Packaging – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports

PACKAGED DRINKING WATER BOTTLING PLANT

EIRI Team — Wed, 04 Aug 2021 10:47:02 +0000

Water (H2O) is the most precious resource and abundant compound on Earth's surface, covering more than 70 percent of the planet. In nature, water exists in three states such as liquid, solid, and gas. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a tasteless and odorless liquid, nearly colorless with a slight hint of blue. Many substances dissolve in water and it is commonly referred to as the universal solvent. Because of this, water in nature and in use is rarely pure and some of its properties may vary slightly from those of the pure substance. However, there are also many compounds that are essentially, if not completely, insoluble in water. Water is the only common substance found naturally in all three common states of matter and it is essential for all lives on Earth. Water usually makes up 55% to 78% of the human body.

WATER IN OUR BODY

Water plays many important roles in our body. It is the major part of most of the body‟s cells (except for fat cells) and it also cushions and lubricates the brain and the joints. It transports nutrients and carries waste away from the body cells. It also helps to regulate body temperature by redistributing heat from active tissues to the skin and cooling the body through perspiration. Most of the water in the body is found within the cells of the body (about two thirds is in the intracellular space), and the rest is found in the extracellular space, which consists of the spaces between cells (the interstitial space) and the blood plasma.

Water: The Most Precious Resource of Our Life.

Water is the main constituent of the human body. It is normally about 60% of body weight in adult males, and is slightly lower, about 50-55%, in females due to their higher proportion of body fat. The muscles and the brain are about 75% water, the blood and the kidneys are about 81%, the liver is about 71%, the bones are about 22% and adipose tissue is about 20%. The body requires sufficient water to survive and function properly. Humans cannot live without drinking water for more than a few days – depending on weather, activity levels and other factors – whereas other nutrients may be neglected for weeks or months. Although commonly it is treated rather trivially, no other nutrient is more essential or is needed in such large amounts. Water is central to the most basic physiological functions such as regulating blood pressure, body temperature, hydration and digestion. Some of the most remarkable benefits of water in our body are listed below.

a) Brain

An adequate amount of water is needed for proper functioning of our brain. When we drink good amount of water, brain cells are better supplied with fresh, oxygen-laden blood, and the brain remains alert. On the other hand, dehydration can cause loss of more than 2% body weight and can affect the brain‟s processing abilities and impair short-term memory.

b) Cells

Water in the body is essential for transporting carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other important nutrients and oxygen to the cells. The cells then produce energy for the body to function. Furthermore, water facilitates disposal of the waste products of metabolism, enabling the right cellular chemical function.

c) Digestion

Water plays an important role in the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract. Water is required to dissolve nutrients so that they may be absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to the cells. Insufficient water supply in the body will slow the digestive process and can lead to constipation.

d) Heart

Water is very important for healthy heart function and is essential to keep blood pressure within the healthy range. Lack of proper water supply in the body decreases cardiac output which may lead to increases in heart rate and a fall in blood pressure. The circulatory system delivers a constant supply of oxygen to the brain, muscles and to all other tissues. Researchers at Loma Linda University in California studied more than 20,000 healthy men and women and found that people who drink more than five glasses of water a day were less likely to die from a heart attack or heart disease than those who drank fewer than two glasses a day.

e) Kidneys

An adequate water intake is essential to keep the kidneys working well, helping them to remove waste products and excess nutrients mainly via urine. The kidneys regulate the body’s water levels by increasing or decreasing the flow of urine. The kidneys also work to control normal levels of sodium and other electrolytes. A well-hydrated healthy person‟s kidneys filter approximately 180 liters of water each day; clearly most of this has to be reabsorbed to prevent excessive losses from the body.

f) Muscles and Joints

Water acts as a lubricant for muscles and joints. It helps cushion joints and keeps muscles working properly. Muscles and joints, in addition to the bones, are necessary for us to stand, sit, move and carry out all daily activities. Approximately 70% to 75% of the muscle is made up of water. Maintaining the right water balance is essential for optimum muscle function.

g) Skin

The skin constitutes a defense against pathogenic agents and contributes to preventing the development of infectious and allergic processes. Some people believe that good hydration helps to moisten body tissues and preserve the skin‟s elasticity, softness and coloring though this has not been researched adequately.

h) Temperature

The body water has an important role as a thermo regulator. It regulates the overall body temperature by helping dissipate heat. If the body becomes too hot, water is lost through sweat and the evaporation of this sweat from the skin surface removes heat from the body. Sweating is the most effective way that the body prevents itself from overheating

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Automatic Biscuit Making Plant

EIRI Team — Tue, 25 Nov 2014 11:38:12 +0000

Around the world Biscuits is the principal food and provides more nutrients than any other single food source. The value of grain in the world used for human consumption is over 2, 3 times of the value of the world iron and steel production. Although only 14% of the grain in the world is handled through international channels, cereal grains make up more than half of all the goods in overseas trade.

