Heavy Plastic Pipes – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports

WPC (PLASTIC COMPOSITE) DOOR FRAME

EIRI Team — Thu, 19 May 2022 12:12:20 +0000

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are a form of composite combining wood-based elements with polymers. The processes for manufacturing WPCs include extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding or thermoforming (pressing). Newer manufacturing processes for WPCs include additive manufacturing via fused layer modeling and laser sintering. An important constraint for polymers used in WPCs is requiring process conditions (melt temperature, pressure) that will not thermally degrade the wood filler. Wood degrades around 220°C; thus, general-purpose polymers like polyethylene and poly vinyl chloride are typically used for manufacturing WPCs. Wood fibers are inherently hydrophilic because of the hydroxyl groups contained in the cellulose and hemicellulose molecular chains. Thus, modification of the wood fiber via chemical or physical treatments is very critical to making improved WPCs. The most abundant profiles made from wood–plastic composites are boards or lumber used in outdoor decking applications. Although
early WPC products were mainly extruded for profiled sections, nowadays, many injected parts made of WPC are being introduced for various industries, including electrical casings, packaging, daily living supplies, and civil engineering applications. Mold and mildew and color fading of WPCs tend to be the durability issues of prime importance for WPCs. Most recent research on WPC durability focuses on studies to better understand the mechanisms contributing to various degradation issues as well as methods to improve durability. Most WPC products in the USA are utilized in building materials with few exceptions for residential and commercial building applications, which means that building codes are the most important national rules for the WPC manufacturers. New developments are being made especially in the area of nano additives for WPCs including nanocellulose. Recently, the trend of patent registrations for WPCs has shifted to new products or applications instead of the materials itself.

An important constraint for polymers used in WPCs is requiring process conditions (melt temperature, pressure) that will not thermally degrade the wood filler. Wood degrades around 220°C; thus, general-purpose polymers like polyethylene and poly vinyl chloride are typically used for manufacturing WPCs. Wood fibers are inherently hydrophilic because of the hydroxyl groups contained in the cellulose and hemicellulose molecular chains. Thus, modification of the wood fiber via chemical or physical treatments is very critical to making improved WPCs. The most abundant profiles made from wood–plastic composites are boards or lumber used in outdoor decking applications. Although early WPC products were mainly extruded for profiled sections, nowadays, many injected parts made of WPC are being introduced for various industries, including electrical casings, packaging, daily living supplies, and civil engineering applications. Mold and mildew and color fading of WPCs tend to be the durability issues of prime importance
for WPCs. Most recent research on WPC durability focuses on studies to better understand the mechanisms contributing to various degradation issues as well as methods to improve durability. the area of nano additives for WPCs including nanocellulose. Recently, the trend of patent registrations for WPCs has shifted to new products or applications instead of the materials itself.

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are roughly 50:50 mixtures of thermoplastic polymers and small wood particles. The wood and thermoplastics are usually compounded above the melting temperature of the thermoplastic polymers and then further processed to make various WPC products. WPC can be manufactured in a variety of colors, shapes and sizes, and with different surface textures. Depending on the processing method, WPCs can be formed into almost any shape and thus are used for a wide variety of applications, including windows, door frames, interior panels in cars, railings, fences, landscaping timbers, cladding and siding, park benches, molding and furniture. One commonly available example of WPCs is the decking lumber that is often better known by its various brand names – e.g., Trex™, ChoiceDek™, Eon™ or SmartDeck™ – or as the generic term “composite lumber.”

WPCs offer a number of potential benefits. The presence of wood in a plastic matrix can result in a stiffer and lower-cost material than if plastic alone was used. Also, the compression properties (resistance to crushing) for most WPCs are superior to that of wood loaded perpendicular to the grain. The plastic in the product is not subject to water absorption or biological attack, so the WPC can have lower maintenance requirements than solid wood. WPC lumber will not warp, splinter or check.

The use of wood – a natural and renewable resource – can reduce the “carbon footprint” of plastics, because less fossil energy and material are required to make the final product. WPCs are also potentially recyclable, because recovered material can be melted and re-formed. WPCs may be identified as sustainable materials, due to the wood particles predominately being a byproduct of sawmill and other wood-processing waste streams, and because much of the plastic is derived from consumer and industrial recycling efforts.

WPCs offer great flexibility in the shapes and colors of the materials produced. Materials usage can be also be reduced through the engineering of special shapes – e.g., hollow-core decking boards.

The wood component within WPCs does impart some positive attributes compared to plastic; however, the inherent problems with wood (moisture sorption and susceptibility to mold and decay) remain. Water can penetrate into WPCs, albeit at a much lower rate and level compared to solid wood or other wood composites. The resulting sorption of water can promote the growth of mold and decay fungi; however, aesthetics - not structural issues - dominate consumer callbacks. Color fade from sunlight is also accelerated when wood is added to thermoplastics, causing a whitening or graying of the surface of the composite.

