Organic Chemicals – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports https://projectreports.eiriindia.org We Create Industrialist Sat, 26 Oct 2019 17:46:39 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/cropped-logo-1-32x32.jpg Organic Chemicals – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports https://projectreports.eiriindia.org 32 32 VERMI-COMPOSTING https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/vermi-composting/ Sat, 25 Oct 2014 08:49:34 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=2991 The  various  organic  wastes  including  farm  yard  manure is  fed  by  earth  worms and they excrete out the fine mucus coated faecal pellets called vermicompost and the process is called  vermicomposting.  There is a great demand of this project. Vermiculture  refers  to  culturing  of  earthworms  for  diverse  purpose, major  one  being  vermicomposting.  Through  the  simple  act  of  eating,  earthworms  promote bacterial  growth,  enhance  soil  structure  and  hasten  the decomposition  of  organic  matter. The  process  of  composting  crop  residues/agri wastes using  earthworms comprise  spreading  the  agricultural  wastes  and  cow  dung  in  gradually  built  up shallow  layers.  The  pits  are  kept  shallow  to  avoid  heat  built-up  that  could  kill earthworms.  To  enable  earthworms to  transform  the  material  relatively  faster  a temperature of around  300C is  maintained. The  final product  generated  by  this process  is  called  vermicompost  which  essentially  consist  of  the  casts  made  by earthworms eating the raw organic materials. Earthworms can be sold to the following markets: Bait and tackle shops Large-scale vermicomposting facilities Worm growers just entering the business Institutions and businesses that do on-site vermicomposting of their food scraps and other organic materials (includes prisons, hospitals, schools, colleges and universities, restaurants, grocery stores, office buildings, etc.) EIRI have prepared the project report on Vermi-composting for the entrepreneurs who wish to start this unit. Farmers desiring to vermicompost animal manure (including livestock and poultry farms, rabbitries and horse stables) Composters, organic gardeners or fisherpeople wanting to raise worms for their own use Growers with orders too large to fill from their own stocks Private laboratories, universities, and high schools for research and classroom needs.

 

  Each ‘EIRI’ MARKET OVERVIEW CUM DETAILED TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT (Complete Report) tentatively covers
•    Introduction
•    Properties
•    BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) Specifications & Requirements
•    Uses & Applications
•    Present Indian Market Overview/Position
•    Export & Import Statistics Data
•    Names and Addresses of Existing Units (Present Manufactures)
•    List of Plant & Machineries
•    Miscellaneous Items and Accessories
•    Instruments, Laboratory Equipments and Accessories
•    Electrification, Electric Load and Water
•    Maintenance, Suppliers/Manufacturers of Plant and Machineries
•    Manufacturing Process with Formulations (If applicable)
•    Flow Sheet Diagram
•    List of Raw Materials
•    Availability of Raw Materials
•    Requirement of Staff & Labour
•    Personnel Management
•    Skilled & Unskilled Labour
•    Requirement of Land Area
•    Built up Area
•    Plant Layout
Along with financial details as under:
•    Summary of Capital Cost of Project
•    Land & Side Development Exp.
•    Buildings
•    Plant & Machineries
•    Misc. Fixed Assets
•    Technical Know how Fees & Exp.
•    Preliminary Expenses
•    Pre-operative Expenses
•    Provision for Contingencies
Below mentioned financial statements (Annexure) will be  for 5 to 10 Years
•    Annexure:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance
•    Annexure:: Output, Profitability and Cash Flow Chart
•    Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital requirements
•    Annexure:: Sources of Finance
•    Annexure:: Balance Sheets
•    Annexure:: Break-Even Analysis and profitability analysis.
•    Annexure:: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks
•    Annexure:: Sales Realisation
•    Annexure:: Raw Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Other Raw Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Packing Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Consumables, Store etc.,
•    Annexure:: Employees Expenses
•    Annexure:: Fuel Expenses
•    Annexure:: Power/Electricity Expenses
•    Annexure:: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.
•    Annexure:: Other Mfg. Expenses
•    Annexure:: Administration Expenses
•    Annexure:: Selling Expenses
•    Annexure:: Depreciation Charges - Profitability
•    Annexure:: Depreciation Charges
•    Annexure:: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans
•    Annexure:: Tax on Profit
•    Annexure:: Assumptions for Profitability workings
•    Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital

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]]> BIOFERTILIZER https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/biofertilizer-2/ Wed, 24 Sep 2014 07:03:47 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=2729

In   India  the  requirement  of  fertilizers   is   steeply increasing  every  year  and is mainly supplied in  the  form  of chemical fertilizers.

