Project report on liquid rosin manufacture - Technology Book - Feasibility Report - Market Survey - Industrial Report

Liquid Rosin (Tall Oil) Production, Uses, Extraction, Processing, Compositions and Formulations Hand Book

EIRI Team — Thu, 30 Aug 2018 11:02:04 +0000

Contents

1. Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin) Production and Processing

Introduction
Composition
Fatty acids
Resin acids
Unsaponifiables
Uses of Liquid Rosins
Tall oil
Lignins
Calcium ions
Sulphide ions
Factors affecting quality of CTO
Dehydration
Depitching
Rosin separation
Heads separation
Fatty acid separation

2. Composition of Distilled Tall Oils (DTO)

Experimental Procedures
Results and Discussion

3. Surfactants From Tall Oil Rosin

Cationic Surfactants Experimental
Preparation of maleopimaric acid (MPA)
Preparation of rosin cationic surfactants (QRMAE)
Electrochemical measurement
Surface Activity of the prepared surfactants
Esterification of rosin
Esterification of RMA-MPEG 750
Characterization of the prepared Surfactants
Surface Activity of the prepared surfactants

4. Crude Tall Oil for Wood Protection

Sources, production and utilization of crude tall oil
Tall oil as a wood protection agent
Wood extractives and natural durability
Effect of tall oil on the biological durability of wood
Effect of tall oil on water repellency
Reducing the amount of oil needed
Enhancing the drying properties of crude tall oil
Enhancing the wood protection properties of tall oil
Biodegradability of tall oil-based wood preservatives

5. Synthesis and characterization of tall oil fatty acid

Resin synthesis
Materials
Curing process
Trial experiments for scheme 2 and scheme 3
Characterization of resins
Results and discussion of resins
FTIR analysis of the synthesized thermoset resins
Composite preparation
Hand lay-up impregnation
Characterization of composites
Flexural testing
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis

6. Tall Oil Fatty Acid (Alkyd-resin, Alkyd Acrylic

Copolymers, Drying Processese
Introduction
Alkyd resin
Alkyd-acrylic copolymers
The drying process
Synthesis of copolymers
Celluloses used as fillers
Films and coatings
Characterization
Surface modification
Degree of substitution
Barrier properties

7. Phytosterols, Phytostanols and Their Esters From Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin)

Manufacturing
Production of sterols from vegetable oil distillates
Production of sterols from wood pulp/tall oil
Production of phytostanols from phytosterols
Production of phytosterol and phytostanol esters
Free fatty acid route
Methylester route
Commercial suppliers
Chemical Characterization
Composition and properties
Quality of phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters
Analytical methods
Regulatory status
Reactions and fate in foods
Stability at high temperatures

8. Distilled Tall Oil (DTO)

The BUS model

9. Antiproliferative evaluation of tall-oil docosanol and tetracosanol

Materials and Methods
Raw materials
Formulation of long-chain alcohols in Pluronic® F-68
Cell culture assays
Statistical analysis

10. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel

Polyurethanes Based on Tall Oil
Synthesis of polyols
Preparation and characterization of polyurethanes
Properties of polyols
Structure of polyols and polyurethanes
Properties of polyurethanes

11. Production of Tall Oil Fatty Acid

12. Tall Oil (Liquid Rosins) Ester-acid Composition For Coating

13. Dicyclopentadiene Alcohol Rosin Derivatives

14. Manufacturing edible oils from tall oil fatty acids

15. Skin care product containing tall oil fatty acids and vegetable oils with manufacturing formula

16. Process For Manufacturing Valuable Products From Tall Oil Pitch

17. Chemically modified, maleated unsaturated fatty acids and the salts

Ricinoleic Acid Modification
Polyamine Modification
Amino Alcohol Modification
Imidazoline Modification
Metal Chelate Modification
Ester Modification
Amino Acid Modification
Polyfunctional Corrosion Inhibitors
Sulfonate & Sulfate Modification
General Considerations
Maleation of Crude Tall Oil

18. Manufacture of A Tall Oil Rosin Ester

Detailed Description
Odor Level Comparison Tests

19. Production of Diesel Fuel From Crude Tall Oil

The Drawings
Description

20. High Temperature Corrosion Inhibition

Performance of Imidazoline and Amide
Experimental
Inhibitor Performance Evaluation
The tests are conducted as follows

