Red Oxide Pigments – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports https://projectreports.eiriindia.org We Create Industrialist Mon, 22 Mar 2021 05:25:12 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/cropped-logo-1-32x32.jpg Red Oxide Pigments – EIRI – eBooks and Project Reports https://projectreports.eiriindia.org 32 32 RED OXIDE PRIMER & ALUMINUM PAINT https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/red-oxide-primer-aluminum-paint/ Mon, 22 Mar 2021 05:25:11 +0000 https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=14614 Colour has fascinated culture throughout history, every age and every region hasproduced dyes and pigment depending on the available resources. Colour has beenwith us for more than 20,000 years. The evidence can be found in the cave paintings.The tradition of painting in Indian subcontinent grew and developed overtime,resulting in a hilly developed and finest style, incorporating the culture and faith ofthe region and religion. The history ofIndian Paint Industry is as old as the history ofthe Indian people. Indian paints always embrace rich colours and clear symbolism,using specific iconography to make religious figures clearly recognizable.

The Indian paint industry has recently completed lOOyears of manufacturing.Manufacturing of Indian paints started around 1902. The Indian paint industry hasseen a gradual shift in the preferences of people from the traditional white wash tohigher quality paints like emulsions and enamel paints. Growing popularity of newvariants providing improved finishing and textures, increasing per capita income ofpeople and efforts on the part of manufacturers to introduce improved versions likeeco-friendly, odour free and dust and water resistant paints, have propelled the growthof the paint market in India. Efforts on the part of the manufacturers to introduceinnovative technologies in the paint market have led to a growth in demand for paints in India. Paint manufacturers are giving due attention to consumer’s colourpreferences. The market is witnessing introduction of breakthrough technologies to improve the paint quality. Paint companies are also increasingly investing in their R&D, to carve out a differentiated product in the market. For instance, paints, which use water in place ofsolvent, have been introduced in the market. They are better in performance and not harmful for health as it emits little or no Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC).

The industry has also seen the introduction of solar reflectivecoating, which is a roof surface coating that lowers the surface temperatures of theroof resulting into greater comfort inside the building. New technologies in the paint market would lead to better performance, cost reduction and wider applications of paints in India.

The terms ‘paint’ and ‘surface coating’ are often used interchangeably. Surface coating is the more general description of any material that may be applied as a thin continuous layer to a surface. Purists regard the term ‘surface coating’ as tautological. However, it has been used widely in the UK and in North America to distinguish painting from other forms of surface treatment, such as electroplating, anodizing, and the lamination of polymer film onto a surface. Paint was traditionally used to describe pigmented materials as distinct from clear films which are more properly called lacquers or varnishes.

We shall be most concerned with paint in the context of this book; but, as we shall see, modern painting processes may include composite systems in which a total paint system comprises several thin films, some, but not all, of which may be pigmented. We shall use both terms as appropriate to the context in which specific paint compositions are being discussed. The purpose of paints and surface coatings is two-fold. They may be required to provide the solution to aesthetic or protective problems, or both. For example, in painting the motor car the paint will be expected to enhance the appearance of the car body in terms of colour and gloss, and if the body is fabricated out of mild steel it will be required to give protection against corrosion. If the body is formed from glass fibre reinforced plastic the paint will only be required for aesthetic purposes. There are obviously very sound economic reasons why it is attractive to colour only the outer surface of articles that might otherwise be self-coloured by using materials of fabrication, e.g. plastics that are pigmented, particularly if a wide choice of coloured effects is required.

This topic will be developed in the chapters on paints for specific markets In considering the nature of paints it will become abundantly clear that the relationship between the coating and the substrate is extremely important. The requirements for a paint that is to be applied to wood are different from those of a paintto be applied to a metal substrate.

Moreover, the method by which the paint isapplied and cured (or dried) is likely to be very different. In formulating a paint for a particular purpose it will be essential for the formulator to know the use to whichthe painted article is to be put, and physical or mechanical requirements are likelyto be called for. He will also have to know how it is to be applied and cured. Thus,a paint for an item made from cast iron may call for good resistance to damage byimpact (e.g. chipping), whilst a coating on a beer can will call for a high degree of flexibility.

It has long been recognized that it is difficult, if not impossible, to meet therequirements of many painting processes by the use of a single coat of paint. If onelists the requirements of a typical paint system it is easy to see why. Many, if not all,of the following are likely to be required: opacity (obliteration); color; sheen(gloss); smoothness (or texture); adhesion to substrate; specific mechanical or physical properties; chemical resistance; corrosion protection; and the all-embracingterm ‘durability’. Durability is an important area that we shall return to in manycontexts. The number of different layers that comprise the paint system will depend on the type of substrate and in what context the coated object is used.
A typicalarchitectural (gloss) paint system might consist of a ‘primer’, an ‘undercoat’, and a‘topcoat’. All three are likely to be pigmented compositions, and it is probable thatthere will be more than one coat (or layer) of each of these paints. An architect may well specify one coat of primer, two coats of undercoat, and two coats of topcoat.

