Additives Make Plastics
Look good
Additives Save Money
Additives Make Plastics Safe and Sound
Additives Make Plastics Clean And Healthy
Additives Make Plastics Work Longer
Additives Respect The Environment

Organic Peroxides

Types
Dialkyl Peroxides
Diacyl peroxides
Hydroperoxides
Ketone peroxides
Peroxydicarbonates
Peroxyesters
Process
Peroxyketals
Raw Materials
Suppliers
Trends and Forecasts

Plasticizers

Description
Phthalate Esters
Preparation of Typical
Commercial Cellulose
Acetate Phthalate
Aliphatic Esters
Epoxy Ester
Phosphate Triesters
Trimellitates
Polymer Plasticizers
Methods
Other Plasticizers
Suppliers
Trends and forecasts

Polyurethane Catalysts

Description
Tertiary aliphatic amines
Preparation
Reductive amination of 6- undecanone with
dimethylamine using a nickel catalyst
Organometallic compounds
Preparation
Process
Suppliers
Trends and forecasts

Fillers

Why are Fillers Used?
Glass Fillers Explained
Color Basics
Color Developments for Bioplastics
Special Effects in the
Consumer Market
Infrared Reflective Pigments
Regulatory Compliant Colorants

Specialty Alloys

Aluminum
Brass
Bronze
Other Grades include
Copper
Hastelloy® C-276
Haynes 242 Alloy
Inconel® – nickel-chromium iron
Invar 36 Alloy
Kovar Alloy
Molybdenum
Nickel 200, 201
Tantalum and Ta-Alloys
Titanium
Tungsten

Maximizing Performance Using Copper Alloys

Copper Alloys for Conveying Plastic In Injection Molds
Sprue Bushing Radius
Sprue Bushing Taper
Sprue Retention and Anti- Rotation
Standard Sprue Bushing Availability
Conventional Injection Mold Runner Systems
Injection Mold Runner Bars
Runner Sizing
Formulas for calculating the area of the runner
Runner Bar Mating
Runner Bar Cooling
Sprue Puller

Structurally Enhanced Plastics with Filler Reinforcements

Particle Surface Characteristics
Particle Hardness and Toughness

Cellular Plastic Additive

Environmentally Friendly Additives for Plastics

Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Additive for Plastics
Effect of Additive for Plastics in Absorbing Hydrochloric Acid Gas
Effect of Absorbing Hydrochloric Acid Gas of PE Bags Comprising
Environmentally Friendly Additive for Plastics

Polyimide Processing Additives

Preparation of the 422 Copoly(amic acid) Base Resin
Imidization of the 422 Copoly(amic acid) Base Resin
Preparation of LARCTPI(M) Polyimide Film
Preparation of LARCTPI(H) (3,3’4,4′-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic
Dianhydride 3,3′-Daiminobenzophenone
Polyimide) Solution and Film
Preparation of the 2,2-Bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)]-hexafluoropropane
Dianhydride-2,2-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-phenyl]
hexafluoropropanePoly(amic acid)
[6F-BDAF, Poly(amic acid)]
Endcapping of the 6F-BDAF, Poly(amic
acid) Resin 5 with Phthalic Anhydride
Preparation of the Pyromellitic Dianhydride-Aniline
Di(amic acid) Additive Di(NMP) Complex [PMDA-An.
2NMP, Di(amic acid)]
Preparation of the 3,3’4,4′- Benzophenonetetracarboxylic
Dianhydride- Aniline Di(amic acid) Additive [BTDA-An, Di(amic acid)]
Preparation of the Phthalic Anhydride-Aniline Amid
Acid Additive [PA-An, Amic Acid]
Preparation of the 4,4′- Diaminodiphenylmethane- Phthalic
Anhydride Di(amicacid) Additive [4,4′-DADPM-PA, di(amic acid)]
Preparation of the 3,3′- Diaminodiphenylmethane- Phthalic
Anhydride Di(amic acid) Additive [3,3′- DADPM-PA, Di(amic acid)]
Preparation of the 3,3′,4,4′-Oxydiphthalic Anhydride-Aniline Di(amic acid)
Additive [ODPA-An, di(amic acid)]
Preparation of the 4,4′-Bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) diphenyl sulfide
dianhydride-Aniline Di(amic Acid) Additive [BDSDA-An,di(amic acid)]
Preparation of 1,4- Phenylenediamine-Phthalic Anhydride Di(amic acid) Additive
[p-PDA-PA, di(amic acid)]
Preparation of the 2,2-bis [4-(4-aminophenoxy) phenyl]-hexafluoropropane
Phthalic Anhydride Di(amic acid) Additive [BDAFPA, di(amic acid)]
Preparation of Additional Amic Acid Additives, Endcapped with Aniline
(An) or Phthalic Anhydride (PA)
Preparation of the NPhenylphthalimide Additive
Preparation of the N,N’-Diphenylpyromellitimide
Additive [PMDA-An, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’- Diphenyl-4,4′- carbonyldiphthalimide
Additive [BTDA-An, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’- Diphenyl-4,4′(2,2- hexafluoropropyl)-
diphthalimide Additive [6F-An, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’- Bis(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-
4,4′-2,2- hexafluoropropyl) diphthalimide Additive
[6F-3,3′-TFMAn, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’- Diphenyl-4,4′-
oxydiphthalimide Additive [ODPA-An, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’- Bis(4-benzoylphenyl)-
4,4′-(2,2-hexafluoropropyl)- diphth alimide
Additive [6F-4-ABP, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’- (Methylenedi-1,4-
phenylene)diphthalimide Additive [p-MDA-PA, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’(Methylenedi-1,3-
phenylene)diphthalimide [m-MDA-PA, diimide]
Preparation of the N,N’-[[2,2- bis[4-(4-phenoxy)
phenyl]hexafluoropropyl]] diphthalimide
Additive [BDAFPA, diimide]
Preparation of Additional Imide Additives
Endcapped with Aniline (An), Phthalic Anhydride
(PA), or Miscellaneous Endcaps
The thermal imidization of certain amic acid additives
Reprecipitation and Imidization of the
422 Copoly(amic acid) Base Resin
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copolymer
Base Resin Containing 0.05% by wt. of the
PMDA-An Di(amic acid) Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copolyimide
Base Resin Containing 0.50% by wt. PMDA-AN Diimide
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copoly(amic
acid) Base Resin Containing 2.5% by wt. of the PMDA-AN
Di(amic acid) Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copoly(amic
acid) Base Resin Containing 5.0% by
wt. of the PMDA-AN Di(amic acid) Additive
Preparation of the 422 Copolyimide Base
Resin Containing 5.0% by wt. of PMDA-An Diimide Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copoly
(amic acid) Base Resin Containing 2.5% by wt. of the BTDA-AN Diimide Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copolyimide
Base Resin Containing 5.0% by wt. of Napthalene as the Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copoly
(amic acid) Base Resin Containing
2.5% by wt. of the p-PDA-PA, Di(amic acid) Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copoly (amic acid) Base
Resin Containing 5.0% by wt. of the
p-PDA-PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copoly(amic acid)
Base Resin Containing 2.5% by wt. of the 4,4′-
ODA-PA Diimide Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copolyimide Base Resin
containing 5.3% by wt. of the 6F-An Diimide Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copolyimide Base Resin
Containing 15% by wt. of the 6F-An, Diimide Additive
Polyimide Composition of the 422 Copolyimide
Base Resin Containing 5.3% by wt. of the 6F-TFMAn Diimide Additive
Film Formation from a Composition of LARCTPI(M) and 3.0% by
Weight of the BTDAAn Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI (M) and 3.0% by Weight of the 3,3′-
DABP-PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Extended Cure of a LARCTPI(M) Film Containing
3.0% by Weight of the 3,3′-DABP-PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(M) and 5% by
Weight of the 3,3′-DABP-PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(M) and 10% by
Weight of the 3,3′-DABP-PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(
M) and 3.01 by Weight of the PMDAAn.
2NMP Di(amic acid) Additive
Extended Cure of a LARCTPI(M) Film Containing
3.0% by Weight of the PMDA-An.2NMP
Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(H) and 3.0% by Weight of the BTDAAn
Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(
H) and 5.0% by weight of the BTDA-An
Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(
H) and 3.0% by Weight of the 3,3′-
DABP-PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(H) and 3.0% by Weight of the PMDAAn.
2NMP Di(amic acid) Additive
Extended Cure of a LARCTPI(H) Film Containing
3.0% by Weight of the PMDA-An.2NMP
Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition of LARCTPI(H) and 5.0% by
Weight of the 6FDAAn Di(amic acid) Additive
Film Formation From a Composition LARCTPI(H) and 5.0% by Weight of the 3,3′-
DDSO2 PA Di(amic acid) Additive
Preparation and Characterization of a
LARC-TPI Polyimide Graphite Composite
Modified with a PMDAaniline Di(amic acid) Additive