21. Hydraulic oil Based on Natural Fatty Acid Esters

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Gross Compositional Characteristics of American Distilled Tall Oilsa
Table 2.2 Composition of Fatty and Resin Acids in American Distilled Tall Oils
Table 2.3 GLC Retention and NMR Characteristics of the Methyl Secodehydroabietatesa
Table 2.4 Composition of Pimaric-and Isopimaric-Type Acids Comprising Resin Acids of American Distilled Tall Oilsa
Table 4. 1. Composition of CTO
Table 4.2. Degree of water repellent efficiency (DEt) of tall oil-treated pine sapwood samples measured after 1 and 96 hours of water immersion
Table 4.3. Properties of the tall oil emulsions
Table 5.1: Different mass ratio of MA to HOTOFA
Table 5.2: DSC analysis table of all uncured resin samples
Table 5.3: TGA analysis for different cured resins
Table 5.4: Summary of the DMTA result
Table 5.5: Summary of charpy properties
Table 6.1. Fatty acid composition of various oils used in coatings
Table 6.2. Alkyd resins studied and used in copolymer synthesis
Table 6.3. Generalized recipe for copolymerizations
Table 6.4. Synthesized and studied copolymers
Table 6.5. Synthesized copolymer dispersions, which
were applied on paperboard
Table 6.6 Relative proportions of each proton and proton group in the polyol region
Table 6.7. Tg values of copolymer films and onset temperatures of the DMA measurements.The results are averages of five measurements
Table 6.8. Comparison of the quantity of fatty acids attached based on the integrated cellulose and acyl peaks in the 13C CPMAS NMR spectra
Table 6.9. Degree of substitution and O/C ratio calculated from XPS measurements
Table 6.10. Mechanical properties of copolymer films studied with DMA, the results are averages from 3 to 8 measurements
Table 7.1. Commercial suppliers of phytosterols, phytostanols and/or their esters; 1) TO: tall oil; VO: vegetable oil
Table 7.2: Physical characteristics and composition of different commercial phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters; 1) from TO sterols; 2) from VO sterols; 3) mainly sitosterol and campesterol
Table 7.3. Phytostanol concentrations in food products on the market, including portion sizes
Table 8.1: Composition of test materials
Table 8.2: Calculation of the MTT, PGE2, and (MTT + PGE2) combined score values
Table 8.3: Results from the MTT assay and the PGE2 determination for tissue treated with a single application of tall oils
Figure 8.1: Determination of the cytotoxicity of single and repeated applications of tall oils
Table 8.4: Results from the MTT assay and the PGE2 determination for tissue treated with repeated applications of tall oils
Table 9.1. Percentage of viability of CHO and melanoma cell cultures in the presence of long-chain aliphatic alcohols
Table 10.1. Specifications of oils
Table 10.2. Characteristics of polyols
Table 10.3. Thermal stability of polyurethanes

