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OIL DRILLING STARCH

EIRI Team — Thu, 25 Oct 2018 13:11:13 +0000

Starches are an environment-friendly drilling mud additive for water-based fluids.A drilling- mud additive used to control fluid loss in water muds ranging from freshwater to saturated- salt to high-pH lime muds. Starches have thermal stability. They are subject to bacterial attack unless protected by high salinity or bactericide. Drilling-grade natural starch has API/ISO specifications for quality. The use of starch typically causes a minimal increase in viscosity while effectively controlling fluid loss. Modified starch polymers provide improved high temperature fluid loss performance when incorporated into well drilling fluids.
Starches are an environment-friendly drilling mud additive for water-based fluids. These starches are used as viscosifiers in oil well drilling and are exported 100% to the Middle East. These are also one of the key ingredients of a mud chemical system.

A drilling-mud additive used to control fluid loss in water muds ranging from freshwater to saturated-salt to high-pH lime muds. Starches have thermal stability to about 250°F [121°C]. They are subject to bacterial attack unless protected by high salinity or bactericide. Drilling-grade natural starch has API/ISO specifications for quality. Starches are carbohydrates of a general formula (C6H10O5)n and are derived from corn, wheat, oats, rice, potatoes, yucca and similar plants and vegetables. They consist of about 27% linear polymer (amylose) and about 73% branched polymer (amylopectin). The two polymers are intertwined within starch granules. Granules are insoluble in cold water, but soaking in hot water or under steam pressure ruptures their covering and the polymers hydrate into a colloidal suspension. This product is a pregelatinized starch and has been used in muds for many years. Amylose and amylopectin are nonionic polymers that do not interact with electrolytes. Derivatized starches, such as hydroxypropyl and carboxymethyl starches, are used in drill-in fluids, completion fluids and various brine systems as well as in drilling-mud systems. The use of starch typically causes a minimal increase in viscosity while effectively controlling fluid loss.

It is used for reducing fluid loss in a variety of water based drilling fluids and has beneficial secondary effects on mud rheology. In drilling wells, a liquid (mud) is pumped into the hole to clean and cool the drill bit and to flush to the surface the drill bit cuttings and suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused. The most important physical characteristics of the drilling fluid is the viscosity and the water holding/retaining characteristics.

Starch is traditionally supplied as cold water soluble - either made by a semi moist/dry thermo-mechanical gelatinisation on screw extruders or by suspension reactions and subsequent drying on drum dryers. Wet reactions carried out in starch suspensions are easy to control and the resulting precisely engineered starches are of high, uniform quality with wider applications. Potato starch retain fluids better than other starches due to the large size of its molecules.

•   INTRODUCTION
•   PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
•   USES AND APPLICATION
•   TESTING OF OIL DRILLING STARCH
•   MARKET SURVEY
•   POLYMERIC USES OF STARCH IN: STARCH INDUSTRY IN INDIA
•   SUPPLY AND TRADE OF STARCH
•   EXPORT DATA OF OIL DRILLING STARCH
•   PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS
•   OF OIL DRILLING STARCH
•   OVERVIEW OF OIL AND GAS IN INDIA
•   MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF OIL DRILLING STARCH
•   PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
•   PACKAGING AND HANDLING OF OIL DRILLING STARCH
•   QUALITY STANDARD & SPECIFICATION OF OIL DRILLING STARCH
•   DETAILS OF STARCH GELATINIZATION
•   PREGELATINIZED STARCH
•   SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYMETHYL STARCH FOR INCREASING DRILLING MUD QUALITY IN DRILLING OIL AND GAS WELL
•   PLANT LAYOUT
•   PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
•   PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
•   EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
•   PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
•   SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
•   SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A:

1.     COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.     LAND & BUILDING
3.     PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.     FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.     RAW MATERIAL
6.     SALARY AND WAGES
7.     UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.     TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.     COST OF PRODUCTION
10.     PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.     BREAK EVEN POINT
12.     RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.     INTEREST CHART
14.     DEPRECIATION CHART
15.     CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.     PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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RECYCLE WASTE BLACK OIL USING ACID AND CLAY

EIRI Team — Wed, 27 Apr 2016 11:10:20 +0000

Re-refining of used oils is now accepted and recognised as a legitimate source of supplementing petroleum oils. Prior to the escalation of oil prices, petroleum lubricants and other industrial oils were very cheap and their conservation and saving was not economically attractive. Users did not care to recovery and preserve used oils, which were allowed to be lost or were disposed of by easiest possible means. Rise in Oil prices has compelled the users firstly to economise the use of oils and secondly to recover, grade and store the used oils. Attractive prices and ready acceptability have given a boost to this industry.

