HDPE pipes are important plastic products which have wide range of applications. These have more tensile strength in comparison to other plastic pipes. These are being used for Sprinkler Irrigation System, potable water supply and sewerage purpose. Their low cost, easily installation and better durability make them ideal for the purpose. They also offer very good resistance to most of the chemicals and have excellent electrical insulation properties. These pipes are also used for circulation of acids in various chemical industries due to their acid resistant quality.

The demands of HDPE Pipes are likely to increase due to their wide use in various sectors in India. Apart from its regular uses, such as for irrigation system, water supply, sewerage, it is being used by Department of Telecommunication for conduit for optical fiber cables. Looking to its increased demand, it appears to be good scope for setting up new small scale industries. Hence the product has good market potential.

CLASSIFICATION

(A) Pipes shall be classified according to the grade of materials as MRS; Polyethylene pipes and classified by the raw materials used in the production of attachments. A MRS material strength value of 20°C is also shown by the internal pressure for 50 years.

Raw material class MRS(MPa) value
PE 63 6.3
PE 80 8.0
PE 100 10

(B) Pipes by pressure rating (PN) corresponding to the maximum shall be classified permissible working pressure at 3WC, as follows:

The pressure grades available according to European standards are:
• PN 2.5 - max pressure 2.5 bar
• PN 4 - max pressure 4 bar
• PN 6 - max pressure 6 bar
• PN 10 - max pressure 10 bar
• PN 16 - max pressure 16 bar

Color codes used to indicate the pressure grades on the pipes are:

Color Code PE Pressure Grade
Yellow PN 4
Red PN 6
Blue PN 10
Green PN 1

HDPE Pipes for following grades/sizes/pressure rating

PE 63 PN 2.5 DN 63 to 110
PE 63 PN 4 DN 40 to 110
PE 63 PN 6 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 8 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 10 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 12.5 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 16 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 2.5 DN 90 to 110
PE 80 PN 4 DN 50 to 110
PE 80 PN 6 DN 40 to 110
PE 80 PN 8 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 10 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 12.5 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 16 DN 32 to 110
PE 100 PN 6 DN 50 to 110
PE 100 PN 8 DN 40 to 110
PE 100 PN 10 DN 32 to 110
PE 100 PN 12.5 DN 32 to 110
PE 100 PN 16 DN 32 to 110

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In the early 1900s, wooden barrels gave way to a new more durable and easily machined material: Steel. Steel barrels were stronger, safer for use in transport and able to be manufactured on an assembly line with much less labor than wooden barrels. The steel drum is still widely used for liquid storage and transportation to this day.

More advanced technology and manufacturing practices in the late 1960s allowed for another iteration of the barrel to come about: the plastic barrel. Plastic barrels are made from high density, high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE).

Polyethylene is an excellent material because it is inert and resistant to high or low pH contents. As foodies know, the acidity of food products can be high or low. Some materials, including food products, are caustic and can even break down steel. Have you ever left tinfoil over tomato sauce for an extended period of time? The undesirable result is a case in point: the sauce eats right through metal.

The use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as opposed to low density (LDPE) allowed for barrels to be created completely from polyethylene, as opposed to using a plastic liner in a steel drum.

Plastic drums are manufactured through a process called blow molding. This process allows for various shapes to be created with no seams on the inside. Barrels are still molded in a cylindrical shape to allow for rolling and handling using the same tools as a steel drum. The round shape lacks weak corners (corners are vulnerable to cracking with impact and exposure). The added benefit of a seamless design is that it prevents buildup of bacteria.

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install a HDPE Drums (200 L) production facility with a capacity of 3000TPA as a Green Field Project.

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• Sunscreens
• Bird Protection nets
• Plant nets
• Ground Cover
• Windshield/Wind protection
Nets/wind breaks
• Root ball net
• Mulch mat
• Insect meshes
Agro-textiles for Horticulture & Floriculture
• Hail protection fabrics
• Mulch net
• Rain protection fabrics
• Wind control fabrics
• Harvesting nets
Agro-textile for Animal Husbandry
• Nylon & Polyester Identification belts for cows
• Textile nets for udders
Agro-textiles for Fishing and Aquaculture nets
• Fishing nets
• Aquaculture nets

Fishing Nets are devices made from fibers woven in a grid-like structure. Fishing nets are usually meshes formed by knotting a relatively thin thread.