List of Figures

Figure 1 .1 The tall oil process
Figure 3.1. FTIR spectra of a) RMAE and b) QRMAE
Figure 3.2. 1HNMR spectra of a) RMAE and b) QRMAE
Figure 3.3 Relation between surface tension of QRMAE and time at different concentrations in a) water and b) 1M aqueous HCl solutions at 25°C.
Figure 3.4. Adsorption isotherms of QRMAE at different concentrations in a) water and b) 1M aqueous HCl solutions at 25°C.
Figure 3.5. FTIR Spectra of a) RMA and b) RMA-(MPEG 750)3
Figure 3.6. Relation between surface tension of R-MPEG 750 and time different concentrations in 1M aqueous HCl solutions.
Fig. 4.1. Simplified diagram of the tall oil distillation pr
Fig. 4.2. Fatty acids.
Fig. 4.3. Resin acids.
Fig. 4.4 Degree of efficiency after the initial wetting and drying cycle, measured after 1 hour of water immersion
Fig. 4.5 Degree of efficiency after the initial wetting and drying cycle, measured after 96 hours of water immersion
Fig. 4.6. Degree of efficiency after six wetting and drying cycles, measured after 1 hour of water immersion
Fig. 4.7. Degree of efficiency after six wetting and drying cycles, measured after 96 hours of water immersion
Fig. 4.8. DSC diagrams (110°C air flow) indicating the oil oxidation rate
Fig. 4.9. Water uptake by tall oil-treated pine sapwood in the seventh wetting and drying cycle
Fig. 4.10. Amounts of oil pressed out of the samples during the compression test
Fig. 4.11. Typical particle size distribution of a tall oil-based emulsion
Figure 5.1: synthesis scheme 1
Figure 5.2: synthesis scheme 2
Figure 5.3: synthesis scheme 3
Figure 5.4: Experimental set-up for synthesis of thermosetting resin
Figure 5.5: the obtained resins with three different mass ratio of MA to HOTOFA
Figure 5.6 : FTIR spectra comparison of TOFA and HOTOFA resins
Figure 5.7: FTIR spectra comparison of HOTOFA, MHOTOFA 1:1, MHOTOFA 1.5: 1 and MHOTOFA 1.76:1resins
Figure 5.8: DSC curve of uncured MHOTOFA 1to1 (no styrene) resin
Figure 5.9: DSC curve for cured MHOTOFA 1to1 resin (no styrene, room T for 1h and post cure in 150°C for another 1h)
Figure 5.10: Comparison of the DSC scan for cured and uncured MHOTOFA 1to1 (no styrene) resin
Figure 5.11: TGA analysis of cured MHOTOFA 1:1 resin (no styrene)
Figure 5.12: Viscose fiber and fiber mats lay-up orientation
Figure 5.13: Six different composites from 3 different resins (with or without styrene) reinforced by viscose fiber
Figure 5.14: Test specimens for flexural, DMTA, charpy, tensile
Figure 5.15: Flexural strength comparison of the composites
Figure 5.16: Flexural modulus comparison of the composites
Figure 5.17: Strain at break% comparison of the composites
Figure 5.18: variation in the storage modulus of the MHOTOFA composites
Figure 5.19: Tan delta curves of the MHOTOFA composites
Figure 5.20: the loss modulus curves of MHOTOFA composites
Figure 5.21: Comparison of the storage modulus between the reinforced resin (composite) and the unreinforced resin, both blended with styrene
Figure 5.22: Impact strength of the composites
Figure 6.1. Structure of typical alkyd resin
Figure 6.2. Miniemulsion and conventional emulsion polymerization
Figure 6.3. Schematic presentation of the oxidative drying of alkyd resin
Figure 6.5. SEC chromatograms of alkyd resins
Figure 6.6. Monomer conversion of copolymers with different wt% of conjugated alkyd resin (BA-MMA ratio is 80:20) (copolymers11-15 in Table 6.4)
Figure 6.7. Monomer conversion of copolymers with different wt% of nonconjugated Alkyd-TMP-3 and BA as monomer (copolymers 1-5 in Table 6.4)
Figure 6.8. Particle-size distribution of emulsion and dispersion with various alkyd contents (copolymers 1, 3, 5 in Table 6.4)
Figure 6.9. Grafting of acrylic macroradical to double bond (a-c) and bis-allylic site (d-f) in the fatty acid chain. a) Macroradical attacks DB in fatty acid chain. b) Grafting occurs and a new radical is formed. c) Polymerization continues at the new radical site. d) Macroradical attacks allylic hydrogen in fatty acid chain. e) Hydrogen is abstracted and a new radical is formed in fatty acid chain, where new radical approaches. f) Macroradical grafts to radical site in fatty acid chain
Figure 6.10. Monomer conversion and acrylic degree of grafting. BA-MMA ratio (wt%) was 80:20 in samples with conjugated alkyd (copolymers 11-15 in Table 6.4) and 100:0 in samples with nonconjugated alkyd (copolymers 1-5 in Table 6.4
Figure 6.11. a) Effect ofBA concentration on grafting site and efficiency. b) Effect of alkyd-acrylate ratio on various grafting sites (copolymers 16-20 in Table 6.4)
Figure 6.12. DSC thermograms of alkyd resin and copolymers (copolymers 16-20 in Table 6.4)
Figure 6.13. a) TG and b) DTG curves showing thermal stability of alkyd resin, alkyd-acrylic copolymers, and acrylic copolymer.
Figure 6.14. Two parts of FTIR spectra of neat whiskers and fatty acid-modified whiskers.The carbonyl peak at app. 1740 cm-1 is marked with dotted line
Figure 6.15. Thermal stability of neat whiskers and fatty acid-modified whiskers presented as TGA curves
Figure 6.16. a) ssNMR spectrum of copolymer film and freeze-dried copolymer. b) FTIR spectra of copolymer film after various drying times showing the decreasing intensity of the cis H-C=CH peak (marked with dotted line)
Figure 6.17. Stress-strain curves of copolymer films with various alkyd contents. One measurement of each film sample set is presented
Figure 6.18. Storage modulus of copolymer films with various alkyd contents. One measurement of each film sample set is presented
Figure 6.19. Figure 1 Water and oil absorbance of copolymer-coated cupboards (copolymers 30-37). Samples 34-37 were crosslinked with GMA
Figure 6.20. Effect of TOFA-modified whiskers on mechanical properties of films
Figure 6.21. Effect of various cellulose types on mechanical properties of the films
Figure 6.22. Effect of TOFA-modified cellulose on a) oxygen barrier properties (copolymers 32 and 33) and b) water and oil absorbance (copolymer 32) of copolymer-coated paperboards.
Figure 7.1. Steroid skeleton
Figure 7.2. Molecular structure of some phytosterols, phytostanols and a fatty acid ester
Figure 8.2: Determination of the irritancy potential of single and repeated applications of tall oils
Figure 8.3: The combined cytotoxicity and irritancy potential of single and repeated applications of tall oils
Fig. 9.1. Structure of long-chain aliphatic alcohol (polycosanols): docosanol and tetracosanol
Fig. 9.2. Effect of long-chain aliphatic alcohol type on CHO-K1 cell growth
Fig. 9.3. Effect of long-chain aliphatic alcohol type on melanoma cell growth
Fig. 10.1. Chemical structure of the synthesized polyols and polyurethanes, where R1 – residue of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C16-C24) and R2 – residue of aromatic diisocyanate
Fig. 10.2. IR-spectra of polyols (1, 2) and urethanes (3, 4), based on tall oil FOR2 esters (1, 3) and diethanolamides (2, 4)
Fig. 10.3. IR-spectra of tall oil diethanolamides (1, 2) and esters (3, 4), containing 2 % (1, 3) and 20 % (2, 4) of rosin acids
Fig. 10.4. IR-spectra of polyurethanes based on tall oil diethanolamides (1, 2) and esters (3, 4), containing 2 % (1, 3) and 20 % (2, 4) of rosin acids
Fig. 10.5. Density of polyurethanes versus the content of rosin acids
Fig. 10.6. Tg of polyurethanes versus the content of rosin acids
Fig. 10.7. Modulus of elasticity of polyurethanes versus the content of rosin acids
Fig. 10.8. Tensile strength of polyurethanes versus the content of rosin acids
Fig. 10.9. Elongation at break of polyurethanes versus the content of rosin acids
Fig. 10.10. Shear bond strength to wood (W) and aluminium (Al) for polyurethanes versus the content of rosin acids
Fig. 10.11. TGA curves of polyurethanes with the content of rosin acids of 2 %
Fig. 19.1 is a general flow scheme of one embodiment of the invention
Fig. 19.2 is a more detailed flow scheme of one embodiment of the invention