The same Biscuit is made up form the word ‘BIS’ Which means twice and ‘Cut’ means Balled suggesting that product should be twice balled. The Biscuit were originally developed to meet the requirement of longer life of the barley products and for this, purpose, the dough were made up and twice balled to make them moisture free to improve their keeping qualities. The Biscuit manufacturing was started a century ago mainly to meet the requirement of European Travelers. The industry was located near the sea port but today we have a large number of factories situated in various parts of the country. Producing best quality biscuitse quivalent to international standards.

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Complete Technology Book of Plastic Processing and Recycling of Plastics with Project Profiles

EIRI Team — Fri, 29 Aug 2014 12:36:57 +0000

COMPLETE TECHNOLOGY BOOK OF PLASTIC PROCESSING AND RECYCLING OF PLASTICS WITH PROJECT PROFILES

PLASTIC PROCESSING INDUSTRIES TECHNOLOGY

Beginning
Injection Moulding of Thermoplastics
Reaction Injection Moulding (RIM)
Injection Moulding of Thermosets
Extrusion
Extrusion of Thermoplastics
Extrusion of Thermosets
Blow Moulding
Extrusion Blow Moulding
Injection Blow Moulding
Coating Process
Extrusion Coating
Wire Covering
Dip coating
Fluidized Bed Coating
Other Coating Processes
Rotational Moulding
Thermoforming
Calendering
Casting
Compression moulding
Transfer Moulding
Processing Reinforced Plastics
Type of Reinforcement
Processing Methods
Reinforced Thermoplastics
Reinforced Thermosets
Dough Moulding Compound (DMC)
Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC)
Moulding Processes
Open Mould Process
Hand Lay up
Spray up
Filament Winding
Intermediate Process
Cold Press Moulding
Resin Injection
Pultrusion
Heated Mould Process
Pre-form Moulding
Sheet Moulding Compounds (SMC)
Dough Moulding Compounds (DMC)
Lamination of plastics
Fabrication and Decorating of Plastics
Introduction
Machining of Plastics
Assembly Methods
Adhesive Bounding
Welding of Plastics
Hot Gas Welding
Ultrasonic Welding
Friction Welding
High Frequency Welding
Hot Plate Welding
Induction Welding
Mechanical Joints
Decorating Plastics
Integral Colouring
In-mould Transfers
Post Moulding Techniques
Painting
Hot Stamping
Metallic Coatings
Electroplating
Vacuum Metallizing
Printing

NON-WOVEN PP FABRICS IN HYGIENE, HEALTHCARE, MEDICAL AND MEDICARE

The non-wovens industry
Today’s non wovens
Major production methods
How non wovens are made and used
Summary of processes
Web bonding
Fabric finishing
Coverting
End product converting
User acceptance of non wovens
Medical and surgical disposables protect healthcare workers and patients
Hygiene related products medical market
Advantages
Hygiene market
Applications
Advantages
Medical products
Medical products Type of non wovens
Medical usage in the USA
Medical products
Surgical and medical products
Surgical products
Continuous innovation in absorbent, hygiene products
Absorbent hygiene products
Personal care and hygiene products
Healthcare products
Wrap up

POLYETHYLENE GREENHOUSES

Plastics in Agribusiness
Polyethylene Greenhouse
Specific Benefits of Polyhouses
Benefits of Plastic Greenhouses
Types of Polyethylene Greenhouses
classification based on material
Green Houses & Large Tunnels
Benefits
Manufacturing Process
Distribution Pattern of PE Greenhouses
For achieving a higher market penetration of PE Greenhouses

NEW TRENDS IN PLASTICS PACKAGING

Introduction
Flexible packaging
Thrust areas
Breathable films
Multipurpose FFS machinery
Hayssen Snack food packaging systems
Aseptic packaging
Aseptic filling operation
Factors of importance
Aseptic transfer
Internal storage transport and handling
Bulk aseptic packaging Filter
Automatic filling
Multilayer barrier PET bottles
Blow moulded industrial packaging
Some new trends in blow moulding
Blow moulding foam technology (BFT)
Thin gauge form fill seal machines
Packaging for electrostatic discharge protection
Miscellaneous
Some typical speciality additives in polymers for packaging applications
Biodegradable plastics (films)
Recycling of tetrapack waste
Wrap-up

NYLON MONOFILAMENTS

Introduction
Product Description and Uses
Manufacturing Process
Plant and Machinery

PLASTIC BATTERIES

Two Plastic Batteries

PACKAGING OF EDIBLE OIL AND FAT

Composition off Edible Oil and Fat
Spoilage Factors
Distribution Pattern
Packaging Systems/Types of Pack
Critical Parameters
Package Types
Tinplate Containers
Glass Bottles
Semi Rigid Containers
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) Containers
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Bottles
PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) Bottles
Other Semi-Rigid Packs
Flexible Plastic Pouches
Analysis of Needs and Shifts
Structures and Critical Polymers
Structures
Critical Polymers
Closer Look
Flexible Plastics as Economical Media
Flexible Plastics as Effective Solid Waste Reducing Media
Indian Standards for Packaging of Edible oil vanaspati and Ghee
Legislations

PVC HIGHLY FILLED TILES

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
uses and Application
Manufacturing Process

PLASTIC CORRUGATED PIPES

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
Blow Moulding
Vacuum Forming
Raw Materials
Plant and Machinery

PVC HOUSE WITH BRAIDED REINFORCEMENT

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
Plant and Machinery

RECYCLING OF PLASTICS (HDPE/PP/LDPE/LLDPE/ABS etc.)