Storage-stable Plastics Additives

Liquid Colourant/Additive Concentrates for Plastics

Hydrophilic Additives

Synthesis of the Additives
Additive 1
Additive 2
Additive 3
Additive 4
Wetting Test

Hydrophobicizing Additives

Method A :Dispersion 1
Method B: Dispersion 2
Results of the Emulsification Experiments
Method 1 :Powder 1
Method 2: Powder 2
Method 3: Powder 3
Method 4 :Powder 4
Comparative Method 5: Powder C5
Method 6: Powder 6
Method 7: Powder 7
Method 8: Powder 8
Method 9: Powder 9
Comparative Method 10:
Powder C10
Comparative Method 11: Powder C11

Asphalt Additive

Method 1~20 and Comparative Methods 1~14
Methods 12~13: R
contains one branched
methyl group

Anti-treeing Additives

Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Process 4
Process 5

Rubber Additive

Preparation Of Methods
Effects on Rubber Processability
Effect on Tack
Other Parameters
Physical properties of the rubber compounds
Other products

Waste Plastic Additive for Asphalt

Additive Composition Methods
Asphalt Composition Methods

Impregnation of Plastic Substrates
with Photo chromic Additives

Process 1
Process 2
Process 3

Low-dust Granules of Plastic Additives

Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
Method 5
Method 6
Method 7
Method 8

Mixed Ester Plastic Additive

Method 9
Method 10
Method 11

Fire-retardant Plastics with Glycoside Additive
METHODS

Additive for Papermaking

Problems to be Solved by the Method
Method 1
Methods 2-8 and comparative methods 1-11
Use methods 1-6 and comparative use methods 1-9
Use method 7 and 8 and comparative method 10 and 11
Effect of the method

Degradable Plastics Containing Dualfunction Additive System

Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4

Packaging for Plastics Additives

Low Visibility Laser Marking Additive

Preparation of Plastic Extrudate Containing an Additive

Injecting Liquid Additives into Plastic Extruders

Method of Preparing Moldable Plastic and Additive Agents

Uncolored Plastic Pellets
Colour Concentrate Pellets
Classification Methods
Other Treatments or Additives Besides Coloring Agents

Engineering Plastics and Additive

Process 1
Process 2
Process 3

Spray Application of plastics Additives to Polymers

Listing of Chemicals and Equipment
Method 1: Solubility of CO2 in Carrier Liquid 1
Method 2: Solubility of CO2 in Various Liquids at Room Temperature
Method 3: Viscosity Reduction Trial with a Mixture of Stabilizers
Method 4: Spraying Trials
Method 5: Additional Spraying Trials
Method 6: Demonstration of Low Average Flow Rate Using Intermittent Spraying
Method 7: Demonstration of Particle Size Reduction of Stabilizer 2 Upon Spraying
Method 8: Particle Size Reduction Trial of Antioxidant 1 Upon Spraying
Method 9: Particle Shearing in a Power Mixer
Method 10: Demonstration of Slurry Spraying in a Continuous Feed, High Pressure Spray
Method 11: Determination of CO2 Solubility in Carrier Liquid 1
Method 12 : Effect of Varying the Amount of CO2
Method 13: Particle Coating/Extrusion Trials

Machine for Producing Additive Containing Plastic Articles

Method 1
Method 2

Additive Metering Apparatus For Plastic Processing Machine

Project Profile of an Additive
Process Technology

The post Technology Of Plastic Additives With Processes And Packaging appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

PLASTIC PROCESSING INDUSTRIES TECHNOLOGY

Beginning
Injection Moulding of Thermoplastics
Reaction Injection Moulding (RIM)
Injection Moulding of Thermosets
Extrusion
Extrusion of Thermoplastics
Extrusion of Thermosets
Blow Moulding
Extrusion Blow Moulding
Injection Blow Moulding
Coating Process
Extrusion Coating
Wire Covering
Dip coating
Fluidized Bed Coating
Other Coating Processes
Rotational Moulding
Thermoforming
Calendering
Casting
Compression moulding
Transfer Moulding
Processing Reinforced Plastics
Type of Reinforcement
Processing Methods
Reinforced Thermoplastics
Reinforced Thermosets
Dough Moulding Compound (DMC)
Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC)
Moulding Processes
Open Mould Process
Hand Lay up
Spray up
Filament Winding
Intermediate Process
Cold Press Moulding
Resin Injection
Pultrusion
Heated Mould Process
Pre-form Moulding
Sheet Moulding Compounds (SMC)
Dough Moulding Compounds (DMC)
Lamination of plastics
Fabrication and Decorating of Plastics
Introduction
Machining of Plastics
Assembly Methods
Adhesive Bounding
Welding of Plastics
Hot Gas Welding
Ultrasonic Welding
Friction Welding
High Frequency Welding
Hot Plate Welding
Induction Welding
Mechanical Joints
Decorating Plastics
Integral Colouring
In-mould Transfers
Post Moulding Techniques
Painting
Hot Stamping
Metallic Coatings
Electroplating
Vacuum Metallizing
Printing

NON-WOVEN PP FABRICS IN HYGIENE, HEALTHCARE, MEDICAL AND MEDICARE

The non-wovens industry
Today’s non wovens
Major production methods
How non wovens are made and used
Summary of processes
Web bonding
Fabric finishing
Coverting
End product converting
User acceptance of non wovens
Medical and surgical disposables protect healthcare workers and patients
Hygiene related products medical market
Advantages
Hygiene market
Applications
Advantages
Medical products
Medical products Type of non wovens
Medical usage in the USA
Medical products
Surgical and medical products
Surgical products
Continuous innovation in absorbent, hygiene products
Absorbent hygiene products
Personal care and hygiene products
Healthcare products
Wrap up

POLYETHYLENE GREENHOUSES

Plastics in Agribusiness
Polyethylene Greenhouse
Specific Benefits of Polyhouses
Benefits of Plastic Greenhouses
Types of Polyethylene Greenhouses
classification based on material
Green Houses & Large Tunnels
Benefits
Manufacturing Process
Distribution Pattern of PE Greenhouses
For achieving a higher market penetration of PE Greenhouses

NEW TRENDS IN PLASTICS PACKAGING

Introduction
Flexible packaging
Thrust areas
Breathable films
Multipurpose FFS machinery
Hayssen Snack food packaging systems
Aseptic packaging
Aseptic filling operation
Factors of importance
Aseptic transfer
Internal storage transport and handling
Bulk aseptic packaging Filter
Automatic filling
Multilayer barrier PET bottles
Blow moulded industrial packaging
Some new trends in blow moulding
Blow moulding foam technology (BFT)
Thin gauge form fill seal machines
Packaging for electrostatic discharge protection
Miscellaneous
Some typical speciality additives in polymers for packaging applications
Biodegradable plastics (films)
Recycling of tetrapack waste
Wrap-up

NYLON MONOFILAMENTS

Introduction
Product Description and Uses
Manufacturing Process
Plant and Machinery

PLASTIC BATTERIES

Two Plastic Batteries

PACKAGING OF EDIBLE OIL AND FAT

Composition off Edible Oil and Fat
Spoilage Factors
Distribution Pattern
Packaging Systems/Types of Pack
Critical Parameters
Package Types
Tinplate Containers
Glass Bottles
Semi Rigid Containers
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) Containers
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Bottles
PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) Bottles
Other Semi-Rigid Packs
Flexible Plastic Pouches
Analysis of Needs and Shifts
Structures and Critical Polymers
Structures
Critical Polymers
Closer Look
Flexible Plastics as Economical Media
Flexible Plastics as Effective Solid Waste Reducing Media
Indian Standards for Packaging of Edible oil vanaspati and Ghee
Legislations

PVC HIGHLY FILLED TILES

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
uses and Application
Manufacturing Process

PLASTIC CORRUGATED PIPES

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
Blow Moulding
Vacuum Forming
Raw Materials
Plant and Machinery

PVC HOUSE WITH BRAIDED REINFORCEMENT

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
Plant and Machinery

RECYCLING OF PLASTICS (HDPE/PP/LDPE/LLDPE/ABS etc.)