The post Liquid Rosin (Tall Oil) Production, Uses, Extraction, Processing, Compositions and Formulations Hand Book appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Technology of Gum Rosins, Its Derivatives & Industrial Applications With Processing

EIRI Team — Thu, 30 Aug 2018 10:47:21 +0000

Contents

Rosin: Major Sources, Properties and various Applications

Resin Acids Chemical Reactivity
Oxidation, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation
Functionalization of dehydroabietic acid aromatic ring
Isomerization
Diels-Alder reactions
Reactions with formaldehyde and phenol
Reactions of the carboxylic group
Miscellaneous reactions

Major Applications of Rosin and Derivatives

Paper sizing
Emulsification
Adhesive tack
Polymer chemistry and processing
Printing inks
Miscellaneous applications

Rosin-Based Surfactants

Introduction
Synthesis of Rosin-based Surfactants
Synthesis of Cationic Surfactants
Rosin Acid-based Ester Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Synthesis of Anionic Surfactants
Synthesis of Zwitterionic Surfactants
Synthesis of Nonionic Surfactants
Physicochemical Properties
Physical Properties
Phase Behaviour
Applications
Paper Sizing and the Rubber Industry
Antibacterial Activity
Corrosion Inhibition

Synthesis of Bio-based Corrosion Inhibitors Based On Rosin (Preparation of Non Ionic Surfactants)

Introduction
Experimental
Materials
Synthesis of rosin / linoleic acid adduct (RLA)
Measurements
Electrochemical measurements
Surface Activity of the prepared surfactants
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
Electrochemical polarization measurements:

Manufacturing of a bio-based epoxy

Synthesis of maleopimaric acid (MPA)
Synthesis of triglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid
Cured resin preparation
Results and discussion

Graft copolymer of chitosan with poly[rosin-(-acryloyloxy)ethyl ester]

Graft copolymerization
Characterization
Drug release of Cts and Cts-g-PRAEE

Cationic Surfactants Based on Rosin as Corrosion Inhibitor (Preparing of Maleopimaric acid, rosin diethylaminoethyl ester, rosin catonic surfactants)

Preparation of maleopimaric acid (MPA)
Preparation of rosin diethylaminoethyl ester (RMAE):
Preparation of rosin cationic surfactants (QRMAE):
Characterization:
Electrochemical measurement:

Azo-dye Diamines and Rosin Derivative

Rosin-Maleic Anhydride Adduct (RMA)
Polymerization
Fabrication of Polymer Film
SHG Measurement
Measurement of Photoinduced Birefringence

Liquid crystal bio-based epoxy coating

Introduction
Materials
Measurements and characterization

Water Soluble Nonionic Rosin Surfactants

Esterification of rosin
Esterification of RMA-MPEG
Characterization of the prepared Surfactants
Electrochemical measurement

Novel Rosin-Based Biomaterials for Pharmaceutical Coating (Preparation of Coated Pellets)

Material characterization
Film preparation and characterization
Preparation of coated pellets
Drug release analysis