The current production of re-refined oils in the country is around 30,000 tonnes per year. This is hardly five per cent of the oil consumed, therest 95 percent is lost. In most of the applications, lubricants only degrade and are not destroyed. Around 10 lakh tonnes/year of oils are therefore lost in the environment, and pollute ground and water. This therefore, requires and urgent look into the design of machines, and machine lubrication systems. The design criterion is required to be changed from used lubricant drain out to preservation and collection.

Contaminants is a used oiled may be divided into two classes.

1. Products resulting from chemical action, within the system i.e. mainly by products of combustion.

2. Foreign materials which enter the system.

Products resulting from chemical action with in the system are as follows :

i) Carbon and other products of decomposition of oil or of incomplete combustion of fuel.

ii) Oxidation products (which may be either soluble or insoluble in the oil) due to chemical action at high temperatures.

iii) Gummy products both soluble and in soluble resulting from polymerization (combining ) of unsaturated components in the oil.

iv) Sulphur compounds :-

Formed by sulphur in the oil or fuel foreign material may include some of the following :

(a) Dirt and dust from the air.

(b) Metal particles resulting from wear of operating parts of the machine, or left over from machining operation during on overhaul.

(d) Water condensed from air moisture or products of fuel combustion, and

(e) Fuel dilution.

1. INTRODUCTION
2. B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
3. MARKET SURVEY
4. PROPERTIES OF LUBE OIL
5. USE & SCOPE
6. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
7. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR
RECLAMATION OF USED ENGINE OIL
8. SUPPLIERS & DEALERS OF ENGINE OIL
9. SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
10. MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A :

1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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CARDAMOM OIL (CAP: 20 KGS/DAY)

EIRI Team — Thu, 21 Jan 2016 12:40:34 +0000

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a leafy perennial herb with hairless leaves neatly arranged along thick fleshy stalks. The attractive flowers are borne at ground level on much-branched flowering stems and they develop into small green, white or brown three-valved capsules, each containing several brown seeds. (Vanwyk and Wink)

Cardamom is native to the moist evergreen forests of western Ghats of southern India and has been highly valued as a spice since Ancient times.

The name Elettaria is derived from the root Elettari, which in the popular South Indian language Tamil, means granules of leaf. Cardamom is a member of the Zingiberaceae family which includes over 48 genera and 1200 species including ginger and turmeric. The Zingiberaceae family is a highly aromatic family of plants, with most being prized for their exotic spicy aromas and tastes.

The Elettaria genus has about 7 species although E. cardamomon is the only one considered to be of economic importance. Three varieties of E. cardamomom are recognized: 1/ Malabar characterized by prostrate panicle, 2/ Mysore characterized by erect panicle and 3/Vazhukka which is considered to be a natural hybrid between the two. According to several sources, the Mysore variety is known to contain elevated levels of cineol and limonene. This means that this cardamom has a stronger aroma to it.

Elettaria cardamomum is also called small cardamom to distinguish it from large cardamom which is a different species altogether. Large cardamom is obtained from Amonum subulatum, a species native to Arabia and Syria. Amonum subulatum is commonly referred to as Black cardamom or Greater cardamom and is said to have a much higher cineole content that Elettaria cardamomum, upwards of 70% or more.

INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
OIL OF ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM MATON VAR. B-MAJOR THWAITES
OIL OF AFRAMOMUM MELEGUETA (ROSCOE) K. SCHUM
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
USES AND APPLICATION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CARDAMOM OIL
PYSCHOLOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL EFFECT OF CARDAMOM OIL
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF CARDAMOM
CHEMISTRY OF CARDAMOM OIL EXTRACTION
MARKET SURVEY
INSTALLED CAPACITY, UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF CARDAMOM OIL
APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF CARDAMOM OIL
ESTIMATED DEMAND
DEMAND SUPPLY GAP
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF CARDAMOM OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CARDAMOM OIL
PRACTICE OF DISTILLATION
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
REQUIREMENTS, PACKAGING AND ANALYSIS OF CARDAMOM OIL
EXTRACTION OF CARDAMOM OIL BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON
DIOXIDE AND SUB CRITICAL PROPANE
LOW TEMPERATURE EXTRACTION METHOD FOR CARDAMOM OIL
PLANT LAYOUT
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A :

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OIL RE-REFINING UNIT

EIRI Team — Wed, 29 Jul 2015 07:39:01 +0000

Now-a-days engine oil has become an important factor for automobile and other purposes and since the prices of all petroleum products have gone up. It has become extremely necessary to refine used engine oil which could be reused as original. Keeping this view Defense Research (Materials), Kanpur has developed a very simple process which envisages utilization of sulphuric acid, activated clay and filter aid as the raw materials and the suggested reclaimed economical unit for this industry is 200 tons per annum, and estimated capital outlay is Rs.1.5 lacs.

Engine oil becomes contaminated with foreign material in service. In circulating systems, where a substantial quantity of oil is involved, it is desirable to maintain it as clean as possible to provide maximum working efficiency and to keep wear and damage of lubricated parts to a minimum.