Chemical  fertilizers mainly Urea, D.A.P.  Super  Phosphate, Potash,  Zinc  Sulphate etc. are being used since  long  back  to boost  the  crop production which has adverse   effects  on  soil biota thereby increasing the cost of cultivation. It also  causes health   and   environmental   hazards   alongwith   decline   in productivity and quality of produce.

In  nature there is a number of useful  soil  micro-organism which  can  help plants to get nutrients. Their  utility  can  be enhanced with human intervention by selecting  efficient organism culturing them and adding them to soil directly or through seeds. The cultured  micro organism beneficial for crop growth and  soil fertility packed in some carrier material for easy application in  the field are called Biofertilizers.

Keeping in view the increasing demands and good prospects of biofertilizers M/s. Aaron Agro-Tech Private Limited have ventured to take up biofertilizers manufacturing project to enhance  their existing production capacity of their product-Bio-azo-Gold.

Project Report Covers:

  •     Introduction
  •     Uses and Applications
  •     Properties
  •     Market Survey with future aspects
  •     Present Manufacturers
  •     B.I.S. Specifications
  •     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
  •    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
  •     Capacity
  •     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
  •     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
  •     Raw Materials
  •     Details/List and Costs
  •     Power & Water Requirements
  •     Labour/Staff Requirements
  •     Utilities and Overheads
  •     Total Capital Investment
  •     Turnover
  •     Cost of Production
  •     Break Even Point
  •     Profitability
  •     Land Man Ratio
  •     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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]]> UREA FERTILIZER PLANT https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/urea-fertilizer-plant/ Wed, 10 Sep 2014 10:39:15 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=2497           All  living beings requires certain essential nutrition  for its  survival  & growth. Plants & other vegetation are  no  doubt living  beings & thus, they also requires certain foods to  grow. The  fertilizers are that materials which are added to the  soil, to  supply nutrients for the survival & formal growth of  plants. The fertilizers promote growth of plants. The fertilizers promote their  growth  fruitfully.  The elements  that  constitute  these essential plant foods are as follows:-

i)   Nitrogen,
ii)  Phosphorous
iii) Potassium
iv)  Calcium
v)   Magnesium
vi)  Sulfur
vii) Iron
viii) Manganese
ix)  Copper
x)   Zinc
xi)  Boron
xii) Molybdenum

   Project Report Covers:

  •     Introduction
  •     Uses and Applications
  •     Properties
  •     Market Survey with future aspects
  •     Present Manufacturers
  •     B.I.S. Specifications
  •     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
  •    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
  •     Capacity
  •     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
  •     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
  •     Raw Materials
  •     Details/List and Costs
  •     Power & Water Requirements
  •     Labour/Staff Requirements
  •     Utilities and Overheads
  •     Total Capital Investment
  •     Turnover
  •     Cost of Production
  •     Break Even Point
  •     Profitability
  •     Land Man Ratio
  •     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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]]> E-Book Formulations on Nail Enamel/Polish and Nail Polish Removers https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/e-book-formulations-nail-enamelpolish-nail-polish-removers/ Wed, 23 Apr 2014 11:34:25 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=1851 Nail Polish Or Nail Enamel With Pearlescent Pigments Introduction Requirement of Good Nail Enamel with Pearlescent Pigments The Characteristics of Good Nail Enamel with Pearlescent Pigments Uses and Applications B.I.S. Specification Government Regulations Raw Materials Reguirement and its Availability Nail Enamel with Pearlessence Pigment Formulation Manufacturing Process Plant & Machineries Require Nail Polish Remover Introduction Properties of A Good Quality Nail Polish Remover Uses and Applications B.I.S.Specification Government Regulation Raw Materials Availability Nail Polish Remover Formulation – 1 Formulation – 2 Formulation – 3 Formulation – 4 Manufacturing Process Plant…

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]]> Nail Polish Or Nail Enamel With Pearlescent Pigments
Introduction
Requirement of Good Nail Enamel with Pearlescent Pigments
The Characteristics of Good Nail Enamel with Pearlescent Pigments
Uses and Applications
B.I.S. Specification
Government Regulations
Raw Materials Reguirement and its Availability
Nail Enamel with Pearlessence Pigment
Formulation
Manufacturing Process
Plant & Machineries Require

Nail Polish Remover
Introduction
Properties of A Good Quality Nail Polish Remover
Uses and Applications
B.I.S.Specification
Government Regulation
Raw Materials Availability
Nail Polish Remover
Formulation – 1
Formulation – 2
Formulation – 3
Formulation – 4
Manufacturing Process
Plant & Machineries Reguirement

Nail Polish (Nail Enamel)
Introduction
Requirements of Good Quality Nail Enamel or Nail Polish
The Characteristics of a Good Nail Enamel Film
Uses and Applications
B.I.S. Specification
Government Regulations
Raw Materials Require and its Availability
Nail Enamel (Nail Lacquer)
Formulation
Manufacturing Process
Plant & Machineries Require