Introduction
Collection of waste
Separation
Float Sink Separation
Froth Floatation Separation
Process of Plastic Wastes Recycling
Material Recycling of Homogeneous Plastics Wastes
Raw materials
Compatibilization of incompatible Polymers
Chemical Recyclng
Pyrolysis
Union Carbide Chemicals & Fuels
Tolyo Gas Co. High Grade Coke
Sekisui Chemical Co.Charcoal
Osaka University Gasoline

Osaka City Institute of Hygiene Combustible Gases
Chemical Decomposition of Plastic Wastes by Hydrolysis, Hydrocracking and Other Processes
Energy Recovery from Plastic Wastes
Incineration
Suitable Wastes for Incineration Treatment
Factors Affecting Incineration
Types of Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Products of Incineration
Air Pollution Control During Incineration
Sources of Chlorine and Dioxin Emission
Ash Contents
Landfill Gas and Flammability
Landfill Gas and the Greenhuse Effect
Asphyxiation Toxicity and Odour
Degradable Plastics
Factors Affecting Plastics Degradation
Plastic Modified for Degradation

PET PREFORM AND BOTTLE BLOWING

PET  Container Applications
Popular Applications
Manufacturing Processes
Quality Requirements
Single Stage Process
Two Stage Process
Two Stage System Injection Moulding Machine
Machines to give
Dehumidification
Chillers
High pressure compressor
Blowing Station Fully Automatic machines
How are the physical properties of PET improved by stretching?
International trends
Indian Scene
Future Scene Expected
The Future is Big and Good
PET Resin Industry  Structure

REVERSE PRINTED LDPE EXTRUSION COATING ON 2 SIDES OF HDPE WOVEN SACKS

Plastics for Entrepreneurs
Extrusion coating on woven sacks for entrepreneurs
Extrusion coating
Low density polyethylene resin
India Low Density Polyethylene Extrusion Coating in India
Polyethylene extrusion coating for entrepreneurs
Manufacturing process
Established end uses
Case study

REFRIGERATOR INNER DOORS AND LINERS

Introduction
Product Description and properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
Raw Materials
Plant and Machienry
Project Cost

ROLL -O-MATIC BAG AND IN LINE PRINTING

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing process
Raw Materials
Plant and Machinery

PET RECYCLING

Virgin PET
PET Synthesis
Virgin PET thermal transitions and  crystallisation
PET applications and processing
Extrusion
Extrusion moulding
Extrusion to produce foam
Injection moulding
Blow moulding
Recycled PET
Contamination
Acid producing contaminants
Water
Colouring contaiminants
Acetaldehyde
Other contaminants
POSTC PET  conventional recycling processes
Chemical recycling
Mechanical recycling
Contaminants removal
Drying
Melt processing
Increasing recycled PET intrinsic viscosity
Reprocessing under vacuum
Stabilizers
Solid state polymerisation
Chain extension
Chain extension process
End groups effect
Cross linking reaction
Chain extenders
Chain extension process experimental variables
Chain extension process equipment
Reactive extrusion process
Single screw extruder
Twin screw extruder
Stability of reactive extrusion system
The effect of chain extension on PET crystallinity and thermal transitions
Thermal Transitions and Crystallinity
Multiple melting peaks phenomena
ISBM process
Preform moulding
Bottle stretch blow moulding
ISBM of RER-PET
Bottle physical properties
Orientation and conformation of molecules of PET bottle
Trans Gaucheconformational changes
Dichrostsm

SYNTHETIC PAPERS

Some Successful End uses
Features of synthetics (PP) paper
Finishing and fabrication of products using synthetic paper
Binding
Lamination
Folding
Perforation
Adhesives
Other end uses packaging
In mould labeling
Disposal of (PP) synthetic paper
In-Mould Labelling
Recyling
Environmentally Friendly
stationery Paper
Adhesives
A Wrap up

STRUCTURAL FOAM MOULDING

Introduction
Product Description and Properties
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process

TECHNOLOGY FOR MANUFACTURING ORIENTED PVC-O PIPES

Full Dry system
Quick Diameter Change
Higher Degree of  Orientation
Heating Equipment
Internal Scket
Flexibility
Low Learning Curve
Conclusion
Benefits to instailer of Oriented PVC (PVC-O) Pipes
Benefits to user of Oriented PVC (PVC-O) Pipes

WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES

Thermoplastics Materials and Wood Filler
Processing
Applications for WPCa
Decking
Window and Door Profiles
Automotive Applications
Conclusion

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ACRYLIC BATH TUB AND SHOWER TRAY

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF  HDPE, PVC & CPVC PIPES AND FITTINGS

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF PET  PREFORM AND PET JARS (CAP-20 LTRS)

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF PLASTIC GRANULES FROM WASTE

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF PLASTIC MOULDED UNIT (CHAIR, TABLES & VEGETABLE TRAYS)

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF PLASTIC WATER STORAGE TANKS

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF PYROLYSIS PLANT FROM PLASTIC & RUBBER

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF THERMOCOLE BASED DISOSABLE PLATES, CUPS AND GLASSES

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF UPVC DOORS AND WINDOWS PROFILES

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

PLANT ECONOMICS OF BIODEGRADABLE/COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/annum

The post Complete Technology Book of Plastic Processing and Recycling of Plastics with Project Profiles appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Beginning
Inhouse identification facilities
Laboratory
Equipments to be used
Glasswares and other Accessories
Optional accessories
Chemicals
Solvents
Organic reagents
Inorganic chemicals
Acids and bases
Miscellaneous
Identification of Plastics (Simple Methods)
Physical Identification
Visual appearance
Method of fabrication
Penetration to hot rod and cutting with a knife
Floatation test
Colour
Odour
Burning test
Bending test
Film tear test
Chemical Identification
Pyrolysis test
Solubility test
Softening and melting points
Detection of elements
Preparation of sodium fusion extract
Nitrogen
Chlorine and Bromine
Fluorine
Sulphur
Detection of phosphorus
Preparation of ammonium molybdate solution
Confirmation tests
Tests for Polyolefins
Test for Chlorine Containing Polymers
Test for Caprolactum in Nylon 6
Test for Adipic acid in Nylon 6.6
Test for Polycarbonate
Test for PMMA
Test for Polyacetals
Tests for PET and PBT
Test for Polyurethane
Test for Cellulose in Cellulosics (Molisch Reaction)
Test for acetates and propionates
Test for cellulose ethers
Detection of methyl cellulose
Reaction to heating and burning
Detection of ethyl cellulose
Tests for phenol formaldehyde (PF), urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF)
Test for epoxy resin
Foucry test
Test for alkyd resins
Test for phthalate
Identification of plastics materials
Thermoplastics
ABS
Acetal
Acrylic
Cellulose acetate
Cellulose acetate butyrate
Cellulose propionate
Fluorocarbons (FEP,CTFE, PTFE, PVF)
Nylons
Polycarbonate
Thermoplastic polyester
PVC
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
Polysulphone
Polyurethane (Thermoplastic)
Thermosetting Plastics
Diallyphthalate (DAP)
Epoxy
Phenol formaldehyde
Urea formaldehyde
Melamine formaldehyde
Polyesters
Silicones
Identification of plastics (instrumental methods)Infrared Spectroscopy
Sample preparation
Capillary films
Solutions
Films
Pellets
Mulls
Identification
Monomer content studies
Crystallisation of polymers
Compatibility of polymers
Copolymer composition analysis
Polymer degradation
Thermal Analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry
Thermogravimetric analyser
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Applications
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
Applications of NMR to polymers

ADDITIVES FOR POLYOLEFINS

Introduction
Types of Additives
Incorporation of Additives
Antioxidants
Types
U.V.Stabilizers
Antiblocking agents
Slip agents
Antistatic agents
Metal deactivators
Colourants
Nucleating Agents
Crosslinking
Flame retardants
Fillers and reinforcing agents
Impact modifiers
Blowing agents
Cling agents
Lubricants & processing aids
masterbatches