The purpose of these individual layers and hence their composition is likely to be very different. The primer is designed largely to seal the substrate and provide a means of achieving good adhesion between substrate and undercoat. It may contribute to opacity, but this will not be its main purpose. The undercoat will be used for two purposes: to contribute significantly to the obliteration of the substrate and to provide a smooth surface upon which to apply the topcoat. The smooth surface is obtained by abrading the dried undercoat (after each coat has dried) with fine tungsten carbide paper.

The topcoat is then applied to complete the process of obliteration and to provide the appropriate aesthetic effect (i.e. colour and sheen). The system as a whole would be required to give protection to the wood or metal substrate to which it is applied.

The interrelationship between these multilayers is worth considering. The mechanical and physical properties of the individual coatings will often be very different. The function of the primer in promoting adhesion has already been mentioned. It may also be required to relieve stresses that are built up within the coating system as a result of hardening and ultimately embrittlement of the topcoat (andundercoat) as a result of ageing, or to accommodate stresses imposed by the differential movement of the substrate. The softwoods used in the construction of window frames are known to expand and contract between the dry (summer) andwet (winter) conditions by at least 10% across the grain, but much smaller changesare observed in the direction of the grain. The undercoat will be formulated in acolour close to that of the topcoat, but it may serve this purpose to several closelyrelated topcoat colors. It will normally be highly pigmented, in contrast to thetopcoat which will not.

The reason for the latter is the need, for example, to maximize gloss and extensibility. The use of the type and concentration of pigmentary material in the undercoat would not be conducive to maximizing these properties in the topcoat.

The primer will frequently be required to contribute to corrosion protection. Those formulated for use on steel are likely therefore to incorporate a chemically active anti-corrosive pigment. Corrosion protection may be achieved by yet another means, the chemical treatment of the substrate. Thus many industrial coating processes involve a chemical pretreatment of metal, mainly aluminum or ferrous substrates. The latter is most frequently treated with a phosphate solution that produces a crystalline phosphate layer. Subsequent paint application, i.e. priming, is therefore to a crystalline inorganic layer and not directly to an (uncoated) pure metal surface.

Surfaces are seldom what they seem. With the exception of the noble metals almost all surfaces that will be commonly regarded as ‘metal’ surfaces will present to the paint a surface that is not a metal but an oxide layer. Even so the purity or cleanliness of the surface may well be an unknown quantity. Since this surface will have an important effect on such properties as the adhesive performance of the paint system it is important to appreciate this point. Just as most surfaces will be ‘dirty’ and thus be ill-defined, it is necessary to produce paint systems that can accommodate the contamination and general variability of surfaces.

These types ofsystem must be ‘tolerant’ to all but excessive contamination and are often describedas ‘robust’ if the required degree of tolerance can be achieved. This is not to say that industrial coating processes do not require certain pretreatments such as degreasing, and may involve the chemical pretreatments indicated above.

The deterioration of paints which occurs in many situations is largely due to changes in the chemical nature of the film former with consequent changes in its mechanical properties, and research continues unabated to formulate polymers and resins to improve the performance of paints in use. The development of new improved pigments may contribute to improvements in durability, but in most cases the weakest link in the system is the film former. One consequence of this is the development of systems for specific end uses. Such approaches are adopted when it is practicable to avoid the compromises that are otherwise likely to be required for a general-purpose product. For economic and marketing reasons the best productmay not be available for a specific end use, and a compromise of cost and performance may be required. Indeed the cost-effectiveness of a particular coating composition will usually dominate other considerations particularly in the industrialpaint markets.

The application of paints to various substrates (e.g., metals,wood, plastics, and concrete) is the most widely used method of protecting materials against corrosion and degradation. It is also used to obtain properties that include gloss, color, completely smooth or textured surfaces, abrasion resistance, mar resistance, chemical resistance, and weather resistance. Normally, a combination of properties is required. Paint systems are therefore applied that generally consist of a primer, an intermediate coat, and a topcoat. These coats of paint together with the substrate surface and surface layers resulting from substrate preparation and pretreatment form the coating system.

Only this complete coating system can provide the combination of properties required for the wide range of uses of organic coatings. Most paints are supplied as liquids that are applied by different methods, using various types of equipment.