WPCs can be produced in almost any color and shape. Hollow decking boards can reduce material usage.

WPCs are also usually quite heavy and not as stiff as solid wood. This limits the potential use of WPCs in many structural applications and creates the potential creep or sagging problems, especially in a warm environment. On the other hand, this flexibility can be an advantage: WPC can be bent on-site to make attractive patterns.

WPC is touted as having environmental benefits, because it is made from residues (wood) or recycled materials (plastic). However, virgin plastics are commonly supplemented in WPC operations to maintain tighter quality control and offset highly fluctuating recycled plastic inventories. WPC also requires large amounts of energy to produce. WPC is theoretically recyclable; it could be re-melted and reformed into new decking lumber. However, no recycling of this new product is currently underway, with exception of recycling of off-specification material during manufacture. The collection, cleaning and transportation of old WPC to a recycling center for remanufacture are likely to be prohibitively expensive.

WPC has become currently an important address of research that gained popularity over the last decade especially with its properties and advantages that attracted researchers such as: high durability, Low maintenance, acceptable relative strength and stiffness, fewer prices relative to other competing materials, and the fact that it is a natural resource. Other advantages have been strength points including: the resistance in opposition to biological deterioration especially for outdoor applications where untreated timber products are not suitable, the high availability of fine particles of wood waste is a main point of attraction which guarantees sustainability, improved thermal and creep performance relative to unfilled plastics where It can be produced to obtain structural building applications including: profiles, sheathings, decking, roof tiles, and window trims. On the other hand, WPCs are not nearly as stiff as solid wood; however, they are stiffer than unfilled plastics. In addition, they do not requi
re special fasteners or design changes in application as they perform like conventional wood.

As mentioned, the reasons for using WPC are many; however, there are other causes that men forced many countries to tend for using alternative sources to virgin materials. In the United States, for example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by the beginning of 2004, has phased out the usage of wood treated with chemicals such as the chromate copper arsenate (CCA) to prevent environmental and microbial degradation. As this type of wood was used in the building products' market concerned with residential applications such as decking, the need for the alternative survived the WPC market. In Europe, environmental concerns are focused on limiting the use of finite resources and the need to manage waste disposal; therefore, the tendency to recycle materials at the end of their useful life has increased tremendously. Recycling polymers in Europe was less preferred than other types of materials such as metal; however, illegality of land filling and waste management priority in many European countries were the
motive to do so. In addition to the enforced environmental policies, the growth of environmental awareness led to a new orientation to use wasted natural materials for different applications and industries such as the automotive, packaging and construction industries.

The post WPC (PLASTIC COMPOSITE) DOOR FRAME appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Modern Technology Of Injection Moulding, Blow Moulding, Plastic Extrusion, Plastic Pipes, Pet Bottle & Others Plastics Industries

EIRI Team — Thu, 02 Jul 2015 13:13:25 +0000

The book Modern Technology of Injection Moulding, Blow Moulding, Plastic Extrusion, Plastic pipes, pet Bottle & others plastics industries covers Blow Moulding, Characteristics of HDPE and PP Polymers for Blow Moulding, Moulds for Blow Moulding, Plastic Extrusion, Fuels from Plastics Waste, FRP Silos, Tanks and Pipes by Centrifugal Casting , Injection Moulding fluid Assisted Injection Moulding Makes Hollow Parts Faster, Lighter, Italian Equipment for Plastics Recovery, Injection Moulding of Plastics, Mould and Machine Setting up, Operations and Controls in Injection Moulding, Industrial Method for the Manufacture of Low Density Polyethylene, Injection Moulded Goods, Jelly Filled Cables, Linear Low Density Polyethylene Drip Irrigation Pipes, Light Weighting Option PET Bottles, Blow Moulded Plastic Containers, HDPE, PVC & CPVC Pipes and Fittings, Pet Bottles used for Packaged Drinking Water, Edible Oils, Alcoholic Beverages (Country Liquor & IMFL) etc. (in Cap: 500 ml, 1 ltr, 2 ltrs, 5 ltrs), Plastic Injection Moulded Items (Like Buckets, Plastic Chairs, Bathing Tub), Plastic Injection Moulding, Blow Moulded and PET Bottles Products, Plastic Waste Recycling Unit.