Renewable Degradable Rosin Acid-caprolactone Block Copolymers

Experimental Section
Characterization
Synthesis
Degradation of Block Copolymers

Renewable Rosin-fatty Acid Polyesters Novel Rosin Containing Pentablock Copolymers Degradable-vegetable Oil Based Polyesters

Experimental Section
Synthesis
Degradation of Polymers
ADMET and Thiol-ene Polymerization
Degradability of Polyesters

Polymethacrylate Containing Photoreactive Abietic Acid Moiety

Synthesis of New Polyurethane Coating Based On Rosin

Synthesis of Maleopimaric Acid ( MPA)
Synthesis of Polyurethane by Using TDI
(Toluene Diisocyanate).
Measurements
Testing of The Coatings

Hydrogenated rosin epoxy methacrylate

Introduction
Experimental

Synthesized and Chacterisation Polymeric Materials Based On Coconut Oil, Rosin & Maleic Anhydrides

Introduction
Experimental Setup for Synthesis of Alkyd Resin
Neutralization of Polymers
Methods of Physicochemical Analysis
Spectroscopic Study of Novel Polymer

Rosin-Derived Polyamide as Epoxy Curing Agent

Materials
Synthesis of Maleopimaric acid anhydride
Synthesis of Rosin-derived polyamide (RBPA)

Antifouling paint binders: Rosin-based systems

From tin-based to tin-free technologies
Tin-free paint modelling
Reaction rate estimation
Gravimetric approach
Assessing the risk of diffusion control.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of abietic acid derivatives

Chemistry
Biological evaluation
Conclusions
Experimental
Biological assays
Antitumor activity and cytotoxicity

Polyvinyl alcohol-modified, rosin-based, resin-fortified emulsion polymer

Rosin-Fatty Acid Styrene-Acrylic Polymers

New route to -hydroxydehydroabietic acid derivatives

Copolymer of Styrene and Rosin and Esters

Rosin Modified Unsaturated Polyester

Unsaturated Polyester
Curing Agents
Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
Mould Design and Fabrication
Viscosity Measurement
Density Measurement
Cure Characteristics

Modified Rosin

Rosin Monomaleimides

List of Tables

Table Physical properties of rosin based cationic surfactants

Table shows the physical properties of some rosin-based anionic surfactants, and their surface activities were compared with that of widely used anionic surfactant of sodium dodecyl sulfate (K) and alcohol ether sulfate (AES). The dCMC of most anionic surfactants were between and , and their CMC values were between — mol/L. Rosin-based anionic gemini surfactants also showed better CMC and dCMC values than conventional ones.

Table shows the physical properties of some rosin based zwitterionic surfactants. The dCMC of most zwitterionic surfactants were between and , and their CMC values were near – mol/L.

Table Physical properties of rosin based nonionic

surfactants

Table Corrosion inhibition of some rosin-based cationic surfactants

Table : Surface activity parameters of RPEG and RLA-PEG

Table : Inhibition efficiency of RPEG values for steel in M HCl with different concentrations of inhibitor calculated by Polarization and EIS methods

Table : Inhibition efficiency of values of RLA- PEG for steel in M HCl with different concentrations of inhibitor calculated by Polarization and EIS methods

Table Mechanical properties and thermal stability of cured tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid and petroleum-based counterparts DEGBA

Table Synthesis and Molecular Weights of PAI-a

and PAI-b

Table Characterization of Biomaterials

Table Relative Solubility of Biomaterials

Table Formulations of Film Coating Solutions

Table Mechanical Properties of Free Films

Table WVTR Study of Free Films

Table Moisture Absorption Study of Free Films

Table Preparation of Block Copolymers Containing

CL and AEDA by ROP and ATRP

Properties measured for Vegetable oil and Castor

oil based polymers

Table ADMET Polymerization Results

Table Synthesis of PolyMAAsa

Table Composition of Novel polymers

Table Physicochemical Analysis of Novel Rosinated

Alkyd Res-ins based on coconut oil and rosin

Table The IR-spectral data of Novel Polymer AR-

Table The NMR-spectral data of Novel

Polymer AR-

Table Composition of the model paint used to assess the appropriateness of the Xmax concept applied to rosin-based tin-free products (compositions in solids vol. %)

Table

Table Cytotoxicity and anti-HSV- activity of abietane diterpenes on HeLa Cells determined by the end-point titration technique.

List of figures

Figure Diterpene carbon skeletons found in the most common resin acids.

Figure Structures of the most common abietane-type resin acids.

Figure S tructures of the most common pimarane-type resin acids.

Figure O xidation of levopimaric acid with formation of an endoperoxide.

Figure C onversion of abietadienoic acids into dehydroabietic acid and retene.

Figure Nitration of dehydroabietic acid.

Figure M echanism of the acid-catalyzed isomerization of abietadienoic resin acids.