Important Details for Setting up
Regulatory Provisions Relating to Manufacture of Cosmetics
Requirements of Factory Premises for Manufacture of Cosmetics
Related Suppliers Addresses

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]]> Technology Book of Oilseeds Processing, Oils & Fats and Refining https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/technology-oilseeds-processing-oils-fats-refining/ Wed, 19 Feb 2014 09:49:22 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=1232 The book Technology of Oilseeds Processing, Oils & Fats and Refining  covers Chemical constituents of Fats, Oleaginous Seeds and their oils, Olive and Olive Oil, Palm Oil and Its Fractions, Animal Fat, Technology of Refining of Fats,  Hydrogenation Technology, Fractionation Technology, Margarine Technology,Production of Neat Soap with 63% fatty acids, Oilseed Processing Technology.

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]]> The role of dietary fats and oils in human nutrition is one of the most important areas of concern and investigation in the field of nutritional science. The findings of investigations on this subject have wide-ranging implications for consumers, healthcare providers and nutrition educators as well as food producers, processors and distributors. New evidence concerning the benefits and risks associated with particular aspects of dietary fat is constantly emerging in both the scientific literature and the popular media. At times, controversies about these findings emerge. Sifting through all the claims and counterclaims, incomplete and incompatible studies, and biases and competing interests for the elements of truth and a prudent course of action is a challenge. However, such discrimination in essential because changing views about the effects of dietary fats and oils can profoundly influence the consumption of various foods and, ultimately, health and nutritional status, agricultural production, food processing technologies, food marketing practices and nutrition education. Fats are the main source of energy for satisfactory growth and physical activity during early infancy. This energy requirement is not easily met where diets are low in fat (less than 15 per cent of total calories), which partly explains the high prevalence of malnutrition in such areas. Fats should also be considered in terms of their structural function during the first two years of life. They provide the fatty acids and cholesterol needed to form cell membranes in all the organs.

Moreover, important organs such as the retina and the central nervous system are mainly composed of fats. Most of the fats needed to form these tissues are essential fatty acids (EFAs) which cannot be synthesized by the organism and have to be acquired through nutrition. Mother’s milk has a special fat composition that makes it unique for goodchild nutrition. It contains factors that facilitate the digestion of fats, while its chemical composition makes it more digestible and includes a balanced supply of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. Oilseed processing equipment with a daily capacity of less than 50 tons per day typically employs a mechanical extraction process to separate the oil from an oilseed. Mechanical extraction processes apply pressure to separate oil from the meal in an oilseed. A common method for applying mechanical pressure is through a screw press.

Within India there are regional variations in ghani design, which probably arose form the nature of the oilseeds that were regionally available for crushing. The large granite ghanis of southern India have a capacity of 35 to 40 kg, requiring two animals yoked side by side and two operators, one for the animals and the other near the mortar. The load-beam is very long and curved and rides on a strong outer groove on the mortar. These ghanis have a life of four to five years, after which the pit is too worn to be useful. The wooden ghani of western India has a capacity of 8 to 15 kg, has an oil outlet at the base of the pit (which is kept plugged during crushing) and frequently has the operator seated on the load-beam. Margarine is an emulsion of water in oil type (W/O) which include two essential phases: continuous phase: FATTY PHASE dispersed phase: AQUEOUS PHASE It contains also some additives (lecithin, monoglycerides, salt, colouring agent, antioxidant, preservatives, vitamins) distributed partly in the fatty phase (soluble or dispersible in fats) and partly in the aqueous phase (soluble or dispersible in water and/or milk). Emulsion is a liquid system including two immiscible phases, one being finely dispersed in the other. But because of its thermodynamic instability, the emulsion tends to separate for restructuring the two original phases. In the case of margarine, it is therefore necessary to facilitate emulsion and to stabilize that condition. This is the role of emulsifying agents which reduce the quantum of labour for formation of a homogeneous mixture of these two immiscible phases, final stability of the product is obtained by crystallization of the fatty phase in the emulsion.