BLOW MOULDING

Injection blow Moulding
Extrusion Blow Moulding
Intermittent Extrusion
Stretch Blow Moulding
Properties of the most common plastics bottle materials
Injection Moulded Parison
Extruded Parison
Extrusion Blow moulded Parison
Aseptic Blow Moulding
Multilayer Blow Moulding
Injection versus extrusion blow moulding
Blow Moulding Process
A typical extrusion blow moulding machinery
Quick mould change system blow moulding
Blow Mould
Injection blown vis a vis extrusion blow
Moulding
Injection blow moulding
Quick Change Plate
Blow Pin (s)
Article transfer
Punch
Die/Pin
Head
Characteristics of extrusion blow moulding of some common polymers
Major uses of composite bottles
Coextrusion which Plastics go best together
Extrusion blow moulding Design Concepts
Blow moulding
Perforator for drainage pipes
Reciprocating screw machine used in blow moulding
Die and mandrel assembly

CHARACTERISTICS OF HDPE AND PP POLYMERS FOR BLOW MOULDING

HDPE High Density Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Selection of Blow Moulding Material
Recommended temperature for cavities in blow moulds
Melt temperature and pressure for extrusion blow moulding of some polymers
Processing data for stretch blow moulding
Volume shrinkage of stretch blow moulded bottles
Average polymer swell for some polymers
Data on air blowing pressures
Operation and Control in Blow Moulding
Bottle Design Concepts
Basic design consideration in blow moulding
Bottle design concepts
Surface treatment of containers
Flame Treatment
Coatings
Fluorination
Sulphonation
Bar coading
Package Coding
Blow ratio
Shape of cavity opening
Some blow moulding process variants
Deep draw blow moulding
Flashless Blow Moulding (FBM)
Extrusion blow mould check list
Multilayer Blow Moulding
Industrial Blow Moulding Applications
Co-extrusion Blow Moulding
Advantages of Co-Extrusion of Large Parts
Multilayer Blow Moulding
Six Factors that can change container volume
Comparison
Intermittent Vs Continuous Co-extrusion
Why Multilayer containers
Multilayer film Major Applications
Commercial co-extrusion
Co-ex/multilayer injection moulding
Multi component moulding
Multicolour Moulding
Special Moulding
Multilayer plastics bottles
Main Function
Materials
Observation
Blow moulding some new technologies
3-Dimensional Blow Moulding
Coextrusion properties of materials
Applications/structures of multilayer bottles
Preferred Materials Combination
Rotary injection blow moulding
15% Long Glass Fiber
Foam Technology
Rotary Injection blow moulding
Extrusion blow mould check list

MOULDS FOR BLOW MOULDING

Bottle Design Concepts
Some General Design considerations
Bottle pack process
Industrial and Structural part Design
Extrusion Blow Moulds
Construction
Blow moulds
The Materials
Cooling
Pinch-offs
Venting
Injection Blow Moulding
Injection Blow Moulding Process
Injection blow moulding
Strtech blow moulding
Single stage per process
Injection stretch blow moulding
Coextrusion Blow Moulding
Pet stretch Injection blow moulding
Injection Stretch Blow Moulding Process
Types of Processes
Development of PP Containers
ISBM Machines for PP
Opportunities for PP Containers
Bottles and Containers Market
Compact preform shuttle system
Conclusion
Shuttle mould for increasing output of pet preforms

PLASTIC EXTRUSION

Single screw extruder
Extruder barrel and feed section
Barrel heat input and extraction mechanisms
Barrel temperature control system
Screw
Gearbox and thrust bearing
Drives
Venting
Types of Dies for Film Extrusion
Extrusion of plastic films
Introduction
Processing
Material of construction
Heating & Cooling systems
Breaker Plate & Screeens
Downstream Equipments
Different types of Film Processing techniques
Blown Film Extruder
Processing temperature profiles
Frost Line height (FLH)
Film Thickness Control
Thickness Variation Control
Stretch Extrusion Process

FUELS FROM PLASTICS WASTE

Introduction
Global Scenario
Plastic Waste
Environmental Impact
Plastic waste importers in Asia
Fuel/Energy Shortage
Alternative Waste Disposal Methods
Plastic waste to fuel
Conversion Process
Principles Involved
Calorie on a par with Coal and Oil
Laboratory Scale
The Process
Salient Features
Test Reports
Emission Report
End Uses
Liquid Hydrocarbon
Gas
Solid Hydrocarbon
Gas
Solidfuel
Benefits of the Technology

FRP SILOS, TANKS AND PIPES BY CENTRIFUGAL CASTING

Introduction
Product Description and properties
Uses and Applications
Silos for storage and processing
Performance Characteristics of Silos Made of Different Materials
Tanks for storage and transport
Pipes
Cylindrical bodies as constructional elements
Manufacturing Process
Raw Materials
Plant and Machinery

INJECTION MOULDING FLUID ASSISTED INJECTION MOULDING MAKES HOLLOW PARTS FASTER, LIGHTER

Gas assisted injection moulding
How does it work
The process sequence
Geometric catgories
Merits of gas assist injectio moulding process
Geometric categories of gas assisted injection molded products
Complex Parts with Localized heavy Sections
Rod shaped Parts
Large Cover Shaped Parts
Demerits of gas assisted injected molding
Gas assisted injection molded products
Application examples
Water assist injection molding
Melt/Gasfront velocity amount of polymer in front of the gasbubble
Gas bubble propagation wall thickness distribution
Short shot process
Push back process
Overflow process
Flow Process
Advantages of the WIT
Conclusion