Figure D iels-Alder reaction of levopimaric acid with maleic anhydride.

Figure F ormation of dimeric ketones of maleopimaric-type adducts

Figure A ddition of formaldehyde to abietic acid.

Figure Formation of rosin-modifi ed phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Figure F ormation of a chromane-type derivative of abietic acid through quinomemethide intermediate.

Figure Formation of a chromane-type derivative of abietic acid by reaction with diphenylolpropane.

Figure F ormation of levopimaric adducts with formaldehyde and their conversion into -hydroxymethyl derivatives.

Figure T ypical dimeric structures of abietic-type acids.

Figure S tructures of dehydroabietylamine and dehydroabietanol.

Figure I nteraction of aluminium resinates with cellulose surface.

Figure S ynthesis and polycondensation of a rosin-based poly(amide-imide).

Figure S ynthesis of vinyl-type ester monomers from the maleopimaric adduct

Figure S ynthesis of polyimides by Diels-Alder condensation of resin acid dimers with aromatic bismaleimides .

Figure Synthesis of epoxy resins from resin acid dimer adduct with acrylic acid.

Figure S ynthesis of secondary amines of methyl dehydroabietate.

Figure Phase diagram for the three-component water-surfactant-decanol system.

Figure Gun rosin usage in industry, the data adapted from reference

Figure Antibacterial activity of (C) compared with bromo-geramium and ofloxacin, the data adapted from reference

Figure Electropherogram for the enantiomeric separation of a mixture of three NDA-d/l-amino acids (i.e. NDA-d/l-?-Phen, NDA-d/l-Trp and NDA-d/l-Kyn).

Scheme : Reaction procedure of RPEG and RLA-PEG

Fig. FTIR spectra of a) RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig. HNMR spectra of a) RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig. CNMR spectra of a) RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig. : Relation between surface tension and ageing time for different aqueous concentrations of RPEG and b) RLA-PEG

Fig. Adsorption isotherms of RPEG and RLA-PEG

Fig. (a) Nyquist diagram for steel in M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RPEG) showing experimental (square)and fit data (circle), (b) Nyquist diagram for steel in M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RLA- PEG) showing experimental (square) and fit data (circle)

Fig. : Equivalent circuit used for fitting

the impedance data

Fig. a: Polarization curves for steel in M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RPEG). b: Polarization curves for steel in M HCl solution containing different inhibitor concentrations (RLA- PEG).

Figure Synthetic route for maleopimaric aicd and its triglycidyl ester

Figure (a) & (b) H-NMR and C-NMR spectra for tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid

Figure FT-IR spectra for the mixture of maleopimaric acid and tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric acid before and after curing reaction

Figure DMA curves for cured tirglycidyl ester of maleopimaric Acid

Fig. Synthetic scheme of Cts-g-PRAEE copolymer.

Figure IR spectra of (upper curve) PAI-a and (lower curve) PAI-b.

Figure : Structures of D-RMID and pPhDA

Figure FTIR Spectra of a) RMA and b) RMA-(MPEG )

Figure A general strategy toward renewable degradable rosin acid-caprolactone block Copolymers

Figure Triglyceride structure where R, R, and R represent fatty acid chains

Figure Common fatty acids obtained from vegetable oil triglycerides

Figure Vegetable oil based monomer synthesis

Figure H NMR of castor oil based monomers

Figure H NMR of ADMET prepared polyesters

Figure H NMR of oxalate polymer prepared by thiol-ene polymerization

Figure DSC thermograms (nd heating cycle) of polyesters: (top left) thiol-ene oxalate polymer (Mn = , g/mol); (top right) ADMET prepared oxalate polymer (Mn = , g/mol); (bottom left) ester polymer (Mn = , g/mol); (bottom right) hydroquinone polymer (Mn = , g/mol)

Figure GPC traces of ADMET prepared oxalate polymer before (green, Mn= , g/mol) and after (blue, Mn= , g/mol) acid degradation

Figure. -Scheme of synthesis of polyurethane rosin

Fig. Synthesis of the hydrogenated rosin epoxy methacrylate (HREM).

Fig. Schematic illustration (cross section view) of the behaviour of a biocide-based antifouling system exposed to sea water. In the TBT-SPCs, the main biocide complementing Cu+ was chemically anchored to the polymer binder matrix while in the tin-free alternatives they are usually embedded in the vehicle.

Fig. Scheme of the TBT-SPC mathematical model. The main processes involved in the activity of a TBT-SPC paint and their interactions are combined with chemical speciation calculations and transport phenomena. The mathematical model can provide reliable estimations of the A/F paint performance.

