The word "aerosol" was first employed in the field of colloid chemistry to describe a suspension of small particles  in air or gas in which radius of the particles was  less  than  50 micron. The suspended particles could be either solid or  liquid. Dust,  smoke and fog are examples of this class of  aerosol. The particles  in dusts may have diameter  as small as 0.1 micron  or less. The suspensions produce haze smoke is an aerosol consisting of solid particles, usually carbon, in air.  Carbon smoke is composed  of small particles with a radius of about 0.01  micron. The particle sizes in fogs are longer and range from about  4-50 micron in  diameter. The first aerosol of any commercial significance,  the aerosol insecticide, was defined in 1949 as  a system of particles suspended in air where 80 % of the  particles were  less  than  30 microns in diameter and  no  particles  were larger than 50 micron.

According to a recent CSMA glossary of terms, aerosol packaging  is  defined as " pressurizing sealed  containers  with liquefied  or  compressed  gases so that  the  product  is  self-dispensing".

The present aerosol industry is generally considered to have received its stimulus  from the development of  the aerosol insecticide used in world war II. The need for a  portable insecticide dispenser became imperative because of the disease caused among overseas troops by insects.

Packaging  technology plays an important role  for  aerosols containers  which  are usually made of metal, such  as  tinplate. (Sheet  metal  plated  with tin) or aluminium  generally  with  a protective  coat of lacquer on the inside. The  other  components are valve & spring nozzle. The selection of nozzle is crucial for the tublence and particle size of spray.

To  ensure  stability  metal containers  may  be  internally coated.  These  coatings must be acceptable in term of  safety  & product  compatibility. The type of valve used depends  upon  the product  use. It can be designed to deliver metered doses  or  to control  the  size  of the delivered  liquid  droplets  or  solid particles. Various actuators or adaptor units can be attached for different purposes. (eg.  to obtain different spray pattern).

The aerosol insecticides were packaged in 1-lb heavy steel containers. The  containers were made of two  shells,  drawn  of 0.044  in  steel and welded together. The cylinders were  fitted with  an  oil-burner-type  valve  with  a  swirl  chambers. The containers were filled with a mixture of 90 wt % freon 12 and  10 wt  % of a pyrethrin and sesame oil concentrate. A  4-inch  metal dip  tube,  0.017 inch in diameter, was attached to  the  valve, inside  the container. The pressure in the aerosols was about  70 psig at 70 oF, and the blow-off release was set at 300 psig. The aerosol  insecticides were  named  "big  bombs"  by westing house employees  because  of  their resemblance to a small bomb.  The insecticides  were  sold at 80 locations, including department stores, groceries, supermarkets, hardware  stores  and  filling stations.