ITALIAN EQUIPMENT FOR PLASTICS RECOVERY

Shredding and grinding of car bumpers
Two and three shafts
Profiles and offcuts

INJECTION MOULDING OF PLASTICS

The Material Hopper
The Barrel/Cylinder heating system
The Barrel/Cylinder and Screw
Adhesion
Abrasion
Corrosion
Delamination
The Screw Drive System
The Stationary Platen
The Mould
The Moving Platen and Tie Rods
The Clamping Unit
To close and open the mould
To eject the parts
To keep the mould closed during the injection cycle
Trouble free moulds
General check list for new moulds
Machine
Mould Design
General
Mould Analysis Software
Co-ordinate Measuring Machine
Benefit to Processors
Granulator Check List
Metal Separators
General Performance Data

MOULD AND MACHINE SETTING UP

Moulding Set up Time
Injection moulding cycle
A break up of most common moulding cycle
Check list for start up
Processing :Some initial consideration
Preliminary
Machine Requirement
Number of shots/Cycle
Time
Plasticizing Capacity/Rate
Clamp Tonnage
Mouldability features
part Removal
The Sprue
runner System
Cold Slug Well
Gate Location
Gate Size
Cores
Vents
Undercuts
Melt Rheology
Purging
The Injection Moulding Machine Operation
The injection moulding cycle
Sequence of events during an injection moulding cycle
Injection moulding cycle
Trace of two different injection moulding cycles in a pvt diagram
Holding pressure
Schematic of different runner system arrangements
Principal conditions in moulding
Schematic of different gating system
SMC production line
Setting up a moulding shop
Accessories for the Injection Unit
Measurable minimum requirement for injection moulding machines
Hygroscopic Plastics
Frequently Employed Clamping Systems for Injection Moulding Machine
Injection pressure required for various plastics
Common Gating Systems & Their Aplications
Recommendation for temperature settings along a vented barrel for various thermoplastics
Spherical radi and of dimensions of nozzles according to european standards

OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS IN INJECTION MOULDING

Effect of processing on mechanical properties
Injection moulding parameters for common plastics
Molecular Orientation
Residual Stresses
Melt Elasticity
Melt Fracture
Weld Lines
Accurate Dimensions
Cooling Rate
Weigh Feeding and Blending
Feeders
Shrinkage in direction of flow (a) and Transversely to it (b) with various types of gate
Weight Blenders
Interrelationship of part design, moulding conditions, polymer selection and mould design
Specific gravity and bulk factor of plastics materials
Controls
Thermal conductivity of materials
Water absorption of common plastics(%)
Process control Methods in injection moulding
Factors that Affect Reproductive behaviour of Injection moulding Machine
Minimum actual cooling time in seconds
Processing temperatures, mould temperatures, and shrinkage of most common plastics used in injection moulding
General
In line injection compression equipment
Mouldflow
What is Mouldflow
Measurable minimum requirements for injection moulding machines
Dry cycle times of injection Moulding machines a thumb rule
How Mouldflow can help Part Designers, Mould Maker & Processor
How Mouldflow can help Mould Designer
How Mouldflow can help a Processor
How to improve Quality & Productivity using Mouldflow
Injection pressure required for various plastics in general
Injection pressure ranges for modular system of injection units
Effect of processing parameters on part dimensions
Processing Limitations for various polymers guidelines
Recommended nozzles for plastics moulding machines
Percentage by weight of permissible moisture and the recommended drying temperatures of various plastics materials
Conventional injection moulding machine
Remplan’s line injection compression system
Injection moulding processing temperature range
Interrelationship of part with design, moulding conditions, polymer selection and mould design
Suggested wall thickness for common thermoplastic moulding materials
Hydraulic system noise suppression
Some suggestions for Noise Reduction
Composition of material(%) after being processed several times (number of throughputs and with different ratios of virgin-regrind)
Comparison of colouring methods
Wall thickness of moulded parts
Quality of moulded parts factory that affect
Injection moulding section
Estimating Cooling Time
Importance of cooling in injection moulding
Good Cooling vs. Bad Cooling
Why is Turbulent Flow important
How Cooling Affects the Cycle Time
How Wall Thickness Impacks Cooling Time
Cooling channel
Diameter and Placement
How Turbulent is Enough
Energy Consumption in Injection Moulding
Typical break up of energy in injection moulding cycle
Injection moulding control system
Mechanical Properties
Dimensional Accuracy
Surface Quality
Basic Methods for control
Temperature Controls
Injection moulding product to production
Starting a new unit/new job
Pressure Measurement
Disturbing Factor that affect smooth operation
Clamping
Injection
Microprocess controls in moulding
Standard Functions
Monitoring Functions
Control Functions
Injection moulding pressure conversion table
Injection moulding clamp force conversion table
Injection moulding shot weight conversion factors
Injection moulding shot volume conversion table

INDUSTRIAL METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Flow chart for the manufacture of LDPE
Mechanism
Properties
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Propagation
Termination
Uses