VARIOUS PLASTICS APPLICATIONS

Introduction
Plastics for space application
Materials for space
Materials for structural and related applications
Thermal control Materials
Materials for lubricated system
Electronic Components Materials
Materials for adhesion/sealing etc.
Adhesives
Sealant
Plastics Engineering in automobiles
Safety and Economy in Automobiles
Engineering Plastics in Electronics
Properties
Modification of Engineering Plastics
Application in Electronics Industry
Engineering Plastics vs Metals
Capacitors
Plastic Encapsulation of Semi Conductors
Covers and Enclosures
Mechanical and Electrical Parts
Printed Circuit Boards (PCB)
Newer Plastics
High temperature PES
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Engineering Thermoplastics for Mechanical Engineering Applications
Nylon Polyamide
Excellent mechanical load bearing capacity
Favourable friction and abrasion properties
Self lubrication
Vibration and sound damping
Applications in mechanical components
Thermoplastic Polyester
Specific properties
Typical applications in mechanical engineering Polyacetal (POM)
Applications
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Properties
Applications
Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)
Properties
Applications
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
Applications
Polyethylene terephathalate and polybutylene terephthalate in engineering applications
Properties
Processing
Sensitivity to hydrolytic degradation
Low melt viscosity
Precise temperature control
Mould heating
Applications
Electrical
Electronics
Automotives
Domestic applications
Lamps
Mechanical
Building
Plastics in buildings
Plastic Materials
Construction aids
Wall panel
Thermal insulation
Sealants
Adhesives in buildings
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications of recycled plastics
Recycled LDPE
Recycled PVC
Recycled Polystyrene (PS)
Domestic
Recycled Polyethylene Tetrephthalate (PET)
Recycled Commingied Plastics Waste

BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

Mechanisms of degradation in polymers
Photodegradation
Thermal degradation
Chemical degradation
Biological degradation
Factors affecting biodegradability
Effect of Polymer structure, chemical composition and properties
Effect of Environmental factors
Soil texture and structure
Soil temperature
Cation exchange capacity
Soil organic matter (SOM)
Water
Soil pH

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

Classification of Biopolymers
Polyester
Polycaprolactone
Poly(b-hydroxybutyrate)
Poly(phosphoesters)
Polycarbonates
Poly(amides)
Polyphosphazenes
Poly(orthoesters)
Polyanhydrides
Factor Affecting Biodegradation
Effect of Polymer Structures
Effect of Polymer Morphology
Effect of Molecular Weight
Effect of Radiation and Chemical Treatment
Biomedical Applications
Surgical Sutures
Bone Fixation Devices

BULK MOULDING COMPOUNDS (BMC)

Overview
Bulk Moulding Compounds
What are bulk Moulding Compounds
Characteristics of Bulk Moulding Compounds
Thermal stability
Flame Retardance
Electrical Properties
Colours
Resistance to Chemicals and Stains
Cost
Storage and Shelf life
Processability
Recyclability
Conclusion
Common uses of BMC in automotive industry

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

Introduction
Preparation for Analysis
Preliminary examination
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Saponification Number
Phenols
Methyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol
Phthalic Acid
Colophony Resins
Other Resins
Nitro groups
Aidehydes
Furfural
Coumarone
Aniline
Glycerol
Carbohydrate (Cellulose)
Acetic Acid
Quantitative analysis
Cellulose Ethers
Methylcellulose
Ethylcellulose
Benzylcellulose
Cellulose Esters
Cellulose acetate
Cellulose acetobutyrate
Nitrocellulose
Polyvinyl Esters
Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride acetate
Polystyrene
Polymethacrylic and Polyacrylic Esters
Phenol formaldehyde Condensation Products
Aminoplastis
Proteinoplasts
Aniline formaldehyde
Urea resins
Melamine formaldehyde resin
Thiourea resin
Sulphonemide formaldehyde resins
Nylon
Analysis of aminoplasts
Chlorinated Plastics
Chlorinated rubber
Chlorinated diphenyl
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chloroprene
Natural and synthetic rubber
Plasticizers

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ADDITIVES IN PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

Beginning
Direct spectroscopy of polymer films
Apparatus
Procedure
Preparation of sample film
Recording the infrared spectrum
Measurement of Absorbance
Calibration
Preliminary solvent extraction
Solvent Extraction Procedures
Determination of tinuvin 326 in polypropylene
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calibration
Polymer Extraction
Determination of phenolic antioxidants
Determination of amine antioxidants
Apparatus
Reagents
Methanol hydrochloric acid solvent
Procedure “A”
Alternate Procedure “B” for PBNA
Determination of plasticizers
Extraction with Single Solvents
Extraction with Mixed Solvents
Multiple Extractions
Improvement of Extractions
Determination of ultra violet absorbers
Method
Apparatus
Reagents
Calibration
Cetting up the fluorimeter
Console controls
Dynode supply
Filter
Recorder
Analysis of Polystyrene
Calculations
Determination of Polygard
Determination of organic peroxides
Determination of p-tert butyl Perbenzoate in Polystyrene
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculations
Valuation of styrene, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile monomers
Direct Ultra violet Spectroscopic Method for Styrene
Distillation/Ultra violet Spectroscopic Method for Styrene
Polarographic Method for Acrylonitrile
Apparatus
Reagents
Acrylonitrile and styrene monomers Re-distill the monomers immediately before use
Hydrogen or nitrogen extremely low oxygen content
Procedure

CROSS LINKED POLYETHYLENE COMPOUND

Introduction
Plant & Machinery
Radiation crosslinking
Compounding
Applications of radiation crosslinking
Preference of XLPE in cables
Uses of radiation crosslinked polyethylene
Formulations & Processing parameters

DRIP IRRIGATION

What is Drip Irrigation?
Typical setup of Drip Irrigation System
Why Drip Irrigation?
Gvernment Initiative for Popularisation of Irrigation System
Micro Irrigation Scheme
Indian Business
RR+DRTS Together
Important Features of Drip Line Pipe Plant Supplied by R.R.
Drip Emitters DRTS PC Dripper
Why pressure compensating (PC) drippers?
Advantages in slopes
Precision
Lower project cost
Simple Design
Fertilizer advantages

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER SYSTEMS

Introduction
New tissues using function cells and bio degradable polymer scafffolds
Polymers serve severa Ipurposes
Effective as scaffolds for cell delivery in the generation of new tissue
Some disadvantages of these polymers
Poly (glycolic acid), PGA and poly (lactic acid), PLA and their copolymers
Medical application of PGA
Concerns about degradation
Cross linkable PPF, poly (propylene fumarate)
Polyanhydrides
Polyanhydride for drug delivery applications
Photo cross linkable polyanhydride
Poly carbonates
Polyphosphazene
Poly orthoesters
Polyurethanes
Development of injectable and biodegradable polymer for tissue engineering
Requirements in orthopedic tissue engineering

ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS

Introduction
Structural features
The band theory of solids and the electrical conductivity of p-conjugated polymers
Doping of organic conjugated polymers
General methods of preparationof conducting polymers
Chemical routes
Electrochemical synthesis
Photochemical synthesis
Attempts to improve the processability of conducting polymers
Electrically conducting polyaniline
Chemical synthesis of emeraldine base
Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline
Earlier doping studies on polyaniline
Use of Polymer functionalized dopants
Influence of organic sulphonic acids
Polyanilline camphor sulphonic acid/dodpcyl benzene sulphonic acid systems
Secondary doping in polyaniline
Organic phosphonic acids as the dopants
Naturally available organic compound as dopants
Applications of conducting polymers
Conducting plastics in devices
Coaxial cable
Electromagnetic shielding
Thin film trqansistors
Flexible display
Smart windows
Solder
Batteries
Artificial muscle
Biological Sensors
Camouflage coatings
Electroluminescence Lightemitting diode (LED)
Electrostatic materials
Conducting adhesives
Printed circuit boards
Aircraft structures
Molecular electronics
Electrochemical actators
Smart structures

EXPANDED POLYETHYLENE

Beginning
Process
Raw materials
Blowing Agents
Chemical Blowing Agents (CBA)
Physical blowing agents (PBA)
CFC
Butane
Other additives
Open and closed cell foamed plastics
Non-crossedlinked foam
Crosslinked foam
Mouldable Foam beads
properties
Antistatic property
Fire retardant property
Density
Size of cells
Thermal conductivity
Temperature range
Fabrication versatility
Laminate products
Applications
Cushion packaging
Automotive use
Shoes/sports gods
Carpet underlay
Construction
Conclusion

EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE

Introduction
Manufacturing process
Diffusion of blowing agent into Polystyrene
The Quenched Pellet Process
Extrusion process
Processing temperature
Effect of cell nucleating agent
General processing parameters of polystyrene
Some Properties of Polystyrene
properties are to be measured (After foaming)
Applications

HDPE TARPAULINS AS SACKS FOR FRUITS & VEGETABLES

Introduction
11th Plant aimed at doubleing the annual growth rate in the agriculture sector to 4 percent
Growth
Plastics in Agribusiness
Tarpaulin
Advantages of HDPE Tarpaulin
Polyethylene Tarpaulins
Manufacturing Process
Lamination
Sealing
Border making
Machinery
Transportation
Storage
Plastics for Entrepreneurs
HDPE Eyeleted Tarpaulins as sacks for packaging of fruits & vegetales with more number of eyelets for breathability
End Uses of HDPE Tarpaulin
End Uses of HDPE Tarpaulin

HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE (HDPE)

Co-ordination Polymerization (Ziegler Process)
Mechanism
Initiation
Propagation

The post Complete Technology Book on Identification of Plastics and Plastic Products Materials (Additives, Applications, Biodegradation, Biomedical, Bulk Moulding Compound, Chemical Analysis, XLPE, Drip Irrigation, Expanded Polyethylene, Polystyrene & HDPE) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Soaps are water soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids  by treating them chemically with a strong alkali, Detergents, or washing powders, are type of detergent (cleaning agent) that is  added for cleaning laundry. In common usage, detergent refers to mixtures of chemical compounds including alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent refers to laundry detergent vas hand soap or other types  of  cleaning agents. Most detergent is delivered in powdered form.

Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soapmaking process. This method involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a liquid alkali to produce  soap and water (neat soap) plus glycerine.

The other major soapmaking process is the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali. Fats and oils are hydrolyzed (split) with a high pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap).

When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is formed. Sodium  soaps are hard soaps. When the alkali is potassium  hydroxide, a potassium soap is formed. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand soaps and shaving creams.

The carboxylate  end of the soap molecule is attracted to water. it is called the hydrophilic (water loving) end. The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to oil and grease and repelled by water. it is known as the hydrophobic (water hating) end.

The Perfume manufacturing industry is a very large industry that employs a number  of experts with ongoing experiments and improvements. Perfumes today are being made and used in different ways than in previous centuries.

Because the sense of smell is a right brain activity, which rules emotions, memory, and creativity, perfume are now also being used to heal and make people feel good. Smelting sweet smells has a positive effect  on one’s mood and helps to boost the immune system.

RAW MATERIALS FOR SOAPS

Introduction
Classification of Fats/Oils
Further classification of fatty oils
Very useful fats and oils
Coconut Oil
Tallow
Palm Oil
Palm karnel oil
Cottonseed Oil
Ground Nut Oil
Castor Oil
Corn Oil
Chinese Vegetable Tallow
Rice bran Oil
Olive Oil
Tall Oil
Linseed Oil
Babassu Oil
Mahua Oil
Lard
Greases
Neat’s Foot Oil
Hydrogeneted Oil
Fish Oil
Purification steps of soap fats
Alkali Refining
Acid Washing
Bleaching
Bleaching of absorbent
Bleaching with the use of oxidization agents
Soap fats testing
Non fatty raw materials for soap
The Aklalies
Soap builders
Stabilizers antioxidants
Other additives or foam producing agents for soap
Filter
Formulae for rancidity prevention in soap
Process of rancidity prevention
Solvents
bacteriostatic/deodorants/ medicaments agents
Clarifiers
Colouring matters
Colour preparation
Milled soaps
List of Some Water Soluble Dyes
Requirement of Colours for a 100 kg Soap batch
Full boiled/semi boiled/cold made soaps
Recommended oil soluble colours
Soap base and liquid soaps
Water soluble colours
Washing/Laundry Soaps
Medicated Soaps
Various shades and colours
Description of perfumes
Fixatives
Essential oils
Isolates
Synthetic chemicals (odourous)
Synthetic chemicals
Essential oil used as fixatives
Fixatives
Resinous product
Classifications of perfumes

ABRASIVE CLEANERS

FORMULATIONS FOR TOILET SOAP MANUFACTURE

Formula for Oriental type toilet soap
Formula for Perfume Mixture in Toilet Soaps
Formula for superfatted soaps
Formula for Perfume mixture in super fatted soaps
Formula for Fancy Soaps
Formula for Fancy soaps perfume mixture
Formula for Himalayan boquet type soaps
Formula for Boquet type soaps perfume mixture
Formula for Rose type soaps
Formula for Rose type soaps perfume mixture
Formulae for inferior quality toilet soaps
Formula for inferior quality toilet soaps
process of inferior quality toilet soap
Formula for Lux type soaps
Process of Lux type soap manufacture
Formula for Khas Soaps
Formula for Amla Soap
Formula for Rose Soap
Formula for Sandal Soap
Formula for Musk soap
Formula for Almond Soap
Carbolic Soap is the Category of Grade 3 Toilet Soap
Formula for Carbolic Soap
Formula for LifeBuoy Type Carbolic Soap
Manufacturing process of carbolic soap
Transparent Soap as a Winter Soap
Formulae for Transparent Soap Manufacture
Formula for Winter Soap Manufacturing
Method of transparent soap manufacture
Manufacture of Transparent soap in power sector
Transparent Soap Manufacture in Non Power Sector

FABRIC SOFTENERS

FORMULATIONS OF PERFUMES

Introduction
Formula
Formula (Curacao base)
Formula (Perfume Cuir base 1)
Formula (Perfume woody base 1)
Formula (Perfum QH 1)
Formula (Bouvardia DM)
Formula (Parfum AO)
Formula (Parfum F)
Formula (Parfum HB)
Aldehydic Perfumes
Formula (Parfume VN)
Formula (Parfum C)
Formula (Parfum SP)
Chypre Types
Formula (Parfum)
Formula (Base Chypre H)
Formula (Parfum VW)
Oriental Perfumes
Formula (Base S.H.)
Formula (Perfum J)
‘Green’ Perfumes
Formula (Hyacinth Green base)
Dominant Note Types
Formula (Parfum)
The Ambergris Note
Formula (Parfum BM)
Formula (Perfume concentrate as above)
Manufacturing Processes
Alcoholic Strengths
Control

FRAGRANCE MANUFACTURE WITH FORMULAE

Introduction
Formulae
Toilet Waters
Modified Colognes
Perfumes for Men
Lavender
Formula 3 (Lavender)
Verbena
Violet
Formula 4 (Town and Country H.M.)
Formula
Formula (Peau d” Espagne)

LIQUID SOAP

Formula Liquid Soap
Formula Liquid Soap Manufacture
Formula Liquid Soap
Process of Liquid Soap Manufacture
Soft Soap Manufacture
Formula Soft Soap Containing Soda
Formula Soda Soft Soap Manufacture
Formula Soft Soap Containing Castor Oil
Formula Soft Soap with Castor Oil
Soft Soap Manufacturing Process

LIQUID DETERGENTS

LIQUID AND PASTE DETERGENTS (HERBAL)

Requisites of sufactants for formulating liquid detergents
Surfactants Most Commonly Used
Builders
Viscosity Controllers
Other ingredients
Household Liquid Detergents for Lanundering Heavy Duty
Manufacture of Paste Detergents
Formulations of Liquid and paste Detergents
Heavy Duty Liquid Detergents
Light Duty Detergents
Liquid Shampoo
Typical Formulation No. 1
Opaque Viscous Solution No. 2
Procedure
Light Duty (for silk, wool etc.)
Typical Formulation No. 1
Procedure
Typical Formulation No. 2
Rug Cleaning Liquid Detergent  Formulations
A Recommended Formulation
Formulae
Heavy duty Liquid Detergents
Heavy duty Liquid Detergent with controlled foam
Formula Opaque Lotion type Light duty Liquid Detergent
Formula Light duty Household Liquid Detergent
Formulae
40% Detergent Paste
20%Detergent Paste
Metal Degreasing Liquid Detergent
General purpose Solvent based Detergent
Textile Scouring paste
Textile Degumming Detergent Paste
Low Foaming Liquid Detergents
Other Formulations of Synthetic Liquid Detergents
Light duty Liquid Detergent
Light duty Liquid Detergent for Dishwashing
Household Liquid Detergent Cleaner
Light duty Clear Detergent liquids
Light duty Liquid Detergent Lotion
Heavy duty Liquid Detergent

MEDICATED SOAP MANUFACTURING

Formula Medicated Stock Soap
Manufacturing process of Medicated Stock Soap
Formula Other Medicated Sulphur Soap
Manufacturing Process of Medicated Sulphur Soap
Formula Medicated Neem Soap
Manufacturing Process of Medicated Neem Soap
Formula Soap based Powders for Washing
Formula Soap based Powder  Manufacturing for Coloured Fabrics
Manufacturing Process

PRODUCTION OF SOAP

Introduction
Manufacturing Method of Soap
Production of soap full
Boiling process
Manufacturing Process

PRODUCTION OF CAKE SOAP AND WASHING BAR

Formula Typical Washing Soap
Recovery of glycerine as a by product
Cold made process and semi boiling process in the cottage and small scale industries
Manufacturing Process
Equipments used for semiboiling and cold made process