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]]> INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF PAINT
PROTECTION
DECORATION
THE HISTORY OF IRON OXIDE:-
INTRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM PAINT
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM PAINTS:
LOCATION FOR PLANT
THE COMPONENTS OF PAINT
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT/ TYPES OF PAINTS
OIL PAINT
VARNISH
ENAMEL
LATEX PAINT
WATER-REDUCIBLE PAINTS
ALKYDS
EPOXY
POLYESTER-EPOXY
ACRYLIC-EPOXY
POLYAMIDE-EPOXY
URETHANE-MODIFIED ALKYDS
ACRYLIC-URETHANE COATINGS
ALUMINUM PAINT
SHELLAC
PAINTSYSTEMSAND COMPONENTS
FUNCTIONS OF PAINT SYSTEM COMPONENT
PROPERTIES OF PAINT
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
LIST OF THE REQUIRED MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
PRODUCTION PROCESSES
STEP I – MANUFACTURING OF RED OXIDE PIGMENT FROM PICKLE LIQUOR
STEP II – MANUFACTURING OF RED OXIDE PAINT FROM RED OXIDE PIGMENT
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ALUMINUM PIGMENTS
PARTICLE SIZE
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
SOLVENT BASED COATING:
BASIC FORMULATION OF ALUMINUM PAINT :- (W/W%)
MACHINERY
SETTLING TANK
STORAGE TANK
SOLUTION TANK & OXIDATION TANK
FILTER PRESS
RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
IRON SCRAP
SODA ASH
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
ZINC CHROMATE
COBALT-NAPHTHENATE
MTO
ALUMINUM PIGMENTS:
SOLID PIGMENTS:
SOLVENT (THINNER):
ANOTHER PRODUCTION PROCESSES FOR RED PIGMENTS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:- THE LAUX PROCESS
FIG: – MANUFACTURE OF RED IRON OXIDE PIGMENT BY THE ANILINE
(LAUX) PROCESS
THE PRECIPITATION PROCESS
THE PENNIMAN PROCESS
PRODUCT PROPERTIES AND DELIVERY FORMS OF IRON OXIDE PIGMENTS
POWDER PIGMENTS
MICRONIZED POWDER PIGMENTS
COMPACT POWDER
GRANULES
LIQUID COLORS
MARKET SURVEY
PRODUCT INSIGHTS
COLOR INSIGHTS
APPLICATION INSIGHTS
REGIONAL INSIGHTS
IRON OXIDE PIGMENTS MARKET SHARE INSIGHTS
GLOBAL IRON OXIDE MARKET DYNAMICS
GLOBAL IRON OXIDE MARKET TRENDS
ALUMINUM PAINT:
ASIA PACIFIC MARKET:
KEY MARKET PLAYERS
MACHINERY PHOTOGRAPHS
STORAGE TANK
SETTLING TANK
PRECIPITATION TANK
SOLUTION TANK
FILTER PRESS
FLUIDIZED BED DRIER
MINI BOILER
BALL MILL
PULVERIZES
DG SET
PRODUCT PHOTOGRAPHS
RAW MATERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
IRON SCRAP
SODA ASH
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
ZINC CHROMATE
CACO3
COBALT NAPHTHENATE
LEAD NAPHETHENATE
M.T.O
ALUMINUM PIGMENTS:
SOLVENT: CARRIER
BINDER: ACRYLIC

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

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]]> manufacturing technology & formulations hand book on thinners, putty, wall & industrial finishes and synthetic resins https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/manufacturing-technology-formulations-hand-book-on-thinners-putty-wall-industrial-finishes-and-synthetic-resins/ Wed, 06 Apr 2016 08:08:18 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=6363 The book covers Thinners, Inorganic Pigments, Titanium Dioxide Pigments, Organic Pigments, Extender Pigments, Putty, Glaxing, Compounds Caulking, Compounds and Sealants, Paint Driers, Paint Additives, Architectural Paints, Industrial Finishes.

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]]> MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY & FORMULATIONS HAND BOOK ON THINNERS, PUTTY, WALL & INDUSTRIAL FINISHES AND SYNTHETIC RESINS

Thinner

  • Volatile Lubricants
  • Measures of Solvency
  • Anilline Point
  • Kauri-Bulanol Value
  • Liquid Chromatography
  • Composition
  • Viscocity Reduction
  • Tests for Purity
  • Volatility

Inorganic Pigments

  • The Function of Pigments
  • Properties of Pigments
  • Optical Data
  • Particle Shape
  • Dispersibility
  • The Classification of Pigment
  • Properties of Inorganic Pigments
  • Iron Oxides
  • Natural Iron Oxides
  • Synthetic Iron Oxides
  • Chromates
  • Zinc Chromates
  • Lead Chromate
  • Chrome Greens
  • Prussian Blue
  • Ultramarine Blue
  • Chrome Oxide Pigments
  • Cadmium Pigments
  • ed lead
  • White Lead
  • Zinc Oxide
  • Zinc Sulfide Lithopone
  • Zinc Phosphate
  • Calcium Plumbate
  • Carbon blacks
  • Mixed Phase Pigments
  • Bronze Powders
  • Stainless Steel Flake

Titanium Dioxide Pigments

  • The sulphate process
  • The Chloride Process
  • Application of Titanium Pigments
  • Surface Coating Industry
  • Dispersion of Tatanium Pigments
  • Opacity
  • Tinting Strength
  • Durability
  • Gloss Development
  • Storage Stability
  • Other Industry
  • Plastic Industry
  • Rubber Industry
  • Paper Industry
  • Ceramic Industry
  • Other Applications