Early nets were woven from grasses, flaxes and other fibrous plant material. Later cotton was used. Due to the technical characteristics of Nylon, Nylon fishnet constitutes more than 65-70% of the total fishnet consumption world over. While HPDE is at 25 - 30% of the total fishnets, PP/ Polyester constitute 5-10% of the total demand globally.

Fishing net is a fabric made joining twine at an interval of about half an inch or so to form a set of mashes for catching the fish. These have been from plied cotton yarn so far in our country & many other countries, but slowly it is being replaced by the fish nets manufactured by using chemically treated extra strong nylon yarns. For marine fishing only nylon fish net is preferred.

Fish nets are manufactured by HDPE Yarn twisted nylon or cotton yarns. These are woven on special looms. Fish nets are made of two types e.g. knotted type or knotless type.

Normally transparent nylon is used for the manufacture but the coloured nylon yarns may be employed for the purpose which makes it a bit economical.

Generally fish nets are marketed in the size of nets 12 feets X 12 feets with inches of (0.5"), (0.75") whereas the first one is most popular & widely acceptable quality.

Fisheries sector occupies a very important place in the socio-economic development of the country. It has been recognized as a powerful income and employment generator as it stimulates growth of a number of subsidiary industries and is a source of cheap and nutritious food besides being a foreign exchange earner. Most importantly, it is the source of livelihood for a large section of economically backward population of the country.

The geographical diversity in India is also ideal for both marine and inland fisheries, thereby making it one of the lead producers of fish globally.

India’s coastline extends over 8,118 kilometers with an Exclusive Economic Zone of 2.02 million square kilometers. The total area covered by inland water bodies is 73.59 Lakh hectares, almost two times the size of the state of Kerala.

Target of 20 million tons by 2022-23

In October 2018, the government launched the Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) to meet the infrastructural requirements in the sector. The target set was to produce 15 million tons by 2020 by supporting Blue Revolution. FIDF also aims to achieve a sustainable growth of 8% to 9% to increase India’s fish production to 20 million tons by 2022-23. Under FIDF, a corpus of ?10,000 crores was announced in the Union Budget in 2018. An estimated fund size of Rs 7522.48 crore comprising of Rs 5266.40 crore was to be raised by the Nodal Loaning Entities (NLEs), Rs 1316.6 crore through beneficiaries’ contribution and Rs 939.48 crore budgetary supports from Government of India.

Furthermore, the government also extended the facility of Kisan Credit Card to fisher folk for meeting their short-term working capital requirements.

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Packing Industry is one such industry where lot of SMES is concentrated. In India the consumer packing is undergoing a dramatic change in recent past. In many Industries the plastic containers are replacing conventional metal containers and glass containers because of their comparatively better properties and ease of handling and transportation. Small size plastic containers are used for packing of drugs, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, food items etc. The plastic blow molded containers are made from HDPE (High-density polyethylene), LDPE (Low- density polyethylene), PP (Polypropylene) etc. Blow molded plastic containers are finding great demand in modern era. In replacing the traditional Metal/Non Metal and Glass containers throughout the world. With latest trends in Blow Molding technology and advanced machinery and National and International standards molds and dies, many types of packaging containers are manufactured with accurate tolerance and fine quality. To suit the requirement of each and every product manufacturing. These products includes Pet bottles, Dropper bottles, Upper Handle bottles, Open top drums, wide mouth drums, Narrow mouth drums, Barrels, Jerry Cans & Carboys, Square Jars, Round Jars, Rib Jars, Thin walled food packaging containers etc. They are of different types and designs that are manufactured to cater the need of packaging. With high quality raw materials procurement, blow molded articles and containers are manufactured with superior quality associated with convenient shapes and sizes, Strong and Sturdy construction, Compact designs, Compatibility, Safe to use etc. As there is very good demand for plastic containers of various sizes and shapes and quality to meet the requirement of one and all.