PASTE DETERGENTS

Calcium Sulphonates

PERFUMES MANUFACTURE

Introduction
Rose
Formulae
Formula (Rose F)
Formula (Rose H)
Formula (Rose rouge)
Formula (Rose blanche)
Jasmine
Formula (Jasmine 1)
Formula (Jasmine 2)
frmula (Jasmine 22.0 Fantasy 3)
Formula (Jasmine base 5)
Formula (Jasmine base 5a)
Orangeflower and Neroli
Formula 12 (Orange flower A)
Formula 13 (Neroli A)
Violet
Formula 14 (Violet 1)
Formula 15 (Violet 2)
Formula 16 (Parma Violets Absolute Art)
Formula 17 (Violet base)
Acacia
broom
Carnation
Type of Carnation
Oeillet de nice
Garden pink
Sea pink
Formula 18 (base Claveline 1)
Formula 19 (Base Claveline 2)
Cyclamen
Fougere (Fern)
Formula (Fougere 1)
Formula (Fougere 2)
Gardenia
Formula (Gardenia 1)
Formula (Gardenia 2)
Hawthorn
heliotrope
Honeysuckle
Formula (Chevrefeveuille 1)
Hyacinth
Formula (Hyacinth 1)
Iris
Lilac
Formula (Lilac base 1)
Formula (Lilac 2)
Lily of the Valley
Formula (Muguet No. 1)
Formula (Muguet 2)
Linden (Lime Biossom)
Formula (Tilleul 1)
Magnolia
Mignonette (Reseda)
Formula (Reseda 1)
Mimosa
Narcissus
formula (Base Narceine 1)
Formula 33 (Narcissus 2)
Nardo
New Mown hay
Nicotiana
Opopanax
Formula 34 (Opopanax Art L)
Orchid (Orchidee)
Pansy
peony
Phlox
Sweet Pea
Formula 35 (Pois de Senteur 1)
Formula 36 (Sweet pea 2)
Syringa (Philadelphus)
Formula 37 (Syringa 1)
Trefle (Clover)
Formula 38 (Trefle 1)
Tuberose
Frmula 39 (Base Tuberose 1)
Formula 40 (Base Tuberose 2)
Verbena
Formula 41 (Verveine 1)
Wallflower
Wistaria
Ylang-Ylang
Formula 42 (Ylang 1)

PERFUMES USED IN SOAP, DETERGENTS, DISINFECTANTS AND COSMETICS

Perfumes for Soaps
Factors Influencing Soap Perfuming
Esters
Alcohols
Ketones
Aldehydes and acetals
Other constituents
Soap perfumery fashions
Perfuming synthetic detergents
Stability of Perfumery Chemicals
Perfumed disinfectants
Formulae
perfuming the air
Incense and furnigants
Perfumed candies
Paints and polishes
Other household products
Perfuming cosmetics
Adapting the Perfume to the Vehicle
Perfuming Creams
Perfuming Powders
Perfuming Lipstick and Nail Lacquer
Hair Preparation Perfumes
Perfumed Aerosols
Pharmacy and medicine
Industrial Perfumes
Perfumes for Textiles
Perfumed Ink and Paper
Masking Malodours
Perfume in agriculture
Perfumed Insecticides
Miscellaneous uses
Flavours as perfumes

SOAP FROM SEMI BOILING PROCESS

Production of Soap
Physical appearance of cold made process
Remedies for cold made products
Formula Typical household washing bar soap
Formula Good quality washing soap
Formula 3 Cheaper quality washing soap
Formula 4 Washing soaps cold process
Process of manufacture
Formula 5 manufacture
Formula 5 Sunlight type washing soap Semi boiled process
Process of manufacture
Formula 6: Cotton Seed Oil Reside for Washing Soap
Process of manufacture
Formula 7 Washing Soap without Adulteration
Process of manufacture
Formula 8 Nerol Washing Soap by full boiled process
Manufacturing Process
Formula 9 Nerol Washing Soap (White)
Formula 10 Lux Soap of White Colour
Process of manufacture
Formula Sandal Soap
Manufacturing process
Jet Saponification Process

SOLID DETERGENTS WITH FORMULAE

Detergent Toilet bars
Syndet Toilet Soap Formulae
Formulae
Household Scrub bars

TOILET SOAP MANUFACTURING

Band Dryer Method
Tubular dryer method
Flash drying Method
Mixing of ingredients into the soap
Preservatives
Perfumes used in Toilet Soaps
Types of Colour used in the Toilet soap
Colour Index
Rules for Colours
Opacifiers used in Toilet Soaps
Optical Brightners Used in Toilet Soaps
Super Fatting Agent in Toilet Soaps
Structurants used in toilet soaps
Bactericides and germicides used in toilet soaps
Various Other Additives used in Toilet Soap
Double helical mixer used for toilet soap manufacture
Structure of refiners and mills
Structure of three roll mill
Plodding used in toilet soap manufacture
Stamping machine for the specification of soap
Causes of stamping problem
Making of dies for quality requirement
Wrapping materials for toilet soap
Wrapping machine
packing process

TRANSLUCENT SOAP MANUFACTURE

Formula Translucent Coconut Oil Soap
Manufacturing process of translucent coconut oil soap
Floating soap manufacture
Aeration process of floating soap
Formula Floating Soap
Formula Floating Soap
Manufacturing process of floating soap

TOILET PREPARATIONS

Cream Shampoo Formula
Process of Cream Shampoo
Liquid Shampoo Formulae
Formula
Process of Liquid Shampoo
Formula for Liquid Shampoo
Process of Liquid Shampoo
Pearlscent Shampoo Formula
Process of Pearlscent Shampoo

VARIOUS FORMULATIONS FOR MANUFACTURE OF SOAPS

Introduction
Formula Neem Soap Manufacture
Process of neem soap manufacture
Formula Camphor Soap Manufacture
Process of camphor soap manufacture
Formula Naphthalene Soap Manufacture
Process of naphthalene soap manufacture
Formula white colour lux type soap manufacture
Process of manufacture
Formula Lux Type Soap Manufacture
Process of Lux type soap manufacture
Formula Hamam Type Soap Manufacture
Process of Hamam type Soap Manufacture
Formula Chaulmogra Soap Manufacture
Process of Chaulmogra Soap Manufacture
Formula Iodine Soap Manufacture
Process of Iodine soap manufacture
Formula Borax Bath Soap Manufacture
Process of borax bath soap manufacture
Formula Borax Soap Powder
Process of Borax Soap Powder Manufacture
Formula Borax Dry Soap
Process of borax dry soap manufacture
Formula Surgical Soap
process of surgical soap manufacture
Formula Germicidal Soap
Process of Germicidal Soap Manufacture
formula Honey Soap Manufacture
Formula Hyacinth Soap Manufacturing
Formula Jasmine Soap Manufacture
Formula Lily Soap Manufacture
Formula Lavender Soap Manufacturing
Formula Palm and Olive Oils Manufacturing
Formula Frose Soap Manufacture
Formulae Violet Soap
properties of violet soap
formula Violet Soap
formula Khas Soap Manufacturing
Manufacturing Process of Khas Soap
Perfumery Soap Manufacturing Formula
formula Acacia Soap based On Essential Oils
Formula: Acacia Soap Manufacturing based On Synthetics
Formula Amber Soap Manufacturing
Formula Cederwood Soap Manufacturing
Formula Carnation Soap Manufacturing
Formula Chypre Soap Manufacturing
Formula Cologne Soap Manufacturing
Formula heliotrope Soap Manufacturing
Formulae Herbal Soap Manufacturing
Formula Washing Soap with soap Stone Manufacturing
Process of manufacture
Formula: Washing Soap with soda Silicate Manufacturing
Process of manufacture
Formulae Washing Soap Manufacturing
process of washing soap manufacture
Formula Washing Soap  Manufacturing
Process of manufacture
Formula washing soap manufacturing
Process of washing soap manufacture
Formula Washing Soap of Various Types
Process of various type of washing soap manufacture
Formulae bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of bar soap manufacture
Formula Bar Soap Manufacture
Process of manufacture
Formula Bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of bar soap manufacture
Formulae: Bar Soap of Cheaper Class Manufacturing
process of cheaper class bar soap manufacture
Formula Low Class bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of low class bar soap manufacture
Formula: cheaper class bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of cheaper class bar soap manufacture
Formula: Minimum Quality bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of minimum quality bar soap manufacture
Formula: Minimum Class Bar Soap Manufacture
Process of minimum class bar soap manufacture
Formula Medium Class Bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of medium class bar soap manufacture
Formula Medium Quality bar Soap Manufacturing
Process of Medium Quality bar Soap Manufacture
Formula bar Soap of Various Quality