Organic Pigments

  • Classification of Organic
  • Pigments
  • Colour and Chemical Constitution
  • Manufacture of Azo Pigments
  • Azo Condensation Pigments
  • Pigments Conditioning
  • Testing
  • Pigment Crystals and Particle Size
  • Dyestuffs
  • Colour Index Classification
  • Production of Organic Pigment
  • Cost Comparisons
  • Application of Organic Pigments
  • Industrial Finishes
  • Coil Coatings
  • Automotive Finishes
  • Decorative Paints
  • Printing Inks
  • Artists Colour
  • Commercial Pigments
  • Arylamide Yellows (Hans Yellows)Shades: Bright greenish yellow to reddish yellow
  • Diarylide Yellows (Benzidine Yellows)
  • Shades: Strong greenish yellow to reddish yellow
  • Copper Azo yellow
  • Pyrazolone Orange and Red Pigments
  • Dinitronitine Red (Orange)
  • Naphthol Reds (BON Arylamide Reds)
  • Shade:Yellowish red to bordeaux
  • Lithol Reds
  • Shade:ranges from yellowish red (Na) to bluish red (Ca)
  • Lake Red (PR 53)
  • Red 2B Toner
  • Shade: yellowish red (Ba) to bluish red (Ca)
  • Claret Toner
  • Red B Toners
  • Dianisidine Blue
  • Alizaline Lake
  • Ouinacridone Pigments
  • Perylene Reds
  • Thioindigo Red
  • Indanthrone Blues

Extender Pigments

  • Particle Size and Shape
  • Particle Size Distribution
  • Specification
  • Particle Size Distribution
  • Colour
  • Sleve Residue
  • Water-Soluble content and pH
  • Water Soluble  content and pH
  • Volatile Matter
  • Oil Absorption
  • Dispersion
  • Safety Procautions
  • Tyes of Extender Pigments
  • Calcite (Whiting)
  • Calcium Carbonate (Synthetic)
  • Talc
  • Barytes
  • China Clay (Kaolin)
  • Silica
  • Crystalline Silica
  • Amorphous Silica (Tripoli)
  • Synthetic Silica
  • Mica
  • Asbestos
  • Wollastonite

Putty, Glazing, Compounds Caulking, Compounds, and Salants

  • Definition
  • Formulation of Putties
  • Oil Based Putty Metal Sash Grade (Linseed Oil)
  • Oil Based Putty Plumbers Grade (Oil)
  • Formulation of Glazing  Compounds
  • Oil Based Glazing Compound Green House Grade
  • Water Based Glazing Compound High Quality Exterior Grade Acrylic
  • Oil Based Caulking Compounds
  • Water Based Caulking Compound White Gun Grade (Acrylic)
  • Physical Contents
  • Key Properties
  • Hot Melt Sealant
  • Physical Constants
  • Key Properties
  • Working Properties
  • subjective Test for Knife Compounds
  • Cone Penetrometer for Consistency
  • Mobilometer for Consistancy
  • Sandwich Squeeze for Consistancy
  • Brookfield Viscometer for Consistency
  • Extrudability with Caulking Gun
  • Extrusion Rheometer
  • Shearing Adhesiveness
  • Rheological Properties
  • Levelling Test
  • Sag (slump) test
  • Sag Test for vertical Joints
  • ASTM Slump Test
  • Slump Test for Horzontal Joints
  • Tack Free Time
  • Shrinkage
  • Apparatus
  • Procedure
  • Bend Test
  • Low Temperature Flexibility
  • Adhesion
  • Bond Strength by Direct Pull
  • ASTM Method for Bond Strength
  • Gravity Test for Adhesion
  • Hardness
  • Durometer Hardness under Standard Conditions
  • Durometer Hardness After Heat Aging
  • Penetrometer for Hardness
  • Penetrometer for Degress of Set
  • Compression Set
  • Aging Tests on Cauiks  and Sealants
  • Heat Aging Test
  • Appearance
  • Oil Migration
  • Loss of Weight, Cracks Chalks
  • Articial Weathering Tests
  • Shrinkage
  • Apparatus
  • Procedure
  • Cohesiveness
  • Tensile Adhesiveness (Cohesion)

Paint Driers

  • Types of Driers and Manufacturing Methods
  • Direct Fusion Process
  • Precipitation Process
  • Direct Metal Reaction (DMR) Process
  • The Organic Radical of Metailo Organic Driers
  • Napthenates
  • Octoates
  • Performence of Synthetic Based Driers Versus Napthenates
  • Driers Recommendations
  • Mixed Driers Systems Are Normal for Air Dry Finishes
  • Temperature Has Considerable Effect on Drier Metal Activity
  • The Sequence of Drier Additon should be considered
  • Primary Driers
  • Cobalt
  • Manganese
  • Lead
  • Calcium
  • Zinc
  • Zirconium
  • Iron
  • Rare Earth and Cerium
  • Aluminium
  • Vandium
  • Stability on Drying  Performance on Storage
  • Drier Related Paint Film Defects
  • Durability and Colour Retention
  • Hazing and  Blooming
  • Drier for Use in Water Based Systems
  • The Future Drier Additves

Paint Additives

  • Additives in Solvent Thinned Paints
  • Wetting and Dispersing Agents
  • Anti Settling, Anti Sag and Bodying Agents
  • Aluminium Soaps
  • Hydrogenated Castor Oil (Triglyceride of 12- Hydroxyl Stearic Acid)
  • Heat Stable Polyol Esters
  • Modified Clays
  • Anti Skinning Agents
  • Phenols
  • Oximes
  • Anti flood and Antifloat Additives
  • Method of Cure
  • Recognizing Flooding and Floating
  • Midew inhibitors:Fungicides
  • Identification of Midew
  • Mildew Control
  • Latex Paint Additives
  • Surface Active Agents
  • Dispersing Agents (Anionic Surfactants)
  • Stabilizing Surfactants (Non-Ionic)
  • Anti Foam Agents
  • Latex Thickening Agents
  • Preservatives
  • Coalescing Aids
  • Wet edge Extenders
  • Freeze thaw Stabilizers
  • Other Considerations
  • Secondary Effects

Architectural Paints

  • Exterior Paints for Wood
  • Characteristics of Wood Sliding
  • Bindrs for Exterior House Paints
  • Pigments for Exterior House Paints
  • Pigments for Coloured Paints
  • Microorganics in Paints and Coatings
  • Tetrachlorophenol
  • Formulating Exterior Paints for Wood
  • Interior Paints for Plaster and Wall Board
  • Calceolate Flats
  • Alkyd Flats
  • Ease of Application
  • Water vs. Mineral Spirits
  • Odor of Paint and Coating
  • Hinding Power
  • Apperance of Coating
  • Scrub and Chemical Resistance
  • Durability and Recoatability
  • Galled Flats
  • Copolymer Flats
  • Resin Emulsion Flats
  • Paint Properties
  • Physical Constants
  • Copolymer Emulsion Interior Paints
  • Alkyd Emulsion Paints
  • Cooking Procedure
  • Exterior Emulsion Paints for Masonry
  • Interior and Exterior Enamels
  • Enamels for Wood and Concrete Floors
  • Procedure for Paint

Industrial Finishes

  • Introduction
  • Automotive Finishes
  • Automotive Lacquer Finishes
  • Metalized Finishes
  • Water Soluble Vehicles
  • Metal Decorating Finishes
  • Novelty Finishes
  • Wrinkle Finishes
  • Mixing Procedure
  • Hammer Finishes
  • Aluminium Dispersion
  • Hammer Finish
  • Multicolor Finishes
  • Baking Crystal Finish
  • Cooking Procedure
  • Crystal Lacquer Finish
  • Crackle Lacquer Finish
  • Flock Finishes
  • Miscellaneous Novelty Finishes
  • Paper Coatings
  • Water Soluble Organic Coating
  • Waxes for Coatings
  • Cellulosic Polymers in Paper Coatings
  • Lacquer Emulsions
  • Ethyl Cellulose
  • Cellulose Acetate
  • Vinyl Resins in Paper and Textile Coatings
  • Calender Coating and Sheeting
  • Organosols and Plastisois and Paper and Textiles
  • Organosols and Plastisols for Metal
  • Polyvinyl Chloride Latexes
  • Polyvinylidene Chloride Copolymers in Paper Coalings
  • Polyamide Expoxy Coatings for Paper
  • Alkyd Amino Resin Coatings for Paper
  • Advantage of Hall Second butyrate
  • Precautions in the use of Half Second Butyrate
  • Application of Half Second Butyrate
  • Formulating Technique with Half Second Butyrate
  • Clear Lacquer for Aluminium
  • Resin Combination with half Second Butyrate
  • Lacquer for Plastics

EIRI a pioneer industrial consultant working over 32 years in preparation of Project Reports, Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Reports, Market Survey Reports and Practical Project Execution Know How Reports . Apart from these, EIRI is also known for Industrial Process Technology Books and Trade Directories with Liasioning Services.

Recipient of Udyog Rattan Award: EIRI has been awarded with the Udyog Rattan Award in 1996 for the excellence job served to the nation.

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]]> technology of synthetic dyes, pigments and intermediates https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/technology-synthetic-dyes-pigments-intermediates/ Wed, 19 Feb 2014 09:31:01 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=1230 The Book covers  Dyes, Azo Dyes, Azoic Dyes, Acid Dyes, Basic Dyes,  Disperse Dyes,  Vat Dyes,  Anthrimides and Carbazoies, Vat Dyes & Vat Pastes,  Indigold and Thioindigold Dyes, Indigosol,  Fluorination of Dyes, Sulphur Dyes, Reactive Dyes,  Intermediates for Dyes and Pigments,  Fluorescent Brightners and Optical Whitening Agents, Typical Commercial Brand Names of Textile Colorants, Accessory Products etc. ,  Classification of Pigments and Extenders,  Inorganic Pigments,  Azo Pigments,  High Grade  Organic Pigments, Phthalocyanines,  Fluorescent Pigments, Quality Control and Evaluation of Pigments,  Pigments for Textiles, Pigments for Paints, Pigments for Printing Inks, Pigments for Plastics, Rubber and Cosmetics,  Chemical Plant Data for Dyes and Pigments, Plant  Economics of Dye & Dye Intermediate, Plant Economics of Methyle Blue, Plant Economics of Acid Block Dye,  Plant  Economics of Green oxide and Blue oxide, Plant Economics of Azo Dye (Rhodamine-B),  Plant Economics of Dyes (Anthraquinone, B-Naphthol etc.)  Suppliers of Plants, Machinery and Equipments.

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]]> The Book covers  Dyes, Azo Dyes, Azoic Dyes, Acid Dyes, Basic Dyes,  Disperse Dyes,  Vat Dyes,  Anthrimides and Carbazoies, Vat Dyes & Vat Pastes,  Indigold and Thioindigold Dyes, Indigosol,  Fluorination of Dyes, Sulphur Dyes, Reactive Dyes,  Intermediates for Dyes and Pigments,  Fluorescent Brightners and Optical Whitening Agents, Typical Commercial Brand Names of Textile Colorants, Accessory Products etc. ,  Classification of Pigments and Extenders,  Inorganic Pigments,  Azo Pigments,  High Grade  Organic Pigments, Phthalocyanines,  Fluorescent Pigments, Quality Control and Evaluation of Pigments,  Pigments for Textiles, Pigments for Paints, Pigments for Printing Inks, Pigments for Plastics, Rubber and Cosmetics,  Chemical Plant Data for Dyes and Pigments, Plant  Economics of Dye & Dye Intermediate, Plant Economics of Methyle Blue, Plant Economics of Acid Block Dye,  Plant  Economics of Green oxide and Blue oxide, Plant Economics of Azo Dye (Rhodamine-B),  Plant Economics of Dyes (Anthraquinone, B-Naphthol etc.)  Suppliers of Plants, Machinery and Equipments.


DYES

Requisites of a True Dye
Types of Fibres
Dyeing
Various methods of dyeing
Fastness properties
Historical development from natural to synthetic dyes
Nomenclature of dyes intermediates
Nomenclature of dyes
Historical Development of Dyes
Natural Dyes
Limitations of Natural Dyes
Synthetic Dyes
Important dyestuff intermediates
Disperse azo dye

AZO DYES

The Azo coupling reactions
Congo Red
Diazotization
Coupling
Isolation
Direct Black E
Diazotization of Benzidine
First Coupling
Second Coupling
Third Coupling
Isolation
Direct Blue 2B
Diazotization
Coupling
Isolation
Violet N
Diazotization of Benzidine
Coupling
Isolation
Sky Blue FF
Diazotization of Dianisdine
Coupling
Yield
Ethylation
Direct Light Fast Blue 4GH
Plant for Azo Dyes
Important notes for diazotization and coupling

AZOIC DYES

Azo Coupling Components
Bases
Rapid Fast Colours
Rapidogens
M-Nitro Aniline (Fast orange R)
Properties
Solubility
O-Chloronailine (Fast Yellow G, Gc)
O-Anisidine (Fast Red BB)
Solvolysis
Reduction
Properties
2-Nitro-p Anisidine (Fast Bordeaux G P)
Purification
Nitration
Hydrolysis
Purification
Naphthol AS
Properties of finished product
Naphthol AS-BS
Properties of finished product
Physical Properties of Naphthol AS-OL
Naphthol AS-G

ACID DYES

Simple Acid Dyes
Mordant Acid Dyes
Manufacturing Processes
Acid Orange II
Acid Flourescein
Acid Light Fast Yellow G
Acid Fast Red A
Metanil Yellow
Acid Black 10 BX

BASIC DYES

Diphenyl methane
Triphenyl methane dyes
Thiazines
Oxazine Dyes
Xanthene Dyes
Manufacturing Process
Auramine O
Reaction
Process
Malachite Green
Reaction
Process
Leuco Malachite Green
New Magenta
Process
Safranine T
Aminoazotoluene Preparation
Reduction
Oxidation
Methylene Blue
Nitrosoation
Reduction
Acid Formation
Indamine Formation
Cooking
Isolation
Rhodamine B
Reaction
Process

DISPERSE DYES

Dispersion
Effect of Dispersing Agents
Levelling Agents
Classification
Disperse dyes in the dye bath
Disperse dyes in the fibre
Solacet Dyes (Water Soluble)
Light
Gas Fumes
Sublimation
Wash fastness
Current Research Work
Disperse Yellow 1
Reaction
Disperse Yellow 13
Acid Pasting
Dispersion
Disperse Yellow 42
Reaction
Disperse Orange 1
Procedure
Emulsion of Diphenylamine
Test
Coupling
Disperse Orange 13
Diazotisation of Aniline
Coupling Solution
Coupling
Stage II Diazotization of aniline azo dye
Coupling Solution
Coupling
Dispersion
Disperse Red 4
Acid pasting and Dispersion
Dispersion
Test
Disperse Red 9
Treatment with hydrochloric acid
Disperse  Blue 1
Reactions
Reduction
Acetylation of 1:5 and 1:8 diamino anthraquinone
Stage IV Nitration and Reduction
Rduction
Stage V Hydrolysis
Disperse Blue 3
Reaction
Disperse Black 1
Coupling
Test
Disperse Violet B
Reaction
Sulfonation
Nitration
Hydrolysis
Dispersion

VAT DYES

Five Membered Rings
One Heteroatom
Two Heteroatoms
Attachment at 2-position
Attachment at 1-2-position
Attachment at 2-3position
Attachment at 1.9-position
Vat Dyes Containing Six Membered Rings
Attachment at 1-2-position
Attachment at 1.9-position
Attachment at 3.4 -position of benzanthrone
Attachment at 1-position
Attachment at 1.2-position
Attachment at 2.3-position
Attachment at 1.9-position
Fused Ring System
Dyes containing larger ring systems

ANTHRIMIDES AND CARBAZOLES

Anthraquinone-carbazoles
Ring closure with aluminium chloride
Ring Closure with Titanium Tetrachloride
Ring closure with sulphuric acid
Ring closure with Potassium Hydroxide
Oxidation
Characterisation of Anthrmides and Anthraquinone Carbazoles
Spectral Differentiation
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectra
Infrared
C=O Stretching and NH deformation vibrations

VAT DYES & VAT PASTES

Vat Paste
Manufacturing of Vat Pastes
Vat Orange RF Paste
Golden Yellow G.O.K. Paste
Magenta B Paste
Vat Blue 4G Paste
Vat Pink R Paste
Vat Blue 4B Paste
Vat Black BB Paste
Vat Green FB Paste
Vat Brown RRO Paste Special
Vat Violet 2R Paste
Vat Violet GCN Paste
Vat Scariet GGN Paste
Vat Grey 3B Paste
Manufacturing Process
Indanthrene Rubine R
Formula
Ethylation of Anthrapyrazole yellow
Acid pasting Anthrapyrazote
Indanthrene Grey M
Stage III Cyclisation of anthrimide to carbazoles
Vat Red
Stage -1 Oxidation of 1-Nitro 2 methyl anthraquinone
Stage II
Microscopic Test
Purification
Vat Black
Reduction
Introduction
Procedure
Indanthrene Dark Blue Boa (Violanthrone)
Indanthrene Golden Orange 3-G
i. Anthrimide Formation
ii. Indanthrene Golden
Orange 3G (carbazol)
Indanthrene Brilliant Green Feb
2:2′ Dibenzanthroanl
Dihydroxy dibenzanthrone
Indanthrene Brilliant Green FFB Crude
Standardisation of Vat  Dyestuffs
The Spray drying method
The W & P Mixer Method
Indentification of Vat Dyes
Procedure
Sulphuric Acid or Nitric Acid Test
Alkaline Hydrosulphite Test
Acid Hydrosulphite Test

INDIGOLD AND THIOINDIGOLD DYES

Technical Synthesis of Indigo
Thioindigold dyes
Indigo
Brilliant Indigo-G
Thioindigo Red B
Procedure
Algol Orange-RF
Standardisation
Vat Printing Brown-G

INDIGOSOL

Anthrasol Brillant Orange IRK
Anthrasor Blue IBC
Oxidation to tetraester
Identification of Leuco
Ester Vat Dyes

FLUORINATION OF DYES

Hydorofluric Acid
Material of Construction
Fluorine
Material of Construction
Indanthrene Brilliant Violet F RK (C.I. 63350)
Indanthrene Printing Blue HFG
Nuclear Fluorination

SULPHUR DYES

Thionation
Types of Sulphur Dyes
Properties of Sulphur Dyes
Manufacturing Process
Sulphur Black-T
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Grain Standardisation
Immedial Orange C
Sulphur Orange 1
Property
Hydron Blue R Powder
R Base
Hydron Blue R powder
Procedure

REATIVE DYES

Classification of Reactive Dyes
Reactive dyes containing a cyanuric chloride nucleus
Reactive dyes containing a chlor pyrimidine nucleus
The vinyl sulfone reactive type
Reactive dye containing an epoxy group
Pyridazone
Dichloroquinoxaline
Acrylamide
Methylolated Nitrogen
Reactive dyes containing a Cyanuric Chloride Nucleus
Vinyl Sulfone Reactive Dyes
Chemistry of tetrachloropyrimidines
Reactive Dyes based on Epoxides
Other types of Reactive Dyes
Application Purification of Reactive Dyes
Advantage and Limitations of Reactive Dyes
Fabric Preparation
Washing Off New Developments of Reactive Dyes
Kayacelon Reaction Dyes
Cibacron C Dyes
Procion Supra Dyes of (I.C.I)
Procion HEXL Dyes
Prociline N Dyes
Reactive Red
Reactive Rose Red
Reactive Violet
Reactive Orange
Reactive Yellow
Reactive Red M8B
Acetylation of H Acid
Diazotisation of Tobias Acid
Reactive Dyes with Trichloropyrimidine As Reactive Group
Preparation
Reactive Dyes with 2.3-Dichloroquinoxaline
6-Carbonyl Chloride
as Reactive Group
Preparation
Reactive Dyes with Chloroacetyl As Reactive Group
Reactive Dyes with 6-Amino-2 Chlorobenzothiazole-5 Sulphonic
Acid as Reactive Group
Preparations
Properties of Cyanuric Chloride
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Identification of Reactive Dyes
Procedure

INTERMEDIATES FOR DYES AND PIGMENTS

Electrophilic
Nucleophilic substitution
Free radical
Sulphanilic Acid
Metanilic Acid
p-Aminophenol
Reduction
o-Phenylene Diamine
Property
o-And-p Nitrochlorobenzene
p-Phenylenediamine
Reduction
Control Test
1-Phenyl 3-Methyl 5-Pyrazolone
Quality of phenyl methyl pyrazolone
Tobias Acid
Quality
H-Acid
1-amino-2 Naphthol-4 Sulphonic Acid
Schaeffer’s Acid
J-Acid
Alkali Fusion of Amino J-Acid
N-Phenyl J-Acid
Anthraquinone
2-chloro Anthraquinone
2-Amino Anthraquinone
1-Hydroxy Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone 1-sufonate potassium salt
1-Hydroxy Anthraquinone
1:4 Dihydroxy Anthraquinone-(quinizarine)
Purification
1:4 Diaminoanthraquinone
Test for completion
Oxidation
1. Amino-2 Methyl- Anthraquinone
2. Methyl Anthraquinone
1-Nitro-2 Methyl anthraquinone
Purification of crude product
Amino-2 methylanthra quinone
Benzanthrone

FLUORESCENT BRIGHTNERS AND OPTICAL WHITENING AGENTS

Chemical Constitution
Stibene derivatives
Derivatives of dibenzothiophene-5 5-dioxide
Azoles
Monoazoles
Bisazoles
Coumarian Derivatives
Derivaties of 6-memberedring heterocycles
Derivative of pyrazoline
Finishing of Commercial Optical Brightners
Pastes
Powder
Instant finish (easily water soluble)Liquid forms
Stable Dispersions
Evaluation and testing
Active strength of fluorescent brightners
Uses
Detergent Brightners
Brightners for the textile industry
Natural Fibres
Brightner for cellulose
Brightners for wool
Brightners for synthetic fibres
Brightners for Cellulose Acetate
Brightners for Polyamide fibres
Brightners for polyester fibres
Brightners for Acrylic fibres
Brightners for Polyacrylonitrile fibre
Multi fibre brightening
Paper Brightners
Brightners for plastics
Brightners for Cosmetic Preparations
Brightners for Miscellaneous Application
Biological aspects

TYPICAL COMMERCIAL BRAND NAMES OF TEXTILE COLORANTS, ACCESSORY PRODUCTS

ETC.

CLASSIFICATION OF PIGMENTS AND EXTENDRES

Inorganic Pigment
Organic Pigment
Difference between Organic and Inorganic  Pigment
Difference between Pigments & Dyes
Classification of Pigments
Inorganics
White
Black
Red Brown
Yellow Orange
Green
Blue Purple
Metallic Powder
Organic Pigments
Lakes
Metal Toners
Azo Pigment
Yellow Pigments
Vat Pigment and Polycyclic Pigments
Phthalocyanines Blue Green
Extenders
Types of Extenders Pigment
Whiting Calcium Carbonate (Natural)
Calcium Carbonate (Synthetics)
Barytes
Barium Sulphate
Silicates
China Clay (Kaolin)
Silica (Silicon Dioxide)

INORGANIC PIGMENTS

Titanium Dioxide
Manufacture
Sulphate process
Wet treatment
The chloride process  Application of Titanium pigments
Paper
Textile
Plastics
Ceramics
Rubber
Plastics
Ceramics
Rubber
Miscellaneous
Iron Oxides
Manufacture Uses
Synthetic Iron Oxide
Manufacture
Calcined Coppers Red
Ferrite Red
Precipitated Synthetic Red Iron Oxide
Calcined Black (Red) Iron Oxide
Uses
Chromates
Zinc Chromate
Lead Chromate
Primrose Yellow
Light or Lemon Yellow
Medium Yellow
Chrome Orange
Manufacture
Chromium oxide green
Cadmium pigments
Manufacture
Zinc Oxide
From Zinc Metal (French or Indirected Process)
From Zinc Oxide Ores (American or Direct process)
From Zinc Sulphide Ore
Zinc Sulphide
Lithopone
Zinc Phosphate
Metallic Pigment
Copper and Copper Alloy Flake Copper
Alloy Flake Powders
Zinc Pigment
Stainless Steel Flake Pigment
Carbon Blacks
Uses
Ultramarine Pigments
Prussian Blue

AZO PIGMENTS

Red Pigments
Permanent Reds
The Pyrazolone Red
Yellow Pigments
Manufacture of azo Manufacture of azo pigments
Pigment Yellow G
Procedure
Diazotization
Coupling Component
Pