Lead-acid batteries include but are not limited to: car batteries, golf cart batteries, UPS batteries, industrial fork-lift batteries, motorcycle batteries, and commercial batteries. These can be regular lead–acid, sealed lead–acid, gel type, or absorbent glass mat batteries. These are recycled by grinding them, neutralizing the acid, and separating the polymers from the lead. The recovered materials are used in a variety of applications, including new batteries. The lead in a lead–acid battery can be recycled. Elemental lead is toxic and should therefore be kept out of the waste stream.

Lead–acid batteries collected by an auto parts retailer for recycling. The casing of a Lead–acid battery is often made of either polypropylene or ABS, which can also be recycled, although there are significant limitations on recycling plastics. Many cities offer battery recycling services for lead–acid batteries. A battery-industry promotional group, the Battery Council, says that about 99% of lead from used batteries is reclaimed.

Car battery recycling represents one of the most exciting recycling processes due to the possibility to recover important quantities of lead and plastics. The recycling process is easy and cost-effective as lead is easy to extract and can be reused multiple numbers of times. This led to many profitable businesses and the recycling of other batteries.

During 2015, the lead acid battery market in India was growing at a rate of 16.5 per cent. The number of vehicles in India increased from 55 million in 2001 to 159.5 million in 2012, consequently increasing the demand for lead acid batteries. Under the Batteries Management and Handling Rules (2001) ULABs procured by retailers are to be sold only to registered (formal) recyclers, who are required to use environmentally friendly processes to recycle the lead. Off-grid renewable energy storage is primarily used for solar power-based home systems in rural areas, lighting and charging solutions or roof-top solar applications in urban areas. Formal recycles incur additional costs for recycling every battery, and a significant share of ULAB (Unused Lead Acid Battery) gets diverted towards informal recycling.

Poor collection frequencies also lead to the diversion of batteries to informal smelters. Formal smelters face underutilization of plant capacity due to lack of feedstock, and as a result support the informal sector by procuring re-melted lead and smelting it further.

Value chain recycling; N: New Battery, O: Old battery, R: Re-cycled Lead

Lead Acid Batteries are recyclable due to the very nature of Lead. Lead can be recycled almost any number of times. Of course there are process losses but this recyclability of Lead has brought environmental and business sustainability to the Lead Acid battery Industry. Lead Acid Batteries have been irreplaceable for past several years due to this very important factor. Lithium Ion batteries fail miserably in the recyclability factor. Currently the process is not profitable for Entrepreneurs Individually and also the process is too complex due to the complex chemistry of the Lithium Ion Batteries.

Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant / Battery Recycling Plant Owners should be responsible enough to know that Lead is toxic and can cause harm to the environment / people if not handled properly. They should select the best of Equipment to make sure that profits are made but sustainably and responsibly.

The battery contains around 70 % lead, 20% acid and 10% plastic case. In recycling process batteries are broken cover of batteries is removed and acid is drained out for neutralization. Top portion is hammered for shredding of plastic and the lead posts fixed in the top are released. Furnace smelting is done for approximately 5 hours at over 1000ᵒC lead and slag is tapped separately. Refining is done by lowering the temperature thereby decreasing the solubility of impurities. Once the lead is purified it is cast into ingots and reused for further purposes.

But during this process lead dust and toxic gases released which needs proper filtering. To arrest these dust particles bag filter or filter fabric can be used to collect dust particles.

It is estimated that at least 85% of lead consumed could potentially be recycled. However, in practice the amount that is recovered is lower. Car battery recycling represents one of the most exciting recycling process due to the possibility to recover important quantities of lead and plastics. The recycling process is easy and cost-effective as lead is easy to extract and can be reused multiple numbers of times. This led to many profitable businesses and the recycling of other batteries.

The lead recycling process is of great interest in the lead industry. Nowadays, more than 50% of the overall world lead production comes from secondary lead smelters. The main raw material for this process is used lead-acid batteries ( ISRI Rains) and lead scrap ( ISRI Radio). Roughly, about 90% of scrap batteries are recycled.

Lead has one of the highest recycling rates in the world, higher even than better known recycled objects such as paper or glass. It is also the most recycled metal of all those commonly used, far greater than copper, aluminum, or zinc.

Lead recycling makes a significant contribution to sustainable development, easing the pressure on non-renewable resources and reducing carbon emissions through a simple and energy-efficient recovery method.

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install a Lead Acid Battery Recycling Plant for Lead Ingot production with an installed capacity of 12000 Tons / Year as a Green Field Project.

Products WT.%
Lead Ingot 65%
Plastic recover 12%
Na2SO4 18%
Loss 5%
Total 100%

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The term silicone denotes a polymer with the structural formula (RnSiO(4-n)1/2)m where n is between 0 and 3 and m is 2 or more. It contains a repeating silicone oxygen chain having organic groups R, attached to a significant portion of the silicone atom by silicone carbon bonds. In commercial silicones most of the R groups are methyl, longer alkyl, fluoro alky, phenyl, vinyl and a few others. Silicone fluids the Si-O chain is unbanked.

Silicone fluids are generally, dimethyl polysiloxane, methyl hydrogen polysiloxane or silicones consisting of copolymers of dimethyl siloxane with methyl phenyl, methyl-hydrogen, diphenyl, methyl-alkyl and other siloxanes. Linear poly-dimethyl siloxanes or dimethyl polysiloxanes are the most important of all the silicones. These fluids with hexamethyl disiloxane. For relating low viscosity fluids are manufacured by reacting dimethyl silicone fluids the process is run for several hours at 180oC in glass lined kettles with acid chloride catalysts or at lower temperature with sulphuric acid. Alkaline catalysts are used for the production of high viscosity fluids or gums. Silicone fluids have m.wt. of 2000 to 15000 and viscosities from 10 to 10,000 cps.