In the early 1900s, wooden barrels gave way to a new more durable and easily machined material: Steel. Steel barrels were stronger, safer for use in transport and able to be manufactured on an assembly line with much less labor than wooden barrels. The steel drum is still widely used for liquid storage and transportation to this day.

More advanced technology and manufacturing practices in the late 1960s allowed for another iteration of the barrel to come about: the plastic barrel. Plastic barrels are made from high density, high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE).

Polyethylene is an excellent material because it is inert and resistant to high or low pH contents. As foodies know, the acidity of food products can be high or low. Some materials, including food products, are caustic and can even break down steel. Have you ever left tinfoil over tomato sauce for an extended period of time? The undesirable result is a case in point: the sauce eats right through metal.

The use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as opposed to low density (LDPE) allowed for barrels to be created completely from polyethylene, as opposed to using a plastic liner in a steel drum.

The post HDPE DRUMS MANUFACTURING PLANT appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

HDPE pipes are important plastic products which have wide range of applications. These have more tensile strength in comparison to other plastic pipes. These are being used for Sprinkler Irrigation System, potable water supply and sewerage purpose. Their low cost, easily installation and better durability make them ideal for the purpose. They also offer very good resistance to most of the chemicals and have excellent electrical insulation properties. These pipes are also used for circulation of acids in various chemical industries due to their acid resistant quality.

The demand of HDPE Pipes are likely to increase due to their wide use in various sectors in India. Apart from its regular uses, such as for irrigation system, water supply, sewerage, it is being used by Department of Telecommunication for conduit for optical fiber cables. Looking to its increased demand, it appears to be good scope for setting up new small scale industries. Hence the product has good market potential.

CLASSIFICATION

(A) Pipes shall be classified according to the grade of materials as MRS; Polyethylene pipes and classified by the raw materials used in the production of attachments. MRS material strength values of 20°C is also shown by the internal pressure for 50 years.

Raw material class MRS(MPa) value
PE 63 6.3
PE 80 8.0
PE 100 10

(B) Pipes by pressure rating (PN) corresponding to the maximum shall be classified permissible working pressure at 3WC, as follows:

The pressure grades available according to European standards are:
• PN 2.5 - max pressure 2.5 bar
• PN 4 - max pressure 4 bar
• PN 6 - max pressure 6 bar
• PN 10 - max pressure 10 bar
• PN 16 - max pressure 16 bar

Color codes used to indicate the pressure grades on the pipes are:

Color Code PE Pressure Grade
Yellow PN 4
Red PN 6
Blue PN 10
Green PN 1

HDPE Pipes for following grades/sizes/pressure rating

PE 63 PN 2.5 DN 63 to 110
PE 63 PN 4 DN 40 to 110
PE 63 PN 6 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 8 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 10 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 12.5 DN 32 to 110
PE 63 PN 16 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 2.5 DN 90 to 110
PE 80 PN 4 DN 50 to 110
PE 80 PN 6 DN 40 to 110
PE 80 PN 8 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 10 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 12.5 DN 32 to 110
PE 80 PN 16 DN 32 to 110
PE 100 PN 6 DN 50 to 110
PE 100 PN 8 DN 40 to 110
PE 100 PN 10 DN 32 to 110
PE 100 PN 12.5 DN 32 to 110
PE 100 PN 16 DN 32 to 110

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Additives are agents that sustain material's properties or functions, provide desirable properties for the bulk of a material, or provide its surface properties. This article focuses on the most widely used additives in the PE industry.

Compounding is the general term for the operation converting the polyethylene (PE) produced in a polymerization reactor into a pelletized form suitable for use by a downstream processor. In the compounding process, the polymer is physically and chemically modified by incorporating various additives. The selection of additives and of compounding conditions depends on the end application of the compounded product.

With the help of melt blending plastics, it is possible to change characteristics, such as:

• Physical
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Aesthetic

All compounding begins with polymers or base resins. Different resin systems exist, and so you must choose the proper one with correct characteristics for your final product. Once a base resin is picked, it is time to determine the specific additives, reinforcers, or fillers that will be incorporated into the compounded plastic. This process allows the final product to be precolour or flame retardant. It can also make plastic more or less conductive, while also strengthening final parts. There are several steps taken when creating specialty compounding. In the end, pellets are sent to customers for sheet extrusion or injection molding.

