d which is being triggered by fire-safety regulations worldwide becoming increasingly stringent. The increasing use of various bromine derivatives in several other applications, such as biocides, water treatment, and dyes is anticipated to boost the demand. Though bromine finds limited applications in the pharmaceutical sector, its demand is expected to increase in future. Bromine compounds are being tested in various clinical trials focused on finding cure for Alzheimer's, dementia, STDs, and certain forms of cancer. Positive outcomes from these studies are poised to substantially boost the demand for bromine and its derivatives.

Brine Liquid having at least 2.2 gm/lit bromine is most suitable for the manufacture of bromine. The technology for manufacture of bromine has been developed at Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar, India and the technology has been licensed to 9 salt manufacturers and five of them are in production. The capacity utilization of these plants during the last ten years was noticed to be varying between 50 to 85% and their total production always remained far below the demand of bromine in the country. Therefore the production of bromine offers good prospects to those entrepreneurs who have access to sea Brine Liquid.

Bromine and bromo-compounds have wide range of uses in chemical and other uses. It is used for the manufacture of dye intermediate & dye stuffs, drugs & pharmaceutical products, photography chemicals, insecticides, fuming agents, antiknock gasoline, fire retardants, in textile industry and in oil exploration. It is also used in controlling microbes and algae in swimming pools.

Bromine is a deep red fuming liquid, member of the halogen elements as Group VII of the periodic table that is liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure. Bromine, a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid with an interesting irritating odour, is the only non-metallic element that is a liquid at normal temperature. It is a diatomic molecule with the chemical formula Br2

Rare element bromine is found in, nature dispersed throughout the earth crust only in compounds such as soluble and insoluble bromides. The chief commercial source of bromine is ocean water from which the element is extracted by means of chemical replacement (oxidation) by more active chlorine. Bromine has traditionally been manufactured as a byproduct from saline mother liquors (Brine Liquids) left after the crystallization of the main salt products.

Source and Safety of Bromine

Natural sources for bromine are chloride sources such as natural salt stocks and seawater where bromides are accompanying the chlorides. Industrial sources for bromine recovery are quench waters of waste incinerators (coming from the flame retardants) and effluents of industrial bromination processes.

In this case no more than half of the bromine added ends up in the product; the rest is being released as hydrogen bromide gas and as dissolved bromides (often rejected in washing solutions). Since bromine is an expensive, widely used raw material, recovery is usually a viable option.

Safety First

Bromine is highly corrosive, toxic, and causes serious chemical burns. 3 ppm in the air is considered immediately dangerous to life and health. Therefore, it is vitally important to take the highest safety precautions when working with bromine.

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install 5000 Tons/Year Liquid Bromine production facility as a Green Filed Project.

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Oceans cover about 70 percent of the Earth's surface and about 97 percent of all water on and in the Earth is saline—there's a lot of salty water on our planet. The rain that falls on the land contains some dissolved carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic due to carbonic acid. The rain physically erodes the rock and the acids chemically break down the rocks and carries salts and minerals along in a dissolved state as ions. The ions in the runoff are carried to the streams and rivers and then to the ocean.

Many of the dissolved ions are used by organisms in the ocean and are removed from the water. The two ions that are present most often in seawater are chloride and sodium. These two make up over 90% of all dissolved ions in seawater.

The concentration of salt in seawater (its salinity) is about 35 parts per thousand; in other words, about 3.5% of the weight of seawater comes from the dissolved salts. Sea salt is salt that is produced by the evaporation of seawater. It is used as a seasoning in foods, cooking, cosmetic and for preserving food.

Throughout the world the main sources of salt are sea water, lake water and rock salt deposits. Salt is recovered from the sea and lakes by evaporation. Rock salt may be mined like coal, or recovered by drilling wells into the salt bed, forcing down pure water and pumping up the saturated brine which forms.

Commercially available sea salts on the market today vary widely in their chemical composition. Although the principal component is sodium chloride, the remaining portion can range from less than 0.2 to 10% of other salts. These are mostly calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of chloride and sulfate with substantially lesser amounts of many trace elements found in natural seawater.

Though the composition of commercially available salt may vary, the ionic composition of natural saltwater is relatively constant.

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The properties of bromine are significantly different from those of fluorine and chlorine. Discovered in the early 19th century, in the form of its salts (bromides) in the bitterns remaining after evaporating sea water and extracting the sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a byproduct in the production of potassium salts and from other deposits and salt lakes.

Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor use. Bromine first because of industrial importance with the development of modern photographic process, in which the light sensitive material is an emulsion of minute particles of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or both) in gelatin.

For a time, the expanding world automobile industry. Threatened a scarcity of bromine, obtained from brines, which contained about 0.5% bromine. To meet the demand, it was necessary to turn to sea water which contains about 70 ppm bromine.

The chief sources of bromine are sea water, brines and betters and the natural deposits of potassium salts. In these, it is present in very small quantities in the combined state. Sea-water contains, 66 parts per million (0.0066 %) of bromine and in 1933, the DOW Chemical Co., (U.S.A.) developed a process for its recovery. Large quantities of bromine are now being produced both from the sea and from the salt & lakes. The U.S.A. is now the world largest producer and used the entire output for the manufacture of ethylene bromine.

The other prominent bromine producing countries are Germany and France.

Bromine, a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid with an interesting irritating odour, is the only non-metallic element that is a liquid at normal temperature. It is a diatomic molecule with the chemical formula.

The bromine available for extraction occurs as bromide in the ocean, in salt lakes and in brine or saline deposits left by evaporation of such waters by solar heat. Sea bitterns, the left over concentrated solution after the crystallizing out of salt from the sea water, are very rich in bromine and offer a good raw material for the manufacture of bromine. Bromine is extracted from seawater.

