Formula: HCl

Molar mass: 36.46 g/mol

Appearance: Colourless, transparent liquid

It is a simple diatomic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom and a chlorine atom connected with a covalent single bond. Since the chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom, the covalent bond between the atoms is polar.

When dissolved in water, toxic hydrogen chloride gas will completely dissociate into its constituent ions to form hydrochloric acid. Aqueous HCl has water-like fluidity, color and appearance unless impurities such as iron (III) chloride are present that cause the solution to turn slightly yellow. Hydrochloric acid has a sharp, pungent, quickly-irritating odor that increases in potency and hazard with rising solution concentrations.

Traditional HCl concentrations are manufactured within the 31.5% to 38% weight/weight (wt%) range. Lower strength solutions are produced through dilution. Concentrated grades are considered 35-38 wt% HCl and are considered fuming hydrochloric acid due to the release of HCl gas from the solution. Higher concentrations are chemically possible but the properties of HCl make handling and long-term storage of these concentrations difficult due to necessary physical requirements, the generated fumes, and likelihood of evaporative loss. The pH of an HCl solution will be low, even for dilute mixtures, with a pH around zero or below to be expected for pure, concentrated solutions.

Molecularly, hydrochloric acid is an inorganic acid solution of the anhydrous gas dissolved in water. Upon dissolution, HCl reacts with water molecules to produce a mixture of hydronium ions, H3O+, and chloride ions, Cl-. The following equation demonstrates the reaction:

H2O(l) + HCl(g) ⇄ H3O+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

The above reaction establishes an equilibrium but chemical properties and reactivity significantly favor production of the hydronium and chloride ions. The equilibrium shifts more to the production of HCl gas with increasing hydrochloric acid concentrations, (and also heat), eventually leading to fuming hydrochloric acid concentration strengths due to evolving gas vapors. Fumes from HCl solutions are HCl gas and are considered noxious and potentially corrosive.

Aqueous hydrochloric acid is used in recovery of semiprecious metals from used catalysts, as a catalyst in synthesis, use in catalyst regeneration, pH control, regeneration of ion exchange resins used in wastewater treatment and electric utilities, neutralization of alkaline products or waste materials, and in brine acidification for use in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. The pharmaceutical industry consumes hydrochloric acid as a catalyst in synthesis, for pH control, for deionization of water and as a reduction agent (e.g., in the production of ascorbic acid and Para- aminobenzoic acid).

Numerous other uses of hydrochloric acid include the manufacture of dyes and pigments; the removal of sludge and scale from industrial equipment; the de-liming, tanning and dying of hides by the leather industry; manufacture of permanent wave lotion; the carbonizing of wool; use as a bleaching and dyeing assistant in the textile industry; and the purification of sand and clay.

Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water. Hydrogen chloride gas is found in the volcame gases. The order designation, muriatic acid, proposed by Lavoisier in 1789, was based on the term muriate, inclicating the presence of chloride is an inagam'c compound. Thus, it is also know as muriat'c acid. The archaic designation is still used in US industry to refer to the commercial farm. Similarly, the arbitrary specific gravity scall devised in the eighteenth century by the Franch chemist Baune is still used to characterize the commercial grades of the acid. The Twaddell density scale which approximates the concentration, is also less commonly used. The relationship of the varius density units of the concentration of the three standard commercial grades of hydrochloric acid is shown in Table 1.

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Aqueous hydrochloric acid is used in recovery of semiprecious metals from used catalysts, as a catalyst in synthesis, use in catalyst regeneration, pH control, regeneration of ion exchange resins used in wastewater treatment and electric utilities, neutralization of alkaline products or waste materials, and in brine acidification for use in the production of chlorine and caustic soda. The pharmaceutical industry consumes hydrochloric acid as a catalyst in synthesis, for pH control, for deionization of water and as a reduction agent (e.g., in the production of ascorbic acid and Para- aminobenzoic acid).

Numerous other uses of hydrochloric acid include the manufacture of dyes and pigments; the removal of sludge and scale from industrial equipment; the de-liming, tanning and dying of hides by the leather industry; manufacture of permanent wave lotion; the carbonizing of wool; use as a bleaching and dyeing assistant in the textile industry; and the purification of sand and clay.

INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND CONCENTRATION OF COMMERCIAL GRADES
OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
USES & APPLICATION
PICKLING OF STEEL
PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PRODUCTION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PH CONTROL AND NEUTRALIZATION
REGENERATION OF ION EXCHANGERS
OTHER
OIL WELL ACIDIZING
FOOD
OTHER FOOD USES
PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE
ORE PROCESSING
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL USES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
REGULATORY INFORMATION
NORTH AMERICAN REGULATORY INFORMATION
OTHER REGULATORY INFORMATION
PRODUCT CERTIFICATIONS AND LISTINGS
CORROSIVITY
REACTIVITY
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PACKING AND MARKING
TABLE 1 REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID
CORRELATION TABLE FOR RELATIVE DENSITY AND PERCENT BY MASS
OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SCOPE
PROPERTIES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID
STORAGE
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
TANK CLEANING AND REPAIRS
MARKET SURVEY
INDUSTRIAL MARKET
OVERVIEW OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN ETHIOPIA
DEMAND PROJECTION
STRUCTURE AND REACTIONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
SYNTHESIS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
SECONDARY BRINE PURIFICATIONS
ELECTROLYSIS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID PRODUCTION
DESIGN FEATURES OF HCL SYNTHESIS FURNACE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID FROM SALT AND SULPHURIC ACID
REACTIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
PROCESS IN DETAILS
FLOW SHEET DIAGRAM OF MANUFACTURE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
FROM COMMON SALT
OTHER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID FROM CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN
FLOW SHEET OF MANUFACTURE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID FROM
CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN
HARGREAVES PROCESS
HERE THE PREDOMINANT REACTIONS IS
BY PRODUCT HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HANDLING, PACKAGING AND FIRE HAZARDS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE
PACKAGING AND SHIPPING
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
MANUFACTURE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE
AND SULPHURIC ACID
PLANT LAYOUT

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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