INJECTION MOULDED GOODS

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
ABS
Filled Polypropylene
Properties & Applicatin of Filled Polypropylene
Polypropylene Copolymer
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process

JELLY FILLED CABLES

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE DRIP IRRIGATION PIPES

Need for Plasticulture
Plasticulture
Indian Trend-Drip Irrigation
Recurrent drought and scarce water resource has led to inefficient water use
Drip Irrigation
Advantages of Drip Irrigation Systems
Drip irrigation system includes the Main Line, Submain, Line, Laterals & Emitters/Drippers
Micro Irrigation
Benefits
Status in India
Objectives of Micro Irrigation System
Comparison between Conventional Irrigation v/c Micro Irrigation
Manufacturing Process
Advantages of using LLDPE
Business with Plasticulture
Polyethylene Pipes for Entrepreneurs
Conslusion

LIGHT WEIGHTING OPTION PET BOTTLES

Why light weighting of PET bottles
Savings delivered by light weighting PET bottles
Options for light weighting of PET bottles
Weight reduction from neck area
Closure manufacturer
CSD thread evolution
Conversion from PCO 1810 to PCO 1881 neck gives total savings of 1.9 gm per bottle
Why this change has not happened in Indan maket?
What is the next cost effective option
Mineral water thread evolution
Estimated savings with modified pco 1810
light weight neck (3,9 gm)
What is the optimum neck weight for mineral water application
Comparison of two necks
Light weighting of pre form by reduction of body weight
Light weighting of pre form by reduction of bottom part weight
Light weighting of PET bottle by reduction in closure weight

BLOW MOULDED PLASTIC CONTAINERS

Introduction
Process of Manufacture
Extrusion Blow Moulding
Storage of Bottles
Storage of empty containers
Transport of Containers
Plant Economics of Blow Moulded Plastic Containers
Plant & Machinery
Process Flow Diagram for Polyethene Bottles
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

HDPE, PVC & CPVC PIPES AND FITTINGS

Chemical Resistance
Strength
Internal Corrosion Resistance
External Corrosion Resistance
Freedom from Toxicity Odors, Tasters
Corrosion Free
Low Friction Loss
Low Thermal Conductivity
Easy installation and low installation cost
Maintenance free Standard Approved
Plant Economics of HDPE, PVC & CPVC Pipes and Fittings
Plant & Machinery
Process Flow Sheet for The Manufacture of PVC Pipes
Process Flow Diagram for CPVC Pipes
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

PET BOTTLES USED FOR PACKAGED DRINKING WATER, EDIBLE OILS, ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES (COUNTRY LIQUOR & IMFL) ETC. (IN CAP: 500ML, 1 LTR, 2 LTRS, 5 LTRS)

Manufacturing Process of Pet Bottles ( By Single Stage Process)
Plant Economics of Pet Bottles in Cap: 500ML
Plant and Machinery
PET Preform (Assorted Sizes)
PET Bottles to Market
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDED ITEMS (LIKE BUCKETS, PLASTIC CHAIRS, BATHING TUB)

Manufacturing Process
Plasticizing
Injection
After-Filling
Time Cycle
Process Flow Sheet
Plant Economics of Injection Moulded Plastic Components
Plant and Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDING, BLOW MOULDED AND PET BOTTLES PRODUCTS

Manufacturing Process
Injection Moulding Process
Plasticizing
Injection
After Filling
Cooling and Mold Release
Time Cycle
Injection Moulding
Blow Moulding Process
Process of Manufacture
Extrusion Blow moulding
Storage of Containers
Storage of empty containers
Transport of Containers
Pet Bottles Manufacturing Process
Plant Economics of Plastic and Pet Bottles with caps
Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

PLASTIC WASTE RECYCLING UNIT

Plant Economics
Plastic Granules from Waste
Basis
Manufacturing process flow sheet for Plasti Granules from Plastic Scrap
Land & Building
Plant & Machienry
Other Fixed Assets
Fixed Capital
Working Capital Requirement/Month
Raw Materials
Salary & Wages/Month
Utilities and Overheads
Total Working Capital/Month
Cost of Project
Total Capital Investment
Cost of Production/Annum
Turn Over/Annum
Break Even Point (.B.E.P.)
Resources for Finance

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The post Modern Technology Of Injection Moulding, Blow Moulding, Plastic Extrusion, Plastic Pipes, Pet Bottle & Others Plastics Industries appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Complete Technology Book on Identification of Plastics and Plastic Products Materials (Additives, Applications, Biodegradation, Biomedical, Bulk Moulding Compound, Chemical Analysis, XLPE, Drip Irrigation, Expanded Polyethylene, Polystyrene & HDPE)