USES, SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE

Use of Bromine

Bromine is widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Major applications are brominated organic components used as

• Flame retardants (e.g. polybrominated biphenyls)

• Pesticide (e.g. methyl bromide)

• Reactive intermediates in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical ingredients

Sources of Bromine

Natural sources for bromine are chloride sources such as natural salt stocks and seawater where bromides are accompanying the chlorides. Industrial sources for bromine recovery are quench waters of waste incinerators (coming from the flame retardants) and effluents of industrial bromination processes.

The reactions to form the a.m. chemicals may generate hydrogen bromide as a by-product:

R-H+Br2 => R-Br+HBr

In this case no more than half of the bromine added ends up in the product, the rest being released as hydrogen bromide gas and as dissolved bromides (often rejected in washing solutions). Since bromine is an expensive, widely used raw material, recovery is usually a viable option.

Safety First

Bromine is highly corrosive, toxic, and causes serious chemical burns. 3 ppm in the air is considered immediately dangerous to life and health. Therefore, it is vitally important to take the highest safety precautions when working with bromine.

Accordingly, plants processing bromine have to be made of highly corrosion and diffusion resistant, robust materials. QVF borosilicate glass 3.3 and glass-lined steel are ideal materials for their construction. All measures are taken to avoid any bromine leakage; the equipment fulfills ASME requirements for pressure and tightness of flange connections. For extra safety measures, the vent systems are equipped with bromine scrubbers.

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The properties of bromine are significantly different from those of fluorine and chlorine. Discovered in the early 19th century, in the form of its salts (bromides) in the bitterns remaining after evaporating sea water and extracting the sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a byproduct in the production of potassium salts and from other deposits and salt lakes.

Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor use. Bromine first because of industrial importance with the development of modern photographic process, in which the light sensitive material is an emulsion of minute particles of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or both) in gelatin.

For a time, the expanding world automobile industry. Threatened a scarcity of bromine, obtained from brines, which contained about 0.5% bromine. To meet the demand, it was necessary to turn to sea water which contains about 70 ppm bromine.

The chief sources of bromine are sea water, brines and betters and the natural deposits of potassium salts. In these, it is present in very small quantities in the combined state. Sea-water contains, 66 parts per million (0.0066%) of bromine and in 1933, the DOW Chemical Co., (U.S.A.) developed a process for its recovery. Large quantities of bromine are now being produced both from the sea and from the salt & lakes. The U.S.A. is now the world largest producer and used the entire output for the manufacture of ethylene bromine.

The other prominent bromine producing countries are Germany and France.

Bromine, a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid with an interesting irritating odour, is the only non-metallic element that is a liquid at normal temperature. It is a diatomic molecule with the chemical formula Br2

The bromine available for extraction occurs as bromide in the ocean, in salt lakes and in brine or saline deposits left by evaporation of such waters by solar heat. Sea bitterns, the left over concentrated solution after the crystallizing out of salt from the sea water, are very rich in bromine and offer a good raw material for the manufacture of bromine. Bromine is extracted from seawater.

Two processes are generally adopted for the recovery of Bromine from Sea/ Salt Bittern as mentioned below:

Steaming Out Process (Hot Process)

The process is also known as Hot Process because chlorination of bittern is done with simultaneous steam blowing by means of live steam to heat the bittern to near its boiling point to set free the finished product Bromine.

Air Blowing Process (Cold Process)

This process is known as Cold Process because the finished product Bromine is set free from bittern by chlorination and air blowing under cold conditions.

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The properties of bromine are significantly different from those of fluorine and chlorine. Discovered in the early 19th century, in the form of its salts (bromides) in the bitterns remaining after evaporating sea water and extracting the sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a byproduct in the production of potassium salts and from other deposits and salt lakes.

Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor use. Bromine first because of industrial importance with the development of modern photographic process, in which the light sensitive material is an emulsion of minute particles of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or both) in gelatin.

For a time, the expanding world automobile industry. Threatened a scarcity of bromine, obtained from brines, which contained about 0.5% bromine. To meet the demand, it was necessary to turn to sea water which contains about 70 ppm bromine.

The chief sources of bromine are sea water, brines and betters and the natural deposits of potassium salts. In these, it is present in very small quantities in the combined state. Sea-water contains, 66 parts per million (0.0066 %) of bromine and in 1933, the DOW Chemical Co., (U.S.A.) developed a process for its recovery. Large quantities of bromine are now being produced both from the sea and from the salt & lakes. The U.S.A. is now the world largest producer and used the entire output for the manufacture of ethylene bromine.

The other prominent bromine producing countries are Germany and France.

Bromine, a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid with an interesting irritating odour, is the only non-metallic element that is a liquid at normal temperature. It is a diatomic molecule with the chemical formula Br2

The bromine available for extraction occurs as bromide in the ocean, in salt lakes and in brine or saline deposits left by evaporation of such waters by solar heat. Sea bitterns, the left over concentrated solution after the crystallizing out of salt from the sea water, are very rich in bromine and offer a good raw material for the manufacture of bromine. Bromine is extracted from seawater.

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PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•         Introduction
•         Uses and Applications
•         Properties
•         Market Survey with future aspects
•         Present Manufacturers
•         B.I.S. Specifications
•         Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•        Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•         Capacity
•         Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•         List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•         Raw Materials
•         Details/List and Costs
•         Power & Water Requirements
•         Labour/Staff Requirements
•         Utilities and Overheads
•         Total Capital Investment
•         Turnover
•         Cost of Production
•         Break Even Point
•         Profitability
•         Land Man Ratio
•         Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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