The complete definition of margarine is thus one of a polydispersed system of fats to solid and liquid states, in water and/ or milk, of ingredients and sometimes of gas bubbles. Mechanical extraction processes have two main elements. The first is seed preparation. Seed preparation methods vary depending on seed characteristics. For example, seed preparation for canola often is limited to seed cleaning while other oilseeds may need to be cleaned, de-hulled, cracked, rolled, and/or flaked. Additional equipment may be required to complete seed preparation. A producer should identify the oilseeds that they are likely to process in order to determine exactly what equipment will be needed.The second element is the removal of oil from the oilseed. In a screw press operation, seed is fed from a hopper into the screw press, which uses pressure to force oil contained in an oilseed through small openings in the side of the press. Meal, that is too large to exit through the small openings is extruded through larger openings at the end of the press. Screw presses are capable of removing approximately 65 percent to 75 percent of the oil contained in an oilseed. Some mechanical presses preheat seed as it enters the press. Preheating increases oil recovery rates to 65 percent to 80 percent. Alternatively, if seed is processed at low temperatures (for example, below freezing) oil recovery rates may be less than 60 percent. Actual recovery rates will depend on press quality, press operation, seed quality, seed type and seed temperature.

The present volume Technology of Oilseeds Processing, Oils & Fats and Refining contains 11 chapters on various aspects of oilseed processing refining, i.e. Chemical Constituents of Fats, Oleaginous Seeds and their Oils, Olive and Olive Oil, Palm Oil and its Fractions, Animal Fat, Technology of Refining of Fats, Hydrogenation Technology, Fractionation Technology, Margarine Technology, Production of Neat Soap with 63% Fatty Acids, Oilseed Processing Technology

 

TECHNOLOGY OF OILSEEDS PROCESSING, OILS & FATS AND REFINING contains:

Chemical Constituents
of Fats

  • Fatty acids
  • Rules of Nomenclature
  • Numbering
  • Nomenclature
  • Symbols
  • Saturated Acids
  • Acids with an even number of carbon atoms
  • Acids with an odd number of carbon atoms
  • Branched chain acids
  • Monoenic acids
  • Monoenic acids: ethylene bond at 9
  • Monoenic acids: ethylene
  • bond at n – 9
  • Position isomers of oleic acid
  • Monoenic acids: trans ethylene bond
  • Monoenic acids: terminal ethylene bond
  • Polyenic Acids
  • Other Polyunsaturated Acids
  • Acids with conjugated
  • ethylene bonds
  • Cyclic Acids
  • Cyclopropenic Acids
  • Cyclopentenic Acids
  • Semisynthesized Cyclic
  • Acids
  • Acids with Secondary Groups
  • Hydroxy Acids
  • Epoxy Acids and Ketoacids
  • Fatty Acid Distribution
  • Glycerides
  • Overview
  • Stereospecific numbering
  • and nomenclature
  • Partial Glycerides
  • Single-acid diglycerides
  • Diglycerides with two fatty acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Glyceride Structure
  • Glyceride Composition
  • Glyceride Distribution
  • Hypothesis and Distribution Laws
  • Minor Constituents
  • Phosphatides
  • Phosphatidic Acids
  • Phosphatidyl Amino Alcohols
  • Phosphatidyl Polyols
  • Phosphoglyceride Fatty Acids
  • Sphingolipids
  • Glucolipids
  • Monogalactosyl diglyceride Cerides
  • Unsaponifiable Matter
  • Triterpenes and their Derivatives
  • Fat-Soluble Vitamins
  • Vitamin E, Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
  • Forms of Vitamin A
  • Forms of Vitamin D
  • Fatty Alcohols
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Terpenic Hydrocarbons
  • Carotenes and Carotenoids
  • Other Constituents
  • Chlorophylls and their Derivatives

Oleaginous Seeds
and their Oils

  • Oil Composition
  • Oleic Sunflower
  • Rapeseed and mustard
  • Rapeseed and Mustard Species
  • Rapeseed or Mustard Plant
  • Agronomy of Rapeseed and Mustard
  • Genetic Improvements
  • Rapeseed and Mustard Seed
  • Fatty Acids of Rapeseed and Mustard Oils
  • Unsaponifiable Fraction of Rapeseed Oil
  • SOYBEAN
  • Plant
  • Seed
  • Composition of Soybean Oil
  • Corn and Grapeseeds
  • Corn
  • Botany, Crop Growing, Production
  • Technology
  • Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Triglyceride Composition
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Grapeseeds
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Technology
  • Grapeseed Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Triglyceride Composition
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Safflower, sesame, Camelina, poppy seed oil
  • Safflower
  • Botany, Growing, Production Technology
  • Safflower Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Sesame
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Technology
  • Sesame Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Camelina
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Camelina Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Poppy Seed Oil
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Poppy Seed Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Triglyceride Composition
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Oleaginous Flax
  • Seed
  • Oil Composition
  • Almond, Hazelnut, Walnut
  • Almond
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Almond Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Composition of Triglycerides
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Hazelnut
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Technology
  • Hazelnut Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Triglyceride Composition
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Walnut
  • Botany, Growing, Production
  • Technology
  • Walnut Oil
  • Physicochemical Characteristics
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
  • Evening Primrose, Borage, And Blackcurrant Seeds
  • Overview
  • Evening Primrose
  • Botany and Genetics of Primrose
  • The Œnothera genus
  • Evening Primrose Seed
  • Upgrading of the Evening Primrose for Production
  • of g-Ln
  • Evening Primrose Oil
  • Borage
  • Seed
  • Some Agronomical Data
  • Borage Oil
  • “Virgin” Oil or “Refined” Oil ?
  • Main Uses of Borage Oil
  • Blackcurrant Seeds
  • Botany
  • Blackcurrant Seed Oil
  • Main Uses of Blackcurrant Seed Oil
  • Competing
  • Biotechnologies