INTRODUCTION
DETAILS OF AEROSOL (PESTICIDES/INSECTICIDES)
AEROSOL CONTAINER
STRENGTH OF CONTAINERS
AEROSOL VALVE
DIP TUBE
HOUSING
VALVE SPRING
VALVE STEM
VALVE INNER GASKET
VALVE CUP
ACTUATOR (BUTTON)
INSECTICIDES APPROVED CONTROL HOUSEHOLD PEST
INSECTICIDE
FORMULATION
INSECTICIDE
FORMULATION
HABITAT
ANOPHELES LARVAE
10 LIT IN 500 LTR WATER/HA
CULEX LARVAE
5 LIT IN 500 LTR WATER/HA
AEDES LARVAE
10 LIT IN 500 LTR WATER/HA
HABITAT
ADULT
LARVAE
USES AND APPLICATION
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION FOR PROPOXUR EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES
(IS - 9665 - 1981)
PACKING AND MARKING
SAMPLING:
TESTS:
SPECIFICATION FOR PROPOXUR TECHNICAL
(IS: 8496 - 1977)
DETERMINATION OF PROPOXUR CONTENT
GENERAL:-
ULTRA VIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD:-
PRINCIPLE:-
APPARATUS:-
REAGENTS:-
PREPARATION OF STANDARD AND SAMPLE SOLUTIONS:-
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION:-
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE SOLUTIONS:-
PROCEDURE:-
CALCULATION:-
SAPONIFICATION METHOD:-
PRINCIPLE:-
REAGENTS:-
NITROGEN:-
PROCEDURE:-
ALLETHRIN, TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
REFERENCES:-
REQUIREMENTS:-
DESCRIPTION:-
PACKING:-
MARKING:-
SAMPLING:-
TESTS:-
QUALITY OF REAGENTS:-
NOTE:-
DERMINATION OF D-ALLETHRIN CONTENT
COLUMN:-
REAGENTS:-
PROCEDURE:-
PREPARATION OF INTERNAL STANDARD SOLUTION:-
PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION:-
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE SOLUTION:-
ESTIMATION:-
CALCULATION:-
WHERE,
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND FORMULATIONS
SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCT VARIABLES
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
FLYING INSECT KILLER
CRAWLING INSECT KILLER
MULTI-PURPOSE
OPTIMISED FORMULATION
THE FORMULATION MAY BE OPTIMISED SUCH THAT:
THEY CAN BE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
SOLVENTS, CO-SOLVENTS AND PROPELLANTS
SOLVENTS
PROPELLANTS
EXAMPLES ARE:
CFCS
CS
HCFS
HFCS
DIMETHYL ETHER (DME)
COMPRESSED GAS PROPELLANTS
OIL-BASED AEROSOLS AND WATER-BASED AEROSOLS
OIL-BASED AEROSOLS
WATER-BASED AEROSOLS
MARKET SURVEY
DRIVERS AND TRENDS
DETAILED EXPORT DATA OF AEROSOL
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS
MANUFACTURE OF AEROSOLS
MANUFACTURING OF AEROSOLS ARE DONE AT TWO STAGES.
PRESSURE FILLING METHOD:
A. METHOD-1
B. METHOD-2
COMPRESSED GASES FILLING:
TESTING THE FILLED CONTAINERS:
PACKAGING, LABELING AND STORAGE
AEROSOL COMPONENTS
PROPELLANTS:-
GENERAL PROPERTIES:-
BOILING POINT AND VAPOR PRESSURE:-
COST:-
FLAMMABILITY:-
ODOR:-
PURITY:-
STABILITY:-
TOXICITY:-
SOLVENTS:-
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:-
OPERATION OF AN AEROSOL:-
THIS OPERATION IS ILLUSTRATED IN FIGURE SHOWN BELOW.
RAW MATERIALS
SOLVENTS
PETROLEUM SOLVENTS
ALCOHOLS
ESTERS
KETONES
ETHERS
VEGETABLE OILS
FOLLOWING DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF THE SOLVENT.
FINITROTHOIN
CAUTION
FORMULATION AND FILLING EQUIPMENT
LIQUID
FIRE/EXPLOSION PRECAUTIONS
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENES PRECAUTIONS
CARBAMATES
INSECTICIDAL AEROSOLS
SIZE OF LIQUID PARTICLES IN AN AEROSOL
SPRAY EMULSION
AEROSOL INSECTICIDE/PESTICIDES FORMULATIONS
(FOR COSTING - I)
(FORMULATION APPROVED BY THE GOVT.)
OTHER AEROSOL INSECTICIDE FORMULATION
OTHER FORMULATIONS OF HOUSE HOLD AEROSOLS
DETAILED MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AEROSOL INSECTICIDE SPRAY (BAYOR TYPE)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AEROSOL INSECTICIDE SPRAY
(HIT TYPE FOR MOSQUITOES & FLIES)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AEROSOL INSECTICIDE SPRAY
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AEROSOL INSECTICIDE SPRAY
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR AEROSOL INSECTICIDE SPRAY
GENERAL PROCESS DIAGRAM
FILLING OF AEROSOLS CONTAINERS WITH LIQUEFIED
GAS PROPELLANTS (LPG)
METHOD OF FILLING OF CANS
(I)  PRESSURE FILLING:-
STEP 1 :-
STEP 2 :-
STEP 3 :-
STEP 4 :-
STEP 5 :-
STEP 6 :-
STEP 7 :-
STEP 8 :-
STEP 9 :-
STEP 10 :-
STEP 11 :-
STEP 12 :-
PROCESS FLOWSHEET FOR AEROSOL INSECTICIDE/PESTICIDES
METHOD:-2
UNDERCAP FILLING METHOD:-
PESTICIDE FORMULATION & PROCESS
A PESTICIDE FORMULATION MAY CONSIST OF:
AEROSOLS (A)
READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
STAINLESS STEEL MIXER
STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
D.G. SETS
RAW MATERIALS CALCULATION
BASIS: 1 MONTH
COSTING - I
PLANT ECONOMICS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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