DETERGENT POWDER

Introduction
Simple Absorption
formula for Washing of Stone Floors
Formula
Process of Manufacture
Combined Absorption and Neutralization
Heavy Duty Household Washing Powder
Formula 100% Sulphonic Acid
Formula : 90% Sulphonic Acid
Process of Manufacture
Formula
Procedure
Formulae for White Household heavy Duty Washing Powder
Formula 100% Sulphonic Acid
Formula 90% Sulphonic Acid
Dry Mixing of Powders
Spray-Drying of Powders
Colour
Particle Size of powder
Bulk Density
Residual Moisture
Tower Operation Conditions
Stickiness in Spray Dried Powder
product uniformity
Separation of Powder
Wet Scrubbing
Use of Fines
Combination of Spray Dried and Dry Mixed Powders
Ballestra Cembed System
Paterson Kelley System
Anhydro System
Drum Drying of Powders

TESTING  AND ANALYSIS

Introduction
Tests for Oils and Fats
Moisture Determination
Test for Free Fatty Acids
Test for Impurities
Test for Unsaponifiable matter
Test for Titre
The Iodine Number
The Saponification Number
Melting Point of Fats
Acid Number
Acetyl Value
Specific Gravity of Oils
Rancidity Test

PACKAGING OF DETERGENT POWDER AND BARS

Introduction
Packaged Commodities Rules
Declaration to Be Made On Every Package
Packaging Rules
Specific Quantities of Packed Commodities
Synthetic Detergent Powder Packaging
Cartons for Packaging
Paper/Poly Sachets
Polythene bags
Detergent bar Packaging
Specifications for Packaging of Materials
Testing Methods for packaging
Physical Test for packaging
Substance
Dimensions
Bursting Strength
Compression Resistance
Tensile Strength
Scuff Resistance
Moisture Content
Other Tests for Packaging
Wax/polythene coated wrapper
Stability to Alkali
Stability to Flap
Water Absorption
Type of Filting
Machine Direction on Paper and Board
Stiffness of Board
Miscellaneous Tests

The post Manufacture of Washing Soap, Toilet Soap, Detergent Powders, Liquid Soap & Herbal Detergents and Perfumes with Formulations appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

• Scope
• Definitions
• Additives
• Plastics
• Chemical structure of
• Different Types of
• Plastic Additives
• Accelerators
• Accelerator BBTS
• Accelerator MBT, MBT/MG
• Akroform ETU-22 PM
• Accelerator CBTS NEW
• Activator OT Urea
• Cure-Rite® IBT
• Accelerator EZ & EZ-SP
• Antifoams
• SF100
• Antidegradants
• Akrochem Antiox 12
• Ethanox® 314
• Santoflex® IPPD
• Santoflex® 77PD
• Santoflex® 6PPD
• Antioxidants
• Alkanox® P27
• Antioxidant 60
• BLS® 234 NEW
• Alkanox® TNPP
• Antioxidant S
• BLS® 292 NEW
• Alox® PP18 NEW
• 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-
• bis(1-methyl-1-
• phenylethyl)phenol NEW 11
• BLS® 1622 NEW
• BLS® 1944 NEW
• 2-tert-Butyl-6-(5-chloro-2Hbenzotriazol-
• 2-yl)-4-
• methylphenol NEW
• Cyanox® 1790
• BNX 1077 NEW
• 4,4′-Butylidenebis(6-tert-butylmcresol)
• NEW
• Cyanox® 2246
• BNX 1225TPR NEW
• Cyanox® 1212
• Cyanox® 425
• Cyanox® LTDP
• Diethyl 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-
• hydroxybenzylphosphonate
• NEW
• 1,3-Diphenyl-2-thiourea
• NEW
• Cyanox® STDP
• N,N’-Diethylthiourea NEW
• Distyryl biphenyl NEW
• Dibenzylhydroxylamine
• NEW
• O,O’-Dioctadecylpentaerythritol
• distearyl
• bis(phosphile) NEW
• 1,3-Di-o-tolylguanidine NEW
• 3,9-Bis(2,4-dicumylphenoxy)-
• 2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-
• diphosphaspiro[5,5]
• undecane NEW
• Dipentamethylenethiuram
• tetrasulfide NEW
• 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol
• NEW
• 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
• NEW
• Ethanox® 330
• Ethaphos® 368
• Ethanox® 310
• Ethanox® 376
• 2,2′-Ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tertbutylphenol)
• NEW
• Ethanox® 323
• Ethanox® 702
• 2-(2′-Hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tertamylphenyl)
• benzotriazole NEW
• Ethanox® 703
• Irganox® 245
• Irganox® 1035
• Irganox® 1425 WL
• Irganox® 259
• Irganox® 1081
• Irganox® 3125
• Irganox® 565
• Irganox® 1098
• Irganox® 3144 FF
• Irganox® E 201
• Isonox® 232
• Markstat® 60
• Irganox® MD 1024
• Lowinox® AH25
• Naugard® 412S
• Isonox® 132
• Lowinox® CPL
• Naugard® 445
• Lowinox® TBM-6
• Naugard® 635 NEW
• Naugard® 956
• Naugard® HM-22
• Naugard® PHR
• Naugard® A
• Naugard® J
• Naugard® PS-30
• Naugard® B-25
• Naugard® NBC
• Naugard® PS-35
• Naugard® BHT
• Naugard® PANA
• Naugard® Q Extra
• Naugard® RM-51
• Naugard® XL-1
• Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-
• piperidyl) sebacate
• NEW
• Naugard® Super Q
• Propyl gallate NEW
• 2,2′-(2,5-thiophenediyl)
• bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazole)
• NEW
• Santicizer® 278
• Ultranox® 626
• Antiozonants
• Akrochem® NIBUD
• Akrowax™ 195 NEW
• Blowing Agents/Blowing
• Agents, Plasticizer
• CPW-100
• Celogen® AZ
• Celogen® RA NEW
• Coupling Agents
• Silquest® A-187
• Silquest® A-1102
• Silquest® A-137
• Silquest® A-1100
• Silquest® A-1289
• Silquest® A-2171
• Cross-linking Agents
• F-300, F-1000, F-1500,
• F-2000, F-3000
• Perkacit® MBTS
• Perkacit® ZDEC
• Perkacit® DPG
• Perkacit® NDBC
• Perkacit® MBT
• Resimene® 3520
• Flame Retardants
• Aroclor® 1221
• 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl
• ether
• 2,2′,4,4′,6-Pentabromodiphenyl
• ether
• Aroclor® 1232
• 2,2′,4,4′,5-Pentabromodiphenyl
• ether
• Aroclor® 1016
• Aroclor® 1242
• 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-Hexabromodiphenyl
• ether
• Aroclor® 1248
• Aroclor® 1268
• Aroclor® 6050
• Aroclor® 1254
• Aroclor® 5432
• Decabromodiphenyl ether
• Aroclor® 1260
• Aroclor® 5442
• Firemaster BP4A
• Aroclor® 1262
• Aroclor® 5460
• Halowax 1000
• Halowax 1001
• Halowax 1013
• Halowax 1051
• Halowax 1099
• Saytex® 8010 NEW
• m-Terphenyl
• o-Terphenyl
• p-Terphenyl
• Tetradecachloro-mterphenyl
• Tetradecachloro-oterphenyl
• Tetradecachloro-pterphenyl
• Plasticizers
• Benzoflex® 2-45
• Bisphenol A (BPA)
• Celogen® SD-125
• Citroflex 2
• Citroflex 4
• Citroflex A-2
• Citroflex A-4
• Citroflex B-6
• Cresyl diphenyl phosphate
• NEW
• Dibutyl phthalate
• Dibutyl sebacate NEW
• Diisooctyl phthalate NEW
• Dimethyl adipate NEW
• Dimethyl sebacate NEW
• Dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
• Disflamoll® TKP NEW
• Disflamoll TP NEW
• 2-Ethylhexyl sebacate
• NEW
• Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)
• terephthalate NEW
• Hercoflex® 900
• Hi-Point® 90
• Hi-Point PD-1
• Jayflex® 77
• Jayflex® DIDP
• Jayflex® DINP
• Jayflex® DTDP
• Jayflex® L11P-E
• Jayflex® TINTM
• Laurex®
• Markstat® 51
• Methyl O-Acetylricinoleate
• NEW
• Morflex® 150
• Morflex® 190
• Morflex® 560
• Morflex® x-1125
• Paraplex® G-30
• Plasthall® DINP plasticizer
• NEW
• Plasthall® ESO
• Polycizer® butyl oleate
• Polycizer® DP 500
• Santicizer® 141
• Santicizer® 148
• Santicizer® 160
• Santicizer® 261
• Tributylphosphate NEW
• Triethylphosphate NEW
• 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-
• pentanediol-isobutyrate
• NEW
• Trimellitate NEW
• Vinsol® powder
• Vinsol® resin
• Processing aids
• Akrochem® Ceresin
• Wax NEW
• Kemamide® E ultra
• Retarders
• Akrochem® Retarder
• BAX NEW
• 2-Cyano-2-propyl
• benzodithioate NEW
• 4-Cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)
• pentanoic acid NEW
• 2-Cyano-2-propyl dodecyl
• trithiocarbonate NEW
• 4-Cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)
• sulfanyl]
• pentanoic acid NEW
• Cyanomethyl dodecyl
• trithiocarbonate NEW
• Cyanomethyl methyl(phenyl)
• carbamodithioate
• NEW
• 2-(Dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-
• 2-
• methylpropionic acid
• NEW
• Bis(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)
• disulfide
• NEW
• Retarder AK
• Bis(thiobenzoyl) disulfide
• NEW
• Stearates
• Stearic Acid RG (rubber
• grade)
• Stearic Acid TP
• UV stabilizers
• Tinuvin® PED
• Uvinul® 3000
• Uvinul® 3008
• Uvinul® 3040
• Uvinul® 3049
• Deuterated Compounds
• Dibenzylphthalate-d4
• Di-n-butyl phthalate-d4
• Di-iso-butyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Diethyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Diethyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Di-n-hexyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Di-n-hexyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Di-n-octyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Di-n-pentyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Di-n-propyl phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4
• Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-
• 3,4,5,6-d4