EIRI Team — Sat, 26 Apr 2014 12:27:53 +0000

IDENTIFICATION OF PLASTICS

Beginning
Inhouse identification facilities
Laboratory
Equipments to be used
Glasswares and other Accessories
Optional accessories
Chemicals
Solvents
Organic reagents
Inorganic chemicals
Acids and bases
Miscellaneous
Identification of Plastics (Simple Methods)
Physical Identification
Visual appearance
Method of fabrication
Penetration to hot rod and cutting with a knife
Floatation test
Colour
Odour
Burning test
Bending test
Film tear test
Chemical Identification
Pyrolysis test
Solubility test
Softening and melting points
Detection of elements
Preparation of sodium fusion extract
Nitrogen
Chlorine and Bromine
Fluorine
Sulphur
Detection of phosphorus
Preparation of ammonium molybdate solution
Confirmation tests
Tests for Polyolefins
Test for Chlorine Containing Polymers
Test for Caprolactum in Nylon 6
Test for Adipic acid in Nylon 6.6
Test for Polycarbonate
Test for PMMA
Test for Polyacetals
Tests for PET and PBT
Test for Polyurethane
Test for Cellulose in Cellulosics (Molisch Reaction)
Test for acetates and propionates
Test for cellulose ethers
Detection of methyl cellulose
Reaction to heating and burning
Detection of ethyl cellulose
Tests for phenol formaldehyde (PF), urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF)
Test for epoxy resin
Foucry test
Test for alkyd resins
Test for phthalate
Identification of plastics materials
Thermoplastics
ABS
Acetal
Acrylic
Cellulose acetate
Cellulose acetate butyrate
Cellulose propionate
Fluorocarbons (FEP,CTFE, PTFE, PVF)
Nylons
Polycarbonate
Thermoplastic polyester
PVC
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
Polysulphone
Polyurethane (Thermoplastic)
Thermosetting Plastics
Diallyphthalate (DAP)
Epoxy
Phenol formaldehyde
Urea formaldehyde
Melamine formaldehyde
Polyesters
Silicones
Identification of plastics (instrumental methods)Infrared Spectroscopy
Sample preparation
Capillary films
Solutions
Films
Pellets
Mulls
Identification
Monomer content studies
Crystallisation of polymers
Compatibility of polymers
Copolymer composition analysis
Polymer degradation
Thermal Analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry
Thermogravimetric analyser
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Applications
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Applications of NMR to polymers

ADDITIVES FOR POLYOLEFINS

Introduction
Types of Additives
Incorporation of Additives
Antioxidants
Types
U.V.Stabilizers
Antiblocking agents
Slip agents
Antistatic agents
Metal deactivators
Colourants
Nucleating Agents
Crosslinking
Flame retardants
Fillers and reinforcing agents
Impact modifiers
Blowing agents
Cling agents
Lubricants & processing aids
masterbatches

VARIOUS PLASTICS APPLICATIONS

Introduction
Plastics for space application
Materials for space
Materials for structural and related applications
Thermal control Materials
Materials for lubricated system
Electronic Components Materials
Materials for adhesion/sealing etc.
Adhesives
Sealant
Plastics Engineering in automobiles
Safety and Economy in Automobiles
Engineering Plastics in Electronics
Properties
Modification of Engineering Plastics
Application in Electronics Industry
Engineering Plastics vs Metals
Capacitors
Plastic Encapsulation of Semi Conductors
Covers and Enclosures
Mechanical and Electrical Parts
Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)
Newer Plastics
High temperature PES
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Engineering Thermoplastics for Mechanical Engineering Applications
Nylon Polyamide
Excellent mechanical load bearing capacity
Favourable friction and abrasion properties
Self lubrication
Vibration and sound damping
Applications in mechanical components
Thermoplastic Polyester
Specific properties
Typical applications in mechanical engineering Polyacetal (POM)
Applications
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Properties
Applications
Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Properties
Applications
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
Applications
Polyethylene terephathalate and polybutylene terephthalate in engineering applications
Properties
Processing
Sensitivity to hydrolytic degradation
Low melt viscosity
Precise temperature control
Mould heating
Applications
Electrical
Electronics
Automotives
Domestic applications
Lamps
Mechanical
Building
Plastics in buildings
Plastic Materials
Construction aids
Wall panel
Thermal insulation
Sealants
Adhesives in buildings
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications of recycled plastics
Recycled LDPE
Recycled PVC
Recycled Polystyrene (PS)
Domestic
Recycled Polyethylene Tetrephthalate (PET)
Recycled Commingied Plastics Waste

BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

Mechanisms of degradation in polymers
Photodegradation
Thermal degradation
Chemical degradation
Biological degradation
Factors affecting biodegradability
Effect of Polymer structure, chemical composition and properties
Effect of Environmental factors
Soil texture and structure
Soil temperature
Cation exchange capacity
Soil organic matter (SOM)
Water
Soil pH

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

Classification of Biopolymers
Polyester
Polycaprolactone
Poly(b-hydroxybutyrate)
Poly(phosphoesters)
Polycarbonates
Poly(amides)
Polyphosphazenes
Poly(orthoesters)
Polyanhydrides
Factor Affecting Biodegradation
Effect of Polymer Structures
Effect of Polymer Morphology
Effect of Molecular Weight
Effect of Radiation and Chemical Treatment
Biomedical Applications
Surgical Sutures
Bone Fixation Devices