Plastic compounding is a process for adding additional materials into a molten plastic base to produce a material with desired qualities. Additives and modifiers may result in plastic with a particular color, texture, strength, and so on. A manufacturer may incorporate one or more additives into the base material in the process of plastic compounding.

While the process is different in each facility depending on the product being produced, plastic compounding typically involves several basic steps. Additives in the form of pellets, flakes, or powders are conveyed to a container of a molten plastic base material. The mixture goes through a number of blending and dispersal steps to incorporate these additives into the base material and achieve a homogeneous final product.

Polyethylene and polypropylene are the two most common base polymers used in the plastic compounding process. Modifiers may be added to these base polymers in the form of powder or small pellets. Sometimes recycled material is added in the form of chips or shavings produced in the recycling process.

Filler material may be classified as either inert or active. Inert filler material typically increases the volume of the material inexpensively without adding any beneficial features. Its primary purpose is to reduce the cost of the material. Active filler, on the other hand, is added to improve the physical properties of the material. If a filler increases the tensile strength of the base material, it may be referred to as a reinforcement.

Manufacturers must take into account a number of factors when incorporating additives. Physical properties such as particle size and shape of the additive must be compatible with the base material. Even if it improves performance, an expensive additive may drive the price of the final product up too much for its target market. Suitability of an additive in the manufacturing environment must also be considered. For example, abrasive filler materials can degrade plastic compounding equipment, and dust from an additive in powder form may contaminate the manufacturing facility.

Modifiers used in plastic compounding serve a number of purposes when added to base polymers. They may reduce the cost of the final material substantially, thereby providing an economic advantage in the marketplace. Use of recycled material as additives can reduce consumer or industrial waste in landfills and save on waste disposal expenses.

Additionally, additives may improve the quality of the final product in a number of ways. Flame retardants and antioxidants may improve the safety of the material or extend its useful lifetime. Antacids may be added to a material to reduce the impact it has on the equipment used for processing. Glass or carbon fibers can increase the strength of a base polymer when incorporated into it.

A wide variety of products are made with materials developed through plastic compounding. Consumer products that incorporate these materials include toys, furniture, appliances, and more. Industrial applications include use in automotive components, pipes, construction, and others. The diverse array of materials that can be created with plastic compounding ensure widespread use of this process in product manufacturing well into the future.

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PP oriented strips are becoming increasingly popular in India & have caught the eye of many end users for their requirement of packing materials. They have become popular on account of their inertness towards chemical, moisture & excellent resistance towards rotting & fungus attack. They are non toxic. Lighter in weight & have more advantages than conventional bags.

PP woven sacks laminated with PP liner have wider applications. PP woven sacks are much stronger & can withstand much higher impact loads because of PP strips elongation at break is about 15-25% as compared to 30% of Jute. These sacks are much cleaner & resist fungal attack. Jute prices are very unstable in the market since Jute is an agriculture product. These sacks have many advantages over other conventional sacks materials & are quite competitive in price. PP Woven Sacks can be unlaminated, Laminated and along with PE liners. The size range for bags made from tubular fabric is from minimum 24 inches (60 cm.) upto 61 inches (155 cm).

Woven Sacks are the best and the most cost effective packaging solution for Industries like Cement, fertilizer, sugar, chemicals, food grains etc. off late Woven fabric, which is the first stage of Woven sacks, is a preferred medium for bale wrapping and rain protection in the form of Tarpaulin.

Polypropylene Bags

Polypropylene is a form of plastic. It’s available in a wide variety of forms but is essentially a flexible resin polymer. While the formal chemical name for the material is polypropylene, the generic layman’s term is “non-woven” simply because it’s really a large sheet of plastic and not a woven fabric. The material has been debossed to give it the appearance of woven cloth, yet it is really a non-woven material.

Polypropylene bags are made from virgin polypropylene plastic. Polypropylene bags are versatile, attractive bags most commonly used for packaging small items such as beads and lollies. These bags can be sealed with a heat sealer like many other plastic bags. While polypropylene is similar to cello, polypropylene bags are much clearer with neater seals, and have the advantage of being less expensive than cello bags.