Olive and Olive Oil

  • The Olive and its tree
  • Composition and characteristics of olive oil
  • Triglyceride composition
  • Fatty Acid Distribution in Internal and External Positions
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Unsaponifiable Matters
  • Contaminants
  • Quality and specifications:
  • The International COI Standard


Palm Oil and its Fractions

  • The plant
  • Botany
  • Crop growing techniques
  • Ecology & Growing Area
  • Yields and Production
  • Palm oil
  • Characteristics and Chemical Composition
  • Utilization

Animal Fat

  • Fat rendering industry land animal
  • Raw Material
  • Source
  • Characteristics
  • Collecting Fat
  • Rendering Process Principle
  • Batch dry Rendering System
  • Continuous Wet Rendering System
  • Continuous Dry Rendering System
  • Materials
  • Metal Elimination
  • Cookers
  • Pre-heaters
  • Dryers
  • Separators
  • Bone fat extraction
  • Choice of a rendering process

Technology of Refining of Fats

  • Minor Components and Contaminants to be Eliminated
  • Free Fatty Acids
  • Partial Glycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Colouring Agents
  • Free Sugars, Glycolipids
  • Hydrocarbons, Resins
  • Sterols
  • Tocopherols
  • Waxes
  • Metal Compounds
  • Flavours
  • Naturally Food-Borne Toxic Substances
  • Substances of External Origin
  • Receiving and Storing Crude Oils
  • Quality Control before Unloading
  • Crude Oil Warehousing
  • Determining Quantities, Gaugings
  • Classical Chemical Refining
  • Eliminating Phospholipids
  • Caustic Soda Neutralization
  • Waterwashing
  • Drying
  • Quality Control of Neutral Oil
  • Acidity
  • Moisture Content
  • Phosphorous
  • Soap
  • Neutralization Equipment Technology: Pumps, Exchangers, Mixers, Contactors
  • Feed Pumps
  • Dosing Pumps
  • Flow-Meters
  • Disc Heat-Exchangers
  • Spiral Exchangers
  • Welded Plate Heat-Exchangers
  • “Compablock” Exchangers
  • Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers
  • Mixers and Contactors
  • Neutralization Equipment Technology: Centrifugal Separators
  • Different Types of Continuous Centrifugal Separators
  • Peripherals of the Centrifugal Separators
  • Programming System of the Self-Cleaning Separators
  • Theoretical Data Determining the Bowls Characteristics
  • Study of Some Equipments
  • Cylindrical Bowls Separators
  • Westfalia’s Separators, Type RTA or OSM with Double Turbine
  • Alfa-Laval type SRG separator
  • Separators with Self-Cleaning Bowls
  • Westfalia’s Type RSA Self-Cleaning
  • Separators
  • Alfa-Laval Type SRPX
  • Self-cleaning Separators
  • Bowls Cleaning,
  • Starting up and Ending Procedures
  • Self-cleaning Bowls
  • Dismantling the Bowls
  • Reassembling the Bowls
  • Starting and Stopping a Centrifuge
  • Neutralization Loss
  • Determining Neutralization
  • Loss Using an Inventory Balance
  • Determination Using Loss Control
  • Determining Neutralization Loss with Chemical Methods
  • Bleaching
  • The Absoption Phenomenon
  • Bleaching Agents
  • Bleaching Clays
  • Activated Carbon
  • Side Effects of Bleaching Agents
  • “Trisyl” and other Similar Products
  • Bleaching Monitoring
  • Filtration and filters
  • Porous Walls
  • Filters: Process and Technology
  • Example of a Metallic Cloth Filter: Niagara Filter
  • Example of a Metal Mesh Filter:
  • Funda Filter
  • Example of a Metal Mesh Filter: Bernardini Filter
  • Plugging of Metal Filters
  • Safety Filters
  • Filters Using Paper Filtering Discs: Filter Presses
  • Filters Using Filtration Discs: Bubble Cap Filters
  • Filtration Quality Control – Computerizing  the Process
  • Control with a Filtration Test
  • Control with a Turbidity Measure
  • Monitek Turbidity Instrument
  • APV-Bowser Turbidity Instrument
  • De-Oiling Spent Earth
  • Analyses to be Carried Out on Bleached Oil
  • Dewaxing Vegetable Oils
  • Waxes & their Measuring
  • Dewaxing by Filtration
  • Dewaxing by Centrifugation, Double Purification
  • Pre-Dewaxing by Chilling and Centrifugating after Neutralization
  • Pre-Dewaxing by Chilling and Centrifugating after Partial Neutralization
  • Pre-Dewaxing by Cold Degumming
  • Eliminating Spent Earths
  • “Demargarination” of Selectively Hydrogenized Oils
  • Prechilling Peanut Oils
  • Deodorization
  • Flavour and Odour Releasing Substances
  • Substances Characterizing Non-Alterated Oil
  • Substances Produced by Oil Degradation
  • Basic Principles of Deodorization
  • Influence of Various Parameters
  • Amount of Steam Injected
  • Influence of Temperature
  • Influence of the Duration of the Operation
  • Influence of Pressure
  • Influence of the Way Cooling is Conducted
  • Loss During Deodorization
  • Inevitable Loss
  • Other Loss
  • Product Quality
  • Deodorization Equipment
  • Example of a Semicontinuous Deodorizer
  • Example of a Continuous Deodorizer
  • Semicontinuous Deodorizer with Continuous Inlet and Outlet
  • Thin Film Deodorization
  • Saturation with Nitrogen
  • Pollution and Nuisance Due to Deodorization
  • Physical Refining
  • Basic Principles
  • Superdegumming
  • treating the by-products
  • Soapstocks
  • Earths From Bleaching
  • Earths from Dewaxing
  • Deodorization By-products
  • Waste Water Treatment