BULK MOULDING COMPOUNDS (BMC)

Overview
Bulk Moulding Compounds
What are bulk Moulding Compounds
Characteristics of Bulk Moulding Compounds
Thermal stability
Flame Retardance
Electrical Properties
Colours
Resistance to Chemicals and Stains
Cost
Storage and Shelf life
Processability
Recyclability
Conclusion
Common uses of BMC in automotive industry

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

Introduction
Preparation for Analysis
Preliminary examination
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Saponification Number
Phenols
Methyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
Phthalic Acid
Colophony Resins
Other Resins
Nitro groups
Aidehydes
Furfural
Coumarone
Aniline
Glycerol
Carbohydrate (Cellulose)
Acetic Acid
Quantitative analysis
Cellulose Ethers
Methylcellulose
Ethylcellulose
Benzylcellulose
Cellulose Esters
Cellulose acetate
Cellulose acetobutyrate
Nitrocellulose
Polyvinyl Esters
Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride acetate
Polystyrene
Polymethacrylic and Polyacrylic Esters
Phenol formaldehyde Condensation Products
Aminoplastis
Proteinoplasts
Aniline formaldehyde
Urea resins
Melamine formaldehyde resin
Thiourea resin
Sulphonemide formaldehyde resins
Nylon
Analysis of aminoplasts
Chlorinated Plastics
Chlorinated rubber
Chlorinated diphenyl
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chloroprene
Natural and synthetic rubber
Plasticizers

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ADDITIVES IN PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

Beginning
Direct spectroscopy of polymer films
Apparatus
Procedure
Preparation of sample film
Recording the infrared spectrum
Measurement of Absorbance
Calibration
Preliminary solvent extraction
Solvent Extraction Procedures
Determination of tinuvin 326 in polypropylene
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calibration
Polymer Extraction
Determination of phenolic antioxidants
Determination of amine antioxidants
Apparatus
Reagents
Methanol hydrochloric acid solvent
Procedure “A”
Alternate Procedure “B” for PBNA
Determination of plasticizers
Extraction with Single Solvents
Extraction with Mixed Solvents
Multiple Extractions
Improvement of Extractions
Determination of ultra violet absorbers
Method
Apparatus
Reagents
Calibration
Cetting up the fluorimeter
Console controls
Dynode supply
Filter
Recorder
Analysis of Polystyrene
Calculations
Determination of Polygard
Determination of organic peroxides
Determination of p-tert butyl Perbenzoate in Polystyrene
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculations
Valuation of styrene, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile monomers
Direct Ultra violet Spectroscopic Method for Styrene
Distillation/Ultra violet Spectroscopic Method for Styrene
Polarographic Method for Acrylonitrile
Apparatus
Reagents
Acrylonitrile and styrene monomers Re-distill the monomers immediately before use
Hydrogen or nitrogen extremely low oxygen content
Procedure

CROSS LINKED POLYETHYLENE COMPOUND

Introduction
Plant & Machinery
Radiation crosslinking
Compounding
Applications of radiation crosslinking
Preference of XLPE in cables
Uses of radiation crosslinked polyethylene
Formulations & Processing parameters

DRIP IRRIGATION

What is Drip Irrigation?
Typical setup of Drip Irrigation System
Why Drip Irrigation?
Gvernment Initiative for Popularisation of Irrigation System
Micro Irrigation Scheme
Indian Business
RR+DRTS Together
Important Features of Drip Line Pipe Plant Supplied by R.R.
Drip Emitters DRTS PC Dripper
Why pressure compensating (PC) drippers?
Advantages in slopes
Precision
Lower project cost
Simple Design
Fertilizer advantages

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER SYSTEMS

Introduction
New tissues using function cells and bio degradable polymer scafffolds
Polymers serve severa Ipurposes
Effective as scaffolds for cell delivery in the generation of new tissue
Some disadvantages of these polymers
Poly (glycolic acid), PGA and poly (lactic acid), PLA and their copolymers
Medical application of PGA
Concerns about degradation
Cross linkable PPF, poly (propylene fumarate)
Polyanhydrides
Polyanhydride for drug delivery applications
Photo cross linkable polyanhydride
Poly carbonates
Polyphosphazene
Poly orthoesters
Polyurethanes
Development of injectable and biodegradable polymer for tissue engineering
Requirements in orthopedic tissue engineering

ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS

Introduction
Structural features
The band theory of solids and the electrical conductivity of p-conjugated polymers
Doping of organic conjugated polymers
General methods of preparationof conducting polymers
Chemical routes
Electrochemical synthesis
Photochemical synthesis
Attempts to improve the processability of conducting polymers
Electrically conducting polyaniline
Chemical synthesis of emeraldine base
Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline
Earlier doping studies on polyaniline
Use of Polymer functionalized dopants
Influence of organic sulphonic acids
Polyanilline camphor sulphonic acid/dodpcyl benzene sulphonic acid systems
Secondary doping in polyaniline
Organic phosphonic acids as the dopants
Naturally available organic compound as dopants
Applications of conducting polymers
Conducting plastics in devices
Coaxial cable
Electromagnetic shielding
Thin film trqansistors
Flexible display
Smart windows
Solder
Batteries
Artificial muscle
Biological Sensors
Camouflage coatings
Electroluminescence Lightemitting diode (LED)
Electrostatic materials
Conducting adhesives
Printed circuit boards
Aircraft structures
Molecular electronics
Electrochemical actators
Smart structures

EXPANDED POLYETHYLENE

Beginning
Process
Raw materials
Blowing Agents
Chemical Blowing Agents (CBA)
Physical blowing agents (PBA)
CFC
Butane
Other additives
Open and closed cell foamed plastics
Non-crossedlinked foam
Crosslinked foam
Mouldable Foam beads
properties
Antistatic property
Fire retardant property
Density
Size of cells
Thermal conductivity
Temperature range
Fabrication versatility
Laminate products
Applications
Cushion packaging
Automotive use
Shoes/sports gods
Carpet underlay
Construction
Conclusion

EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE

Introduction
Manufacturing process
Diffusion of blowing agent into Polystyrene
The Quenched Pellet Process
Extrusion process
Processing temperature
Effect of cell nucleating agent
General processing parameters of polystyrene
Some Properties of Polystyrene
properties are to be measured (After foaming)
Applications

HDPE TARPAULINS AS SACKS FOR FRUITS & VEGETABLES

Introduction
11th Plant aimed at doubleing the annual growth rate in the agriculture sector to 4 percent
Growth
Plastics in Agribusiness
Tarpaulin
Advantages of HDPE Tarpaulin
Polyethylene Tarpaulins
Manufacturing Process
Lamination
Sealing
Border making
Machinery
Transportation
Storage
Plastics for Entrepreneurs
HDPE Eyeleted Tarpaulins as sacks for packaging of fruits & vegetales with more number of eyelets for breathability
End Uses of HDPE Tarpaulin
End Uses of HDPE Tarpaulin

HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE (HDPE)

Co-ordination Polymerization (Ziegler Process)
Mechanism
Initiation
Propagation

The post Complete Technology Book on Identification of Plastics and Plastic Products Materials (Additives, Applications, Biodegradation, Biomedical, Bulk Moulding Compound, Chemical Analysis, XLPE, Drip Irrigation, Expanded Polyethylene, Polystyrene & HDPE) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

HDPE pipes and pipe fittings

EIRI Team — Tue, 08 Oct 2013 17:02:45 +0000

Provision of drinking water supply, or in other words `piped' Water supply to urban and rural population, constitutes an Important aspect of developmental programmes in many countries. Among several materials for pipes and fittings, plastics, though Of recent origin, have offered vast potentialities both Economical and technical, for exploitation by the engineers, Architects and builders of the plastic materials, polyethylene (low and high density) and unplasticized pvc (rigid pvc) have Been the prime contender, though to a fairly smaller extent, Polypropylene and abs have made their appearance in this field. A Whole range of sanitary fittings and fixtures viz, taps, showers, Gratings, basin and sink wastes, waste traps, float balls and Valves, syphons for flushing cystems, are also currently Available in the market, moulded in different suitable plastics. These hdpe pipes and fittings have a high degree of Corrosion resitance, are light in weight. Yet tough and durable, Have excellent, hydraulic properties, excellent thermal Properties, weatherability. As such law & high density pipes Are various fields viz. Agriculture industry.

Project Report covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Plant Layout
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post HDPE pipes and pipe fittings appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

HDPE pipes (1 inch to 24 inch OD)

EIRI Team — Tue, 08 Oct 2013 13:19:28 +0000

Provision of drinking water supply, or in other words `piped' Water supply to urban and rural population, constitutes an Important aspect of developmental programmes in many countries. Among several materials for pipes and fittings, plastics, though Of recent origin, have offered vast potentialities both Economical and technical, for exploitation by the engineers, Architects and builders of the plastic materials, polyethylene (low and high density) and unplastic. These hdpe pipes and Fittings have a high degree of corrosion resitance, are Light in weight. Yet tough and durable, have excellent, Hydraulic properties, excellent thermal properties, Weatherability. As such law & high density pipes are various Fields viz. Agriculture industry. With their many advantages Over conventional materials, plastics have revolutionized Modern engineering, unlike steel and copper, plastic materials Do not corrode, are much lighter and cost less. This is Particularly descriptive of hdpe pipeline systems, now used Extensively in europe. The usa and japan for conveying water, Corosive liquids, waste and effluents, perform better at lower Cost.

Project Report covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Plant Layout
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post HDPE pipes (1 inch to 24 inch OD) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.