Polypropylene poly bags have been the choice for product presentation and preserving freshness. Polypropylene poly bags are a high clarity crystal clear bag, which enhances the product's image. They provide a highly protective barrier against moisture, dirt and vapors and meet FDA and EFSA specifications for food content. Polypropylene bags also referred as 'Polyprop bags' or 'PP bags'.

These bags are by far the most popular for give away because of both its price and features. They are mainly used for displays.

Polypropylene (PP) is a linear hydrocarbon polymer, CnH2n. PP, like polyethylene (HDPE, L/LLDPE) and polybutene (PB), is a polyolefin or saturated polymer.

Polypropylene is one of those most versatile polymers available with applications, both as a plastic and as a fibre, in virtually all of the plastics end-use markets.

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The post MANUFACTURING OF HDPE, PLB AND DWC HDPE PIPES appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

HDPE pipes are important plastic products which have wide range of applications. These have more tensile strength in comparison to other plastic pipes. These are being used for Sprinkler Irrigation System, potable water supply and sewerage purpose. Their low cost, easily installation and better durability make them ideal for the purpose. They also offer very good resistance to most of the chemicals and have excellent electrical insulation properties. These pipes are also used for circulation of acids in various chemical industries due to their acid resistant quality.

The demand of HDPE Pipes are likely to increase due to their wide use in various sectors in India. Apart from its regular uses, such as for irrigation system, water supply, sewerage, it is being used by Department of Telecommunication for conduit for optical fiber cables. Looking to its increased demand, it appears to be good scope for setting up new small scale industries. Hence the product has good market potential.

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
THE PRESSURE GRADES AVAILABLE ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN
STANDARDS ARE
COLOR CODES USED TO INDICATE THE PRESSURE GRADES ON
THE PIPES ARE:    HDPE PIPES FOR FOLLOWING GRADES/SIZES/PRESSURE RATING
CHARACTERISTICS
USES AND APPLICATION
RELINING - NEW PIPES IN OLD
SEWER PIPES
SLURRY TRANSPORTATION
IRRIGATION
DOMESTIC GAS DISTRIBUTION
CHEMICAL PROCESS PIPING
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PROCESS FLOW CHART
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
EXTRUSION PROCESS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
EXTRUSION PROCESS PARAMETERS
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
RAW MATERIALS
A. HDPE GRANULES
B. BLACK MASTER BATCH
C. ANTI-OXIDANT
DESCRIPTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS
INCOMING RAW MATERIAL INSPECTION
RESIN HANDLING FOR MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE
RESIN STORAGE AND CONVEYANCE
RESIN FEEDING
TESTING
(A) TYPE TEST
(B) ACCEPTANCE TEST
(C) LONGLTUDINAL REVERSION PERFORMANCE TEST
APPRATUS
1. AIR OVEN
2. THERMOMETER
TEST SPECIMENS
PROCEDURE
MARKING
MARKET POSITION
THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT AND WATER CRISIS
WATER PIPES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
TEN EXCELLENT REASONS TO CHOOSE HDPE PIPE SYSTEMS INSTEAD
OF OLDER-GENERATION MATERIALS:
FUTURE GROWTH AND MAIN DEMAND DRIVERS ACROSS INDIA’S
PIPE INDUSTRY
THE INDIAN PLASTIC PIPES MARKET
TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES APPLICATION
MARKET SIZE OF PLASTIC PIPES AS PER APPLICATION
INDIAN SCENARIO (2014)
GLOBAL SCENARIO (2014)
PRODUCT WISE BREAK UP OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS EXPORTS IN 2013-2014
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS WITH PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL
BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
INTERNAL RIVALRY
THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
GROWTH DRIVERS OF PLASTIC PIPES INDUSTRY
OTHER MEASURES LIKE:
PLASTIC PIPES GROWTH IN INDIA IN LAST THREE YEARS AND
FORTH COMING YEARS
USING TIME SERIES FORECASTING METHOD (MOVING AVERAGE)
WE CAN PREDICT FOR 2012-2017:
LIST OF PLAYERS INDIA (LISTED AND UNLISTED)
PLASTIC PIPES: GLOBAL DEMAND (TOTAL 7.5 BN METERS)
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
DETAILED EXPORT DATA OF HDPE PIPE PE
EXPORT DATA OF HDPE PIPE PE
IMPORT DATA OF HDPE PIPE PE
PLANT LAYOUT
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF HDPE PIPE
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
HDPE GRANULES
SUPPLIERS OF BLACK MASTER BATCH
SUPPLIERS OF ANTIOXIDANT
SUPPLIERS OF COMPLETE HDPE PIPE PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF PRECISION MEASURING TOOLS
SUPPLIERS OF EOT CRANE
SUPPLIERS OF POWER TRANSFORMER
SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
AIR COMPRESSOR
PLATFORM WEIGHING MACHINE
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
LIST OF PLANT & MACHINERY
(A) EXTRUDER-1
(B) EXTRUDER-2
(C) TESTING INSTRUMENTS
(D) UTILITY

