In other words, A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

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Multilayer PCB Is made up of three or more conductive layers (copper foil layer), these layers are pressed together and form multilayer PCB. Copper foil layer is bonded together by PP (prepreg), Multilayer PCB is one of the most complex types in printed circuit board. Because of the complexity in PCB manufacturing process, low yield rate and difficulty of rework, making the price is relatively high.

Due to the packaging density increase in integrated circuit, which bring about interconnect highly concentrated, thus using multilayer PCB become necessary. In the layout of printed circuit boards, sometimes it will have some unforeseen design problems, such as noise, stray capacitance, crosstalk and so on, therefore, when design printed circuit board, it must be committed to make the length of signal wire as short as possible and avoid parallel circuits, etc. Obviously, it is hard to get satisfied solution from single-sided PCB or even double-sided PCB, due to the cross circuit number is limited. In the demand of mass interconnection and interdigitation, if printed circuit board wants to achieve a satisfactory performance, it must be extend to more than two layers, thus the multilayer PCB appeared.

Multilayer PCB at least has three conductive layers, two layers on surface side, and the rest of the layers are synthesized inside the insulation part. The electrical connection between each layer is usually realized by plated through hole. Unless special instructions, both multilayer PCB and double-sided PCB are plated through hole printed circuit boards.

A multilayer board consists of a number of layers of dielectric material that has been impregnated with adhesives, and these layers are used to separate the layers of copper plating. All of these layers are aligned and then bonded into a single board structure under heat and pressure. Multilayer boards with 48 or more layers can be produced with today's technologies.

In a typical four layer board design, the internal layers are often used to provide power and ground connections, such as a +5V plane layer and a Ground plane layer as the two internal layers, with all other circuit and circuit package formats.

In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support electronic components which have their connection leads soldered onto copper pads in surface mount applications or through drilled holes in the board and copper pads for soldering the component leads in thru-hole applications. A board design may have all thru-hole components on the top or component side, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount on the top side only, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount components on the top side and surface mount components on the bottom or circuit side, or surface mount components on the top and bottom sides of the board.

The boards are also used to electrically connect the required leads for each component using conductive copper traces. The component pads and connection traces are etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Printed circuit boards are designed as single sided with copper pads and traces on one side of the board only, double sided with copper pads and traces on the top and bottom sides of the board, or multilayer designs with copper pads and traces on top and bottom of board with a variable number of internal copper layers with traces and connections.

A PCB is found in almost every electronic device. If you have electronic components in a device, they are mounted on a PCB, big or small. Besides keeping the components in place, its purpose of a PCB is to provide electrical connections between the components mounted on it. As electronic devices have become more complex, and require more components, the PCB has become more populated, and dense with wiring and components.

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TYPES OF PCB

1. Single-sided PCB

2. Double-sided PCB

1. Single-sided PCB

The single-sided PCBs are mostly used in entertainment electronics where manufacturing costs have to be kept at a minimum. However, in industrial electronics also, cost factors cannot be neglected and single-sided boards should be used wherever a particular circuit can be accommodated on such boards.

To jump over conductor tracks, components have to be utilized (Fig A). If this is not feasible, jumper wires are used. The number of jumper wires on a board, however, is restricted by economic reasons. If their number is more than a few, the use of a double-sided PCB should be considered.

Advantages of single-sided PCBs include:

•    Low cost, especially for volume production;

•    Low rate of issues during PCB manufacturing process, accordingly, leading to high speed of fabrication;

•    Suitable for simple circuits.
2. Double-sided PCB
Double-sided PCBs can be made with or without plated-through holes. The production of board with plated-through holes is fairly expensive. Therefore, plated-through hole boards are only chosen where the circuit complexity and density does not leave any other choice. Even on such boards, the total number of plated-through holes, in particular of via-holes (holes utilized only for through-contact and not for component mounting), should be kept to the minimum for reasons of economy and reliability.
The cost factor for double-sided PCBs without plated-through holes is considerably lower because plating can be avoided. Through-contacts are made by soldering the component leads on both the board sides where required. Jumper wires may still be added. However, hand soldering must be applied for soldering of the component side joints.
In the layout design of such boards, solder joints on the component sides have to be kept minimum in number because the replacing of such components is extremely difficult. A typical strategy is therefore to realize the conductors as much as possible on the non-component side and to put only the remaining once on the component side. Such boards are therefore compromise between serviceability and electrical design optimum on the one hand and the cost factor on the other.

Therefore, advantages of double-layer PCBs can be summarized into the following aspects:
•    More flexibility for designers;
•    An increase of circuit density;
•    Relatively low cost;
•    Reduction of board size.
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF PCB
PCB ASSEMBLY
FOLLOWING ELECTRONICS PARTS AND CONSUMABLES ARE NEEDED
FOR PCB ASSEMBLY
METHOD OF PCB ASSEMBLY
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
TYPES OF SMD
ACTIVE COMPONENTS
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SMD COMPONENTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
THE ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY
THE DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY
USES AND APPLICATION
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SMD COMPONENTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
APPLICATION:
COMPUTERS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PROCESS FLOW CHART
ASSEMBLING PROCESS OF PCB
PROCESS OVERVIEW
SMT PROCESS
SOLDER PASTE
PREHEAT ZONE
THERMAL SOAK ZONE
REFLOW ZONE
COOLING ZONE
TYPES OF REFLOW SOLDERING
GENERALLY,THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF LASERS USED FOR REFLOW SOLDERING:
CLEANING
REWORK
INSPECTION OF SOLDERED JOINTS
MARKINGS
PACKAGING/SHIPMENT
MARKET POSITION
THE INDIAN PCB INDUSTRY
METHODOLOGY
MARKET AT A GLANCE
GROWTH DRIVERS
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE INDUSTRY
OTHER CHALLENGES INCLUDE:
GROWING INORGANICALLY
MOVING FORWARD
INDIAN PCB INDUSTRY GROWTH
SIGNS OF GROWTH
GROWTH DRIVERS
THE DEMAND-SUPPLY GAP
OBSTACLES IN THE PATH OF GROWTH
OTHER CHALLENGES INCLUDE:
GROWING INORGANICALLY
ADVANTAGES IN INDIA
LOOKING AHEAD
PLANT LAYOUT
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF PCB BOARD
SUPPLIERS OF PCB
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
BARE PCB BOARD
SUPPLIERS OF SOLDER PASTE
SUPPLIERS OF SURFACE MOUNTED DEVICES
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
PCB ASSEMBLING PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF AUTOMATIC OPTICAL INSPECTION EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIERS OF AUTOMATIC XRAY INSPECTION MACHINE
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
PLATEFARM WEIGHING MACHINE
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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