Reconditioning of a used oil may be accomplished by a continuous by pass or batch methods or combination of these. In the continuous system the entire amount of the oil from main pressure line is continuously filtered. In the by pass system a fraction of the total is continuously filtered.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
USES AND SCOPE
PURIFICATION AND RECLAMATION OF OIL
PROPERTIES OF USED AND REGENERATED ENGINE OIL
B. I. S. SPECIFICATION
B. I. S. SPECIFICATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION-ENGINE LUBRICATING OILS
METHOD OF TEST FOR STABLE POUR POINT (CLAUSE 5.1
AND TABLE 1)
ADDITIVES FOR LUBRICANTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBRICATING OILS
DESIRABLE CHARACTERSTICS IN LUBRICANTS
MARKET SURVEY
OVERVIEW OF PETROLEUM OIL AND LUBRICANTS
CHEMISTRY & COMPOSITION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM
USED OIL AND ITS COMPOSITION
METHOD AND STEP INVOLVED IN RE-REFINING OF USED OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PROCESS FLOWSHEET FOR RECLAIMATION OF USED ENGINE OIL
PROCESS DEVELOPED AT R.R.L. JORHAT
EXISTING PROCESSES FOR REGENERATION OF USED ENGINE OILS PROCESSES
THE NEW PROCESS HAS FIVE BASIS STEPS
RE-REFINING OF USED LUBRICATING OIL BY SOLVENT
EXTRACTION AND VACUUM DISTILLATION FOLLOWED BY
HYDROTREATING
RE-REFINING OF USED LUBE OILS BY SOLVENT/
CLAYPERCOLATION PROCESSES
PRODUCTION ECONOMICS
PLANT LOCATION 79
PROCESS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION & DIVERSIFICATION
PLANT LAYOUT DIAGRAM
STAFF & LABOUR REQUIREMENTS
ORGANISATION CHART
LAY OUT OF THE PLANT ACCORDING TO LAND AND
BUILDING CALCULATION
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERIES
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A :

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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL

EIRI Team — Fri, 19 Jun 2015 11:58:56 +0000

Crude oil is a not a uniform substaince its appearance and characteristics very widely from oil field and even from well to well in the same oil field.

It may not be even a homogeneous substance as it can contain beside dissolved gases dissolved solids and colloidal suspensions.

One authority defines crude petroleum as follows (As TM) D-288). A naturally accurring mixture consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons and/ or of substance nitrogen and/ or oxygen derivative of hydrocarbons which is removed from the earth in liquid state or is capable of being removed.

Crude petroleum is commonly accompanied by varying quantities of extraneous substaince such as water inorganic matter and gas. The removal of such extraneous substainces alone does not change the status of the mixture of crude petroleum fractional distillation column containing a number of separation stages arranged vertically is required to achieve a higher degree of separation. In a stagenise operation the descending liquid
passes thraugh a number of stage where it is contacted a counter current flow of ascending vapour.

1.   INTRODUCTION
2.   USES AND APPLICATION
3.   MARKET SURVEY
4.   PROPERTIES
5.   B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
6.   MANUFACTURING PROCESS
7.   PROCESS FLOW SHEET
8.   RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
9.   PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
10. ADDRESSES OF CONSULTANCE

APPENDIX – A :

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Production of Paint Removing Solvents

EIRI Team — Fri, 21 Nov 2014 11:46:43 +0000

Production of Paint removing solvents

A solvent is a liquid which disperses a solid or semi solid substance so as to yield a useful solution.

The application of a solvent or thinner in the production of paints or varnishes is highly essentials in order to obtain a useful solution. In the solution formation dispersion of solids to liquid phase takes place. Example the addition of linseed oil to hexane, to glycericles present in the oil disperse forming a viscous solution.

A wide range of solvents possessing specific properties are now used in formulations containing synthetic resins. According to their boiling range, solvents are classified as low boilers (B.P.< 100oC) medium boilers (B.P. 100-120o), and high boilers (B.P.) 150o.

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NC Thinner Formulation

EIRI Team — Fri, 21 Nov 2014 11:40:02 +0000

Project Report Covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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Ethyle Alcohol Based Paint Thinner Production

EIRI Team — Fri, 21 Nov 2014 11:33:21 +0000

Ethyle Alcohol Based Paint Thinner Production

Solvents or Thinners are used in Paints and lacquers to reduce the viscosity or consistency of the material and facilitate the application of a uniform coating. They must be compatible with the oil or resin present. After application the solvent is no longer required and should evaporate completely from the film.

Another class of organic liquids used in paint industry is plasticizers their function is to remain permanently in the film of paint or varnish after application in order to impart elasticity and proper adhesion to it. In contradiction to the volatile solvents, plasticizers should be perfectly non-volatile, and should also be chemically stable, and not after in properties on prolonged exposure.

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