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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The use of barrels as storage containers is not a new concept. Originally, barrels were created from wooden planks and metal bands. These containers were excellent because they didn’t leak when filled with liquid and required no glue or nails to build. The iconic wooden barrel is still used to this day in wine and whiskey making.

In the early 1900s, wooden barrels gave way to a new more durable and easily machined material: Steel. Steel barrels were stronger, safer for use in transport and able to be manufactured on an assembly line with much less labor than wooden barrels. The steel drum is still widely used for liquid storage and transportation to this day.

More advanced technology and manufacturing practices in the late 1960s allowed for another iteration of the barrel to come about: the plastic barrel. Plastic barrels are made from high density, high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE).

Polyethylene is an excellent material because it is inert and resistant to high or low pH contents. As foodies know, the acidity of food products can be high or low. Some materials, including food products, are caustic and can even break down steel. Have you ever left tinfoil over tomato sauce for an extended period of time? The undesirable result is a case in point: the sauce eats right through metal.

The use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as opposed to low density (LDPE) allowed for barrels to be created completely from polyethylene, as opposed to using a plastic liner in a steel drum.

Plastic drums are manufactured through a process called blow molding. This process allows for various shapes to be created with no seams on the inside. Barrels are still molded in a cylindrical shape to allow for rolling and handling using the same tools as a steel drum. The round shape lacks weak corners (corners are vulnerable to cracking with impact and exposure). The added benefit of a seamless design is that it prevents buildup of bacteria in crevices.

Polyethylene barrels are made in various colors. Some barrels are created in a natural semi-transparent color to allow for a filler to see the levels of material in the barrels. However these are not UV resistant and are not suitable for outdoor storage. Black drums can be problematic as black pigment is often created from mixing various colors in a recycling process and there is no certainty as to what the previous plastic material was used for. Black barrels are generally not considered food-grade.

Most polyethylene drums are created using a blue pigment, and this has become the industry standard for food storage. The blue pigment in polyethylene drums has a higher UV light resistance than natural and does not show dirt or residue as readily. Blue is the standard food-grade drum.

One of the often forgotten and perhaps most important aspects of polyethylene is how easy it is to recycle and reuse the containers. The inertness and impermeability make them a perfect candidate for reuse or “up cycling.”

INTRODUCTION
USES & APPLICATIONS
B.I.S SPECIFICATIONS
OVERVIEW OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
MARKET SURVEY
EXPORT DATA OF HDPE DRUMS
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF HDPE DRUMS
FEATURES OF HDPE DRUMS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HDPE DRUM
MOULDING PROCESS
DETAILS OF BLOW MOULDING & PROCESS
BLOW MOULDING MACHINE
PARISON HEAD ASSEMBLY
TWO PARISON HEAD
PARISON CONTROL
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF BLOW MOULDING MACHINE
BASIC SPECIFICATION
TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDE FOR BLOW MOULDING
EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING
SPIN TRIMMING
PROCESS FLOW DIGRAM FOR DRUMS & BARRELS
SIZES AND SPECIFICATION OF HDPE DRUMS
HDPE DRUM (35 LITERS)
HDPE DRUM (45 LITERS)
OPEN TOP DRUMS (80 LITER)
HDPE DRUM (60 LITERS)
STORAGE BARRELS
PLANT LAYOUT
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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