Introduction
Collection of waste
Separation
Float Sink Separation
Froth Floatation Separation
Process of Plastic Wastes Recycling
Material Recycling of Homogeneous Plastics Wastes
Raw materials
Compatibilization of incompatible Polymers
Chemical Recyclng
Pyrolysis
Union Carbide Chemicals & Fuels
Tolyo Gas Co. High Grade Coke
Sekisui Chemical Co.Charcoal
Osaka University Gasoline

Osaka City Institute of Hygiene Combustible Gases
Chemical Decomposition of Plastic Wastes by Hydrolysis, Hydrocracking and Other Processes
Energy Recovery from Plastic Wastes
Incineration
Suitable Wastes for Incineration Treatment
Factors Affecting Incineration
Types of Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Products of Incineration
Air Pollution Control During Incineration
Sources of Chlorine and Dioxin Emission
Ash Contents
Landfill Gas and Flammability
Landfill Gas and the Greenhuse Effect
Asphyxiation Toxicity and Odour
Degradable Plastics
Factors Affecting Plastics Degradation
Plastic Modified for Degradation

PET PREFORM AND BOTTLE BLOWING

PET Container Applications
Popular Applications
Manufacturing Processes
Quality Requirements
Single Stage Process
Two Stage Process
Two Stage System Injection Moulding Machine
Machines to give
Dehumidification
Chillers
High pressure compressor
Blowing Station Fully Automatic machines
How are the physical properties of PET improved by stretching?
International trends
Indian Scene
Future Scene Expected
The Future is Big and Good
PET Resin Industry Structure

REVERSE PRINTED LDPE EXTRUSION COATING ON 2 SIDES OF HDPE WOVEN SACKS

Plastics for Entrepreneurs
Extrusion coating on woven sacks for entrepreneurs
Extrusion coating
Low density polyethylene resin
India Low Density Polyethylene Extrusion Coating in India
Polyethylene extrusion coating for entrepreneurs
Manufacturing process
Established end uses
Case study

REFRIGERATOR INNER DOORS AND LINERS

Introduction
Product Description and properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
Raw Materials
Plant and Machienry
Project Cost

ROLL -O-MATIC BAG AND IN LINE PRINTING

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing process
Raw Materials
Plant and Machinery

PET RECYCLING

Virgin PET
PET Synthesis
Virgin PET thermal transitions and crystallisation
PET applications and processing
Extrusion
Extrusion moulding
Extrusion to produce foam
Injection moulding
Blow moulding
Recycled PET
Contamination
Acid producing contaminants
Water
Colouring contaiminants
Acetaldehyde
Other contaminants
POSTC PET conventional recycling processes
Chemical recycling
Mechanical recycling
Contaminants removal
Drying
Melt processing
Increasing recycled PET intrinsic viscosity
Reprocessing under vacuum
Stabilizers
Solid state polymerisation
Chain extension
Chain extension process
End groups effect
Cross linking reaction
Chain extenders
Chain extension process experimental variables
Chain extension process equipment
Reactive extrusion process
Single screw extruder
Twin screw extruder
Stability of reactive extrusion system
The effect of chain extension on PET crystallinity and thermal transitions
Thermal Transitions and Crystallinity
Multiple melting peaks phenomena
ISBM process
Preform moulding
Bottle stretch blow moulding
ISBM of RER-PET
Bottle physical properties
Orientation and conformation of molecules of PET bottle
Trans Gaucheconformational changes
Dichrostsm

SYNTHETIC PAPERS

Some Successful End uses
Features of synthetics (PP) paper
Finishing and fabrication of products using synthetic paper
Binding
Lamination
Folding
Perforation
Adhesives
Other end uses packaging
In mould labeling
Disposal of (PP) synthetic paper
In-Mould Labelling
Recyling
Environmentally Friendly
stationery Paper
Adhesives
A Wrap up

STRUCTURAL FOAM MOULDING

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process

TECHNOLOGY FOR MANUFACTURING ORIENTED PVC-O PIPES

Full Dry system
Quick Diameter Change
Higher Degree of Orientation
Heating Equipment
Internal Scket
Flexibility
Low Learning Curve
Conclusion
Benefits to instailer of Oriented PVC (PVC-O) Pipes
Benefits to user of Oriented PVC (PVC-O) Pipes

WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES

Thermoplastics Materials and Wood Filler
Processing
Applications for WPCa
Decking
Window and Door Profiles
Automotive Applications
Conclusion

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ACRYLIC BATH TUB AND SHOWER TRAY