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Applications: choline chloride is a standard component of cell culture media that serves as a phospholipid precursor for the cells.

Mechanism of action: Choline serves as a precursor component to two major cell membrane components: phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. In addition, choline functions as a methyl group donor to several different substrates.

The product is generally referred to as B Complex Vitamin, which is basically poultry, feed supplement.

The product is manufactured in three steps batch process, which involves neutralization of Hydrochloric Acid with Trimethyl Amine to form Trimethyl Amine Hydrochloride. Ethylene Oxide is then added to Trimethyl Amine Hydrochloride to form Choline Chloride solution. The solution is then concentrated under vacuum to a pre determined percentage solution. Dry Choline Chloride is produced by blending in a mixer batch wise Liquid Choline Chloride with solid carriers. This blend is then fed to a Rotary Dryer where moisture is removed. This is then fed in Rotary Cooler to bring down the temperature of the mass to Atmospheric Temperature. Finally the dry choline chloride is Milled and filled in bags.

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FRP Manhole cover is lightweight and excellent protection against corrosion and the effects of chemicals because it is made from FRP (fiber reinforced plastic). It weighs only one seventh of the weight of an average cast iron cover. Because this cover is lightweight, it is easy to remove it during maintenance.

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The low density is achieved by the formation of air voids to produce a cellular structure. These voids are typically 1mm-5mm across and give the material its characteristic appearance. Blocks typically have strengths ranging from 3-9 Nmm-2 (when tested in accordance with BS EN 771-1:2000). Densities range from about 460 to 750 kg m-3; for comparison, medium density concrete blocks have a typical density range of 1350-1500 kg m-3 and dense concrete blocks a range of 2300-2500 kg m-3.

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The magic of water:-

As landscape architects, water has always been an important element in our work. Whether it’s a reflecting pool at resort, the focus of a urban park or a splash fountain in a a playground or plaza, we like water’s ability to change the way people experience the places we create. Besides being peaceful and refreshing, water is also recreational – it is possibly the world’s first playground. Water is constantly changing in form, mood & color. It is beautiful & delightful.

In our early work, we felt satisfaction when we saw people playing in our water features, even when they weren’t supposed to. From then on, it was a natural progression for us to start designing Waterparks, then to make it part of our core business and finally to become leading Waterpark innovators.

Waterparks certainly have come of age, from a time in the late 1970s when pioneers like George Millay couldn’t get their ideas taken seriously, to today, when outdoor Waterparks dot the landscape and are regarded as must-have sister facilities to amusement parks. Indoor Waterparks, meanwhile, are popping up everywhere. Now, Waterparks are conquering a new frontier: destination resorts.

A Waterpark or Waterpark is an amusement park that features water play areas, such as swimming pools, water slides, splash pads, spray grounds (water play grounds), lazy rivers, or other recreational bathing, swimming, and bare footing environments. Waterpark is more current states of development so be equipped with some type of artificial surfing or body boarding environment such as a wave pool or Flow Rider.

Department of Tourism, Government of Assam, the agency responsible for promoting tourism in Assam has been at the forefront in attracting large number of tourists to the state. Being ranked as the fourth most popular destination for tourism among states of India, the number of tourists visiting Assam (both international and domestic) are increasing over the years.

The State has decided to bring tourist activities under the priority sector and has come out with a host of new plans including inviting private companies to establish resorts and privatizing the managements of government guest houses. The Government has been actively creating infrastructure in tourist places so that entrepreneurs could open resorts, hotels, amusement parks etc. One of the major attractions offered to entrepreneurs was to make available government land in all places barring in Cities, at 20 percent of the market value for opening resorts/hotels and for carrying out tourist related activities.

While a Waterpark can be either privately owned or municipally owned, success is often measured differently in the public versus the private sector. For municipally owned Waterparks, a successful park is defined as one that earns enough through revenues to cover the daily operating costs, provides a surplus to fund expansion, helps fund other facilities within the city’s parks and recreation system, and/or funds the repair costs of existing municipal pools.

Park formats are broadly classified as amusement parks, theme parks and Waterparks. According to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA).

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Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane

To understand the purpose and process of Reverse Osmosis you must first understand the naturally occurring process of Osmosis.

Osmosis is a naturally occurring phenomenon and one of the most important processes in nature. It is a process where a weaker saline solution will tend to migrate to a strong saline solution. Examples of osmosis are when plant roots absorb water from the soil and our kidneys absorb water from our blood.

Below is a diagram which shows how osmosis works. A solution that is less concentrated will have a natural tendency to migrate to a solution with a higher concentration. For example, if you had a container full of water with a low salt concentration and another container full of water with a high salt concentration and they were separated by a semi-permeable membrane, then the water with the lower salt concentration would begin to migrate towards the water container with the higher salt concentration.

A few impurities found in tap water that can be removed with Reverse Osmosis filtration technology:

• Fluoride
• Lead
• Chlorine & Chlormamine
• Pesticides
• Detergents & more
• Nitrates & Sulfates

In Ihis Water pressure is used to force water molecules through a very fine membrane leaving the contaminants behind. Purified water is collected from the "clean" or “permeate” side of the membrane, and water containing the concentrated contaminants is flushed down the drain from the "contaminated" or “concentrate” side. The average RO system is a unit consisting of a sediment/chlorine pre filter, the reverse-osmosis membrane, a storage tank, and an activated-carbon post filter.

Reverse osmosis removes salt and most other inorganic material present in the water, and for that reason, RO lends itself to use in places where the drinking water is brackish (salty), contains nitrates or other dissolved minerals which are difficult to remove by other methods.

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