence Jasmine
Kiss me quick
Musk Rose
Essence Vicoria
American Beuty
Essence Tuberose Lily
Essence Rose
Nizam Monte Cristo
Sultana
Lavenia
Jung Bahadur
Jubilee Rajanigandha
Madhumati
Canaga Kusum
Marsenil
Lily Blossom
Chandra Mallika
Cerry Laurel
Emperor
Cashmere Bakul Coronation
Cherry Vanilla
Prince Rose
Boquet Empress
Durbar
Viceroy Verbena
Nepolean Lily
Heliotrope
Hyacinth

PREPARATION OF OTTOS

Floral Ottos
Rose
Bela
Chameli
Jasmine
Mallika
Madhumalati
Henna
Musk Henna
Champaka
Kantali Champaka
Jahuri Champaka
Dolan Champaka
Negeswar Champaka
Bakul
Gandharaj
Hasu-No-Henna
Patchauli
Tuberose
Keora
Kamini
Khus
Janti
Pumelo
Shephalica
Sandalwood
Artificial Ottos
Marketing

ROSE AND KEORA WATER

Rose Water and Otto
Keora Water

TOILET WATER

Lavender Water
Amber Lavender
Ambergris Lavender Water
Eau De Lavender Millefleurs
Odoriferous Lavender Water
Florica Water
Violet Water
Eau De Colone

TECHNOLOGY OF FLAVOURS

Introduction
Flavour Classification
Flavour Formation in Plants
Biogenesis of Fruits Aroma
Flavours from Fatty Metabolism
Flavours from Amino Acid  Metabolism
Flavours formed from Carbohydrate Metabolism
Flavour Formation in Vegetable
Flavour Formation from Crysteine Sulfoxide Derivatives
Flavour Formation from Gluconsinolates
Additional Pathways for Vegetable Flavour Formation
Location of Flavour in Plant
Influence of Genetics, Nutrition Environment, Maturity and Storage on Flavour
Conclusions
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Terpenes
Oxygenated Terpenoid Compounds
Benzenoid Compounds
Compounds Containing
Nitrogen and  Sulfur
Nitrogen Compounds
Sulfur Compounds
Sulfur Containing Oils
White Mustard
Black (Brown) Mustard
Fruit Flavours
Aromatic Components
Fruit Sugars and Acids
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Nonsugars (Polysaccharides)
Flavour of Dairy Products
Milk
Cheese
Flavour Development
Fatty Acids
Carbonyls
Sulfur Compounds
Amino Acids and Peptides
Flavour Balance
Roquefort (Blue) Cheese Flavour
Flavour Development
Fermentation
Fungi
Black Tea Aroma
Flavour Formation
During Thermal Processing
Nonenzymatic Browning
General Overview  of Maillard Browning
Factors Influencing
Browning  Rate
Temprature
pH
Water Activity
Influence of Fat
Summary
Formation of Flavour Compounds
Flavours from Lipids
Deep Fat Fried Flavours
Hydrolytic Reactions
Oxidation
Pyrolysis Reactions
Effect of Frying Condition on Flavour
Mechanisms of Flavour Formation
Lactones
Seafood Flavours
Caramelization
Flavours Formed Via Fermentation
Esters
Acids
Carbonyls
Alcohols
Terpenes
Lactones
Pyrazines
Conclusions

ROLE OF PERFUMER

QUALITY CONTROL IN AROMATIC PLANTS

Introduction
Biosynthetic pathway of essential oil
Metabolic interconversion of monoterpenes of cymbopogon
Biosynthetic of monoterpenes of Mentha
Genetic manipulation of enzyme activity
Genetic manipulation of marker traits
Genetic manipulation for tolerance  to seasonal variation
Genetic manipulation of quality Application and scientific outputs
Imporoed major  constituents(s) of oil
Modified chemical profile of oil
Genetically rectified defects in oil composition
Conclusion

PALMAROSA OIL

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Oil Yield
Herbage yield
Oil Recovery Percentage and Geraniol Control

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LEMONGRASS VARIETIES

Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion

KEWDA ESSENTIAL OIL AND ATTAR

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Determination and Methoxyl Group
Determination of Hydroxyl Group
Methoxyl Value Determination
Conclusion

PALMAROSA OILS

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion

SANDALWOOD

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Materials
Apparatus
Results and Discussion

TECHNOLOGY OF PALMAROSA OIL

Introduction
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Plant Establishment & Growth
Herb and Oil Yield
Seedlings Growth  and Development
Conclusion

LEMONGRASS OIL

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Effect on Plant Height  and  Number of Tillers
Effect on Herbage and Oil Yield
Oil and Citral Content

PATCHOULI OIL

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Growth Attributes of Patchouli
Differences due to Cultivars
Growth as influenced by Nitrogen
Oil Content, Fresh Herbage Yield and Oil Yield
Variation due to Cultivars
Influence to Nitrogen on Yields

ROSE SCENTED GERANIUM

IntroductionGenotypes/Varienties
Cultivation Practices
Planting
Spacing
Intercropping
Fertilizers
Plant Growth Regulators
Weeds
Partial Shade
Season
Pests and Diseases
Harvesting Distillationg and Economics
Quality of Oil

BASIL OIL

Introduction
Materials  and Methods
Results and Discussion

TURPENTINE OIL

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion

ESSENTIAL OIL CONSTITUENTS OIL HYDRODISTILLATION VS CO2  EXTRACTION

Introduction
Collistemone Ianceolatus
Murrya koenigii
Lantana camara
Tagetes arecta
Ocimum sanctum
Materials and Methods
Results and discussion
Conculsion
Acknowledgement

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