Chapter 2
Antiblock and Slip Agents

• Antiblocking Agents
• Antiblock Agent for
• Polyolefin Films
• Talc antiblock
• compositions and
• method of preparation

Chapter 3
Antioxidants

• Description
• Phenolics
• Organophosphites
• Synthesis of
• Phosphorochloridite
• 1a and Phosphorodichloridite 2a
• Thioesters
• Deactivators
• Recent developments
• Suppliers
• Trends and forecasts

Chapter 4
Antistatic Agents

• Description
• External Antistats
• Dust Test Method
• Trends and forecasts

Chapter 5
Biocides

• Description
• Preparation
• Method
• Suppliers
• Trends and forecasts

Chapter 6
Chemical Blowing Agents

• Description
• Physical blowing agents
• Chemical blowing agents
• Polycarbonic Acid
• Trends and Forecasts

Chapter 7
Coupling Agents

• Description
• Silanes
• trans-2-methylcyclopentylsilane
• Titanates
• Trends and Forecasts

Chapter 8
Flame Retardants

• Description
• Reactive flame retardants
• Brominated Hydrocarbons
• Phosphate esters
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Antimony Oxide
• Aluminum Trihydrate
• Other flame retardants
• Inorganic phosphates
• Melamines
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Molybdenum compounds
• Zinc Borate
• Driving Forces

Chapter 9
Heat Stabilizers

• Description
• Primary heat stabilizers
• Mixed metal stabilizers
• Lead Heat Stabilizers
• Secondary heat stabilizers
• Alkyl/aryl organophosphites
• Epoxy Compounds
• Beta diketones
• Polyfunctional Alcohols
• Trends and Forecasts

Chapter 10
Impact Modifiers

• Description
• Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS)
• Acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS)
• Acrylics
• Acrylic Sheet Production
• Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)
• Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
• Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)
• Maleic anhydride grafted EPDM

Chapter 11
Light Stabilizers

• Description
• Benzophenone
• Preparation
• Benzotriazole
• Benzoates and Salicylates
• Nickel Organic Complexes
• Hindered Amine Light
• Stabilizers (HALS)
• Suppliers
• Trends and Forecasts

Chapter 12
Lubricants and Mould Release Agents

• Description
• Lubricants
• Metallic stearates Esters
• Fatty Amides
• Synthetic Protocols
• Cis-9,10-octadecenoamide
• Trans-9,10-octadecenoamide
• Cis-8,9-octadecenoamide
• Cis-11,12-octadecenoamide
• Oleic acid
• Erucamide
• Methyl-8-hydroxyoctanoate
• Methyl-8-bromooctanoate
• Methyl-8-triphenylphosphoranyloctanoatebromide
• Methyl-cis-8.9-octadecenoate
• Cis-8,9 octadecenoic Acid
• 18-Hemisuccinate-cis-9,
• 10-octadecenoamide
• Methyl-9-bromononanoate
• Methyl-9-triphenylphosphoranylnonanoate-bromide
• Methyl-18-t-butyldiphenysilyloxy-cis-9,10 octadecenoate
• 18-T-butyldiphenylsilyloxycis-
• 9,10-octadecenoic Acid
• 18-T-butyldiphenylsilyloxycis-
• 9,10-octadecenoamide
• 18-Hydroxy-cis-9,10-octadecenoamide
• Synthesis of
• Compound 100
• Methyl-9-bromo-nonanoate
• (Intermediate for Compound 100:)
• 9-T-butyldiphenylsilyloxynonanal
• (Intermediate for Compound 100:)
• Methyl-9-triphenylphosphoranylnonanoate
• Bromide
• (Intermediate for Compound 100:)
• Methyl-18-t-butyldiphenysilyloxy-
• cis-9,10-
• octadecenoate
• (Intermediate for Compound 100:)
• 18-T-butyldiphenylsilyloxy-cis-
• 9,10-octadecenoic Acid (Compound 100:)
• Fatty Alcohols
• Waxes
• Mould Release Agents
• Fatty Acid Esters and Amides
• Fluoropolymers
• Silicones
• Suppliers
• Trends and forecasts

Chapter 13
Nucleating Agents

• Description
• Types
• Substituted sorbitols
• Low Molecular Weight Polyolefins
• Sodium benzoate
• Ionomer Resins
• Suppliers
• Trends and forecasts

The book Plastic Additive Technology Hand Book covers Introduction, Antiblock and Slip Agents, Antioxidants, Antistatic Agents, Biocides, Chemical Blowing Agents, Coupling Agents, Flame Retardants, Heat Stabilizers, Impact Modifiers, Light Stabilizers, Lubricants and Mold Release Agents, Nucleating Agents.

Preface
Every activity in modern life is influenced by plastics and many depend entirely on plastics products. Imagine cars without synthetic bumper, dashboards, steering wheels and switches; medicine without plastic hypodermic syringes and artificial hip joints. And what about telecommunications, dependent on plastic telephones, circuit boards and cable insulation. Our entertainment and leisure relies on the unique combination of characteristics offered by plastics in sports equipment and clothing, CDs, video and audio tape, television and cinema – indeed you wouldn’t be able to read this over the internet without plastics! All these plastics products are made from the essential polymer mixed with a complex blend of materials known collectively as additives. Without additives, plastics would not work, but with them they can be made safer, cleaner, tougher and more colourful. Additives cost money, of course, but by reducing production costs and making products last longer, they help us to save money and conserve the world’s precious raw material reserves. In fact, our world today would be a lot less safe, a lot more expensive and a great deal duller without the additives that turn basic polymers in to useful plastics. One way to improve the performance characteristics of plastic products is to compound resins with additives and fillers. Additives help fight against factors such as heat, chemicals or light. There are thousands of additives/fillers on the market today. Below are some of the most common ones used in manufacturing: • Antimicrobials: Used to control the build up of bacteria, fungi and algae on the surface of plastic products. A wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used as antimicrobials. An example would be naturally occurring silver ions used in products such as cell phones or organic acids in food-related products.

• Antioxidants: Used to control the degradation of products due to exposure to air.
• Antistatics: Used to minimize static electricity. These types of additives can be mixed with the resin or applied to the surface of the product. Antistatic additives are common to a wide variety of products ranging from cosmetics to industrial goods to sensitive electronic parts.
• Electrostatic Induction: Used for the economical and even application of polyurethane paints to consumer goods such as automobiles, bicycles and others.
• Fibers: Used to increase strength and stiffness. The most common type of fibers added for strength would be carbon and glass. Glass-reinforced plastic is more commonly known and marketed as fiberglass.
• Conductive fibers: Used to provide special properties for certain applications.
• Lubricants: Used for easier molding or for increased adhesion and viscosity of the molded parts.
• UV stabilizers: Used for the protection of the resin’s mechanical properties by absorbing selective UV rays resulting in less degradation.
• Flame retardants/ Smoke suppressants: A variety of chemicals that can be added to resins to eliminate its tendency to burn. For polyethylene and similar resins, chemicals such as antimony trioxide and chlorinated paraffin are useful.

Author

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