Hydrogenation Technology

  • Diagrammatic Principle of Hydrogenation
  • Hydrogen
  • Catalysts
  • Different Types of Catalysts
  • Catalyst Poisons
  • Fats and Oils to be Hydrogenated
  • Hydrogenation Equipment
  • Discontinuous or Vat Process
  • DEAD-END System
  • Continuous Hydrogenation
  • Comparison with Discontinuous Processes
  • Principle of Continuous Process
  • Equipment Models
  • Separation of Catalyst & Operations
  • Filtration Conditions
  • Filtration Apparatus
  • Handling of Catalyst
  • General Layout of an Installation
  • Improvement in Hydrogenation Techniques
  • New Stirring Techniques
  • BUSS Loop Reactor
  • Helicoidal L.M. LITZ
  • Mechanism
  • Other Hydrogenation Techniques
  • Improvement in Energy Yield
  • Control of Reaction
  • Process Control
  • Controlling the End of
  • Reaction (End Point)
  • Control of Finished Product
  • Characteristics of Some Hydrogenated Oils
  • Safety Problems
  • Hydrogen-Related Problems
  • Problems in Handling of Catalyst
  • Problems of Installation Safety

Fractionation Technology

  • Fractionation of palm oil
  • Fractionation of lightly hydrogenated lard or tallow
  • Fractionation of Hydrogenated Oils
  • Dewaxing of Sunflower Oil
  • Different Methods of Fractionation
  • Chromatography
  • Fractionated Crystallization
  • Liquid/liquid Extraction
  • Fractionated Crystallization
  • Principle and Method
  • Some Theoretical Considerations on Crystallization Technology
  • Heat transfer between
  • Rate of nuclei diffusion
  • Effect of Temperature Gradient (At)
  • Effect of the Surface (S) of Transfer
  • Effect of Viscosity
  • Dry Fractionation
  • Principle
  • The TIRTIAUX Process
  • Fractionation in Solvent
  • Phase
  • Principle
  • Operating Conditions
  • Installation of Fractionation by Solvent
  • Fractionation in Presence of Detergent (Lanza process)
  • Principle
  • Operating Conditions
  • Installation Using LANZA Process
  • Brief Comparison of the Three Processes
  • Liquid/Liquid Fractionation
  • Freeman Rule

Margarine Technology

  • General Production
  • Principles
  • Importance of Crystallization
  • Polymorphism
  • Mixed Crystals
  • Dimension and Form of Crystals
  • Importance of Rate of Solid
  • Does the Aqueous Phase and Ingredients Have a Role to Play?
  • General Production Pattern
  • Vegetable Oils and Fats
  • Animal Oils
  • Formulation of Fatty Phases
  • Equivalent of Rates of Solids
  • Introduction of Data of Crystallization
  • Problems Linked to Hardness
  • Evaluation of Margarine for Pastry
  • Elasticity and Spread
  • Taste of Margarines
  • Melting Speed
  • Sensation of  “freshness “
  • Sensation of  “thickness”
  • Oil Exudation
  • Characteristics of the Fatty Phase
  • Production Additives and Auxiliaries
  • Ingredients Soluble in the Fatty Phase
  • Emulsifying Agent
  • Monoglycerides of Fatty Acids
  • Colouring agents
  • Aromas Soluble in Fatty Phase
  • Liposoluble Vitamins
  • Ingredients Soluble in Aqueous Phase
  • Water
  • Milk
  • Salt
  • Preservatives
  • pH Regulators
  • Antioxidants
  • Emulsion Preparation
  • Preparation of the Fatty
  • Phase
  • Preparation of Aqueous
  • Phase
  • Water and Brine
  • Sugar
  • Matured Milk
  • Acidity Regulator
  • Final Emulsion
  • Diverse Processes of Manufacture
  • Semi-Continuous
  • Processes or Proces-
  • ses on Drum
  • The Traditional Processes Represented by the
  • System of Tubular
  • Cooling and Scraped Surface
  • VOTATOR Process
  • The Perfector System
  • Conditioning
  • Quality Control
  • Control During Manufacture
  • Control of the Fat Phase
  • Salt and Sugar
  • Testing the Finished
  • Product
  • Testing the Water Content
  • Testing Weight of Bricks
  • Salt Content
  • Content of Air and Occluded Gases
  • pH Measurement
  • Measurement of Hardness
  • Other Tests
  • Organoleptic Quality
  • Bacteriological Control
  • Packaging Checks
  • Oil Emulsions in Water
  • Emulsions
  • Physical Stability
  • Sedimentation or Creaming
  • Floculation or Coagulation
  • Coalescence or Rupture of Emulsion
  • Bacteriological Stability
  • Organoleptic Stability
  • Mayonnaise
  • Definition
  • Raw Materials Used
  • Oil
  • Egg yolk
  • Mustard
  • Vinegar
  • Other Ingredients
  • Additives and Aromas
  • Formulation
  • Production
  • Discontinuous Production
  • Quality Control
  • Mayonnaise
  • Raw Materials
  • Packaging
  • Sauces
  • Variety Sauces
  • Bearnaise Sauce
  • Tartar Sauce
  • Burgundy Sauce
  • Ailloli Sauce
  • Salad Sauces
  • Vinegar

Production of Neat Soap with 63% Fatty Acids

  • Saponification Reaction
  • Batch Process
  • Equipment
  • Saponification
  • Washing
  • Fitting
  • Continuous Processes
  • Sharples Process
  • Monsavon Process
  • Alfa-Laval Process
  • Saponification
  • Mazzoni Process
  • Washing cycles
  • Latest Developments in Processes
  • Other Processes
  • Soap from Fatty Acids
  • Methyl Ester Soap
  • Miscellaneous Processes
  • Drying and Finishing of Soap
  • Drying of Household Soaps
  • Drying of Toilet Soap
  • Finishing of Toilet Soap
  • Wrapping and Packaging
  • Glycerine Recovery
  • Lye Processing
  • Concentration
  • Distillation
  • Bleaching

Oilseed Processing Technology

  • Importance of fats and oils
  • Availability of edible oils
  • Traditional oil processing
  • Ghani technology
  • Crushing oilseeds
  • Oil yield
  • Evolution of oil
  • processing
  • Advantages and disadvantages of ghani crushing
  • Authenticity of edible oils
  • Olive oil
  • Purity criteria
  • Free Fatty Acid
  • Content (FFA)
  • Peroxide Value (PV)
  • Specific Extinction (SE)
  • Fatty Acid Composition
  • Sterol Composition
  • Codex standards to combat fraud
  • Future developments
  • Recommendations on
  • Fats and Oils in Human Nutrition
  • Minimum Desirable
  • Intakes for Adults
  • Recommendations
  • Minimum desirable intakes for infants and young children
  • Recommendations
  • Upper limits of dietary fat and oil intakes
  • Recommendations
  • Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol
  • Recommendations
  • Isomeric fatty acids
  • Recommendations
  • Substances associated with fats and oils
  • Recommendations
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Recommendations
  • Dietary information and programme needs
  • Recommendations

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]]> Organic Farming https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/organic-farming/ Tue, 14 Jan 2014 11:31:21 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=875 Vegetation  like all living things, requires  certain  foods
for  its  survival and growth.  For this purpose  fertilizers  or
farming  are the materials to be added to the soil and  sometimes
to  foliage  to supply nutrients to sustain  plants  and  promote
their abundant and fruitful growth.  The elements that constitute
these plants foods are divided into three classes.

Project Reports Cover:

  •     Introduction
  •     Uses and Applications
  •     Properties
  •     Market Survey with future aspects
  •     Present Manufacturers
  •     B.I.S. Specifications
  •     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
  •    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
  •     Capacity
  •     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
  •     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
  •     Raw Materials
  •     Details/List and Costs
  •     Power & Water Requirements
  •     Labour/Staff Requirements
  •     Utilities and Overheads
  •     Total Capital Investment
  •     Turnover
  •     Cost of Production
  •     Break Even Point
  •     Profitability
  •     Land Man Ratio
  •     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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]]> Organic Chemicals & Solvents https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/organic-chemicals-solvents/ Thu, 02 Jan 2014 06:23:05 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=643 5-Bromo phthalide:

Phthalide is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H6O2. It is a lactone that serves as the core chemical structure for a variety of more complex chemical compounds including dyes (such as phenolphthalein), fungicides (such as tetrachlorophthalide, often referred to simply as "phthalide") and natural oils (such as butylphthalide).

Phthalides are a group of secondary metabolites or phytochemical compounds classified under lactones. Phthalides are known to provide health benefits by stimulating and/or inhibiting various enzymes in the body. Studies have shown that these compounds can help lower blood pressure, provide an anti-inflammatory function, improve circulation, rid the body of toxins such as uric acid crystals, inhibit malignancy and offer a calming effect.

Project Report Covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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]]> Zinc Sulphate, Monohydrate & Hepta Hydrate https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/zinc-sulphate-monohydrate-hepta-hydrate/ Thu, 12 Dec 2013 13:53:28 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=404 Zinc sulphate is a widely used chemical and has been  known under the name of "White Vitriol".  Although Zinc Sulphate  (mono hydrate)  occurs  in  nature  in  small  quantities  as   mineral Glosarite, this compound is normally manufactured synthetically.

Project Report Covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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]]> GOLD POTASSIUM CYANIDE (G. P. C.) https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/gold-potassium-cyanide-g-p-c/ Wed, 11 Dec 2013 08:39:34 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=312 Gold  is  normally electro deposited from a  solution  containing essentially  a  double  cyanide  of Gold  and  an  alkali  metal, additional  alkali  cyanide  (free cyanide)  and  other  alkaline compounds. This solution is usually produced from gold  potassium cyanide or sometimes from gold cyanide or gold potassium cyanide. For   electro-plating  process  anodes  used  are  usually   that stainless steel (alkaline process), platinized titanium or carbon (acid process) or gold (acid and alkaline process).
Project Report covers:

  •     Introduction
  •     Uses and Applications
  •     Properties
  •     Market Survey with future aspects
  •     Present Manufacturers
  •     B.I.S. Specifications
  •     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
  •    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
  •     Capacity
  •     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
  •     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
  •     Raw Materials
  •     Details/List and Costs
  •     Power & Water Requirements
  •     Labour/Staff Requirements
  •     Utilities and Overheads
  •     Total Capital Investment
  •     Turnover
  •     Cost of Production
  •     Break Even Point
  •     Profitability
  •     Land Man Ratio
  •     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

 

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]]> Lecithin (Soya Based) https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/lecithin-soya-based/ Tue, 12 Nov 2013 08:24:15 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=304 Lecithin is the popular and commercial name for a naturally occurring mixture of phosphatides  (also called phospholipids or, more recently by biochemists, phosphoglycerides), which varies in color from light tan to dark reddish brown and in consistency from a fluid to a plastic solid. Lecithin is the gummy material contained in crude vegetable oils and removed by degumming. Soybeans are by far the most important source of commercial lecithin and lecithin is the most important by-product of the soy oil processing industry because of its many applications in foods and industrial products. The three main phosphatides in this complex mixture called "commercial soy lecithin" are phosphatidyl choline (also called "pure" or "chemical" lecithin to distinguish it from the natural mixture), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (popularly called "cephalin"), and phosphatidyl inositols (also called inositol phosphatides). Commercial soy lecithin also typically contains roughly 30-35% unrefined soy oil. Indeed lecithin is one of the most complex and versatile substances derived from the soybean.

Soya Lecithin Project Report covers:

  • Introduction
  • Uses and Applications
  • Properties
  • Market Position
  • Present Manufacturers
  • B.I.S. Specifications
  • Manufacturing Process with Formulae
  • Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
  • Capacity
  • Land & Building Requirements with Rates
  • List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
  • Raw Materials
  • Details/List and Costs
  • Power & Water Requirements
  • Labour/Staff Requirements
  • Utilities and Overheads
  • Total Capital Investment
  • Turnover
  • Cost of Production
  • Break Even Point
  • Profitability
  • Land Man Ratio
  • Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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