Fig. SEM picture of a cross section of an exposed antifouling paint based on ZnR and CuO (upper left picture) and its corresponding EDX analysis showing the Cu signals as dots (upper right picture). The intensity of the Zn (not shown) and Cu signal is processed by means of ImagePro, showing a distinct gradient from the unreacted paint to the paint surface (bottom). Under the inert paint, the Zn profile is constant and taken as reference (unreacted Zn-line). The Zn profile in the leached layer (Zn-line) shows a relative residual Zn value at the paint surface of around % of that in the unreacted paint film. The Cu profile (Cu-line) shows approximately the extent of the leached layer. The reason for the larger fluctuations in the Zn signal is a much lower concentration compared to Cu.

Fig. Molecular structures of abietic (), levipomaric (), pimaric () dihydroabietic( ), tetrahydroabietic () and dehydroabietic () acids. Adapted from .

Fig. Dissolution rate under static conditions ofWWrosin in artificial sea water ASTM – related to immersion time (days). Modified from .

Fig. Accumulated -D diffusion-controlled mass loss from a panel immersed in an infinite amount ofwater. Calculated using the transient diffusion equation (Eq. ()) solved for constant concentration at the film surface and infinite water volume.

Fig. Chemical structures of tested abietanes.

Figure : Tensile specimens mold

Figure : Viscosity change with temperature unsaturated polyester containing different concentrations of styrene

Figure : Density change with styrene concentration ratio for unsaturated polyester resin

Figure : Curing time for different volume fraction of unsaturated polyester with % MEKP

Figure : Gel time for unsaturated polyester containing different concentrations of styrene and MEKP ratios

Figure : Time to peak for unsaturated polyester containing different concentrations of styrene and MEKP

Figure : Exotherm temperatures for unsaturated

polyester containing different concentrations of styrene

and MEKP

Fig. Curing reactions of methyl maleopimarate/phenyl glycidyl ether (a), and abietyl glycidyl ether/aniline (b).

Fig. H NMR spectra of (i) abietic acid (ii) abietyl glycidyl ether (iii) methyl maleopimarate

Fig. DSC thermograms of curing of model compounds at different heating rates

Fig. Degree of conversion versus temperature at different heating rates

The post Technology of Gum Rosins, Its Derivatives & Industrial Applications With Processing appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Manufacturing Technology of Rosins, Turpentines, Pine Oil, Menthol, Camphor, Terpenes and Derivatives with Processing and Formulations

EIRI Team — Thu, 30 Aug 2018 10:31:12 +0000

Contents

Wood Rosin

Introduction
Source or Origin of the Substance
Properties of the Substance
Uses of the Substance
Combinations of the Substance
Evaluation

Process of Refining Wood Rosin

Example

Esters of Pine Wood Pitch

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity

of essential oil of pine cones of Pinus armandii

Introduction
Materials and methods
Plant material
Hydrodistillation
Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry
Qualitative and quantitative Analyses
Antioxidant activity

Chemical Composition of The Oil of Pinus

Pinea L. Seeds
INTRODUCTION
Determination of Composition
Conclusion

Resin Products from Pines

Products
Historical Aspects
Resin producing pines
Effects Of Resin Tapping On Pines
Plant material
Essential oil isolation
Chemical composition
GC-MS analysis
Antimicrobial assay
Microbial strains and culture media
Antioxidant activity
DPPH free radical-scavenging activity
Cytotoxic assessment
Human cell lines and culture
Cytotoxicity assay
Chemical composition
Antibacterial activity
Antioxidant activity
Cytotoxic activity

Process for the manufacturing of turpentine, pine oil and rosin from woody materials rich in oleoresin

Structural Determination

Myrcene
Other Monoterpenes
Citral
Geraniol
Linalool
Citronellol And Citronellal
Terpineol

Menthol and Carvone

Mint Components
Carvone

Bicyclic Monoterpenoids

Two Commercial Syntheses of Bicyclic
Monoterpenoids

Synthesis of A-Santalol

Synthesis of –Santalol
Sandalwood Substitutes
Synthesis of a-Atlantone from d-Limonene

Production of a-Terpineol from a-Pinene

Materials and Methods
Equipment and Procedures
Analysis
Results and Discussions
Steady State Condition and Feed Plate Optimum
Pressure
Ratio of Volumetric Flow

Menthol

Synthesis of menthol from Myrcene:

Camphor

Structure Determination
Synthesis of Camphor
The Properties of Camphor
Toxicity of Camphor

Synthesis and Characterization of Isolongifoline

and Acetyl longifoline

Analysis of Reaction product (Reaction Monitoring)
Washing and Distillation of Reaction product
Characterization of Isolongifoline and Acetyl
longifoline
Characterization was done by following methods.
FTIR Analysis
GC-FID analysis
GC-MS analysis
FT-IR Analysis of Isolongifoline
FT-IR Analysis of Acetyl Longifoline
GC-FID analysis of Acetyl longifoline
GC-MS analysis of Isolongifoline

Terpene Resins in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

Terpene Tackifiers studied
Properties Evaluated
Tackifiers studied

Terpene phenolic resins

Phenol-terpene-cyclic polyolefin polymer

The Insecticides Obtained from Turpentine

Introduction
The thiocyanates
Chlorinated terpenes
Terpenes and derivatives
Terpene polymers

.Pine oil cleaning composition

Optional Ingredients
Method for cleaning a hard surface
Pine Oil Formulations

Terpene Polymer

Tackifier resin composition and process

Hot Melt Coating Composition Containing Polyterpene,Terpene Resins

Liquid Polymers of Turpentine

Flourinated Terpene Compounds

Fluorination of Paracymene
Fluorination of Myrcene

Adhesives tackified with low molecular weight

terpene-phenolic resins

Terpene halo-alkyl-ether-amine condensation product

Process for preparing a floral odorous perfume

Phenolic-modified rosin terpene resin

Resins from thiophene and turpentine

Synthetic Camphor Manufacturing

Menthol Oil From Leaves And Menthol Crystals (Peppermint)

Spray Drying of Menthol And Peppermint Oil

Project Profile of Turpentine Oil

Camphor Tablets

List of Tables

Table : Composition of Wood Rosin
Table : Chemical properties of wood rosin
Table : Selection of possible components for edible coatings patented for organic fruits
Table : Ecotoxicity data for wood rosin in aquatic life
Table : Summary of Human Health and Toxicity Parameters of wood rosin
Table Percentage component of the pine cone oils of Pinus armandii.
Table Radical scavenging activity of the pine cone oils of Pinus armandii, BHT and ascorbic acid with DPPH.
Table Larvicidal activity of Pine oil against different Mosquito
Table Efficacy of Pine oil as mosquito repellent on human volunteers
Table Efficacy of Pine oil mats for protection against mosquitoes
Table : Compounds obtained from GC/GC-MS analysis of Pinus pinea L. seed’s oils*
Table Important commercial sources of pine resin
Table : Beta-pinene properties
Table : d-limonene properties
Table : D–carene properties
Table : D-cadinene properties.
Table : Methyl mercaptan properties
Table : The different essential oil constituents identified
in the essential oils of Pinus roxburghii
Table : In-vitro antibacterial activity of essential oil of Pinus roxburghii and refrence antibiotic determined with Agar well Diffusion Method
Table : In-vitro cancer activity of Pinus roxburghii essential oil
Table Composition of solution of turpentine and a-pinene
Table shows the relationship of time and the yield of a-terpineol on a variety of feed plates.
Table Purity a-terpineol and a-pinene on the bottom of products for various times with position of the feed Plate
Table Relationships of volume ratio of chloroacetic acid and the a-pinene with the purity of waste and Byproducts
Table Characteristics of Ion Exchange Catalyst Indion
Table : Catalytic conversion of longifoline over Catalyst Indion-
Table : Adhesive formulations using blends of SIS and SBS
Table
Table . Results from Iron Oxide based Soil System
Table . Results from Oily Soil system
Table . Bloom Performance

List of Figures

Figure : Molecular structures for abietic, pimaric, and palustric acids
Figure : Chromatogram ofPinus pinea L.seeds oil of
plants collected from the northwest region of Khorasan, Iran
Figure : Chromatogram ofPinus pineaL.seeds oil of plants collected from the southern region of Khorasan, Iran
Figure : d-limonene. l-limonene.
Figure Series of research experiment
Figure Relationship of time and yield of a-terpineol on a variety of feed plates
Figure Yield of a-terpineol at various pressures
Figure Relationships of volume ratio of chloroacetic acid solution and the solution of a-pinene to yield a-terpineol
Figure Synthesis of byproduct of a-pinene
Figure Synthesis of Isolongifoline and
Longifoline derivatives
Figure Acid Catalyzed Rearrangement of Lonifoline
Figure Reaction Mechanism of Acylation process in Longifoline
Figure FT-IR spectra of Iso-Longifoline
Figure FT-IR spectra of Acetyl-Longifoline
Figure GC-FID chromatogram of Isolongifoline
Figure GC-FID chromatogram of Acetyl longifoline
Figure GC-MS Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the Isolongifoline sample showing three major chemical constituents
Figure Structure and mass spectra of Isolongifoline
Figure Structure and mass spectra of Longifoline
Figure GC-MS Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the Acetyl Longifoline sample showing three major chemical constituents
Figure Structure and mass spectra of Acetyl Longifoline
Figure Structure and mass spectra of Isolongifoline methyl ether
Figure : Terpenes for tackifiers

The post Manufacturing Technology of Rosins, Turpentines, Pine Oil, Menthol, Camphor, Terpenes and Derivatives with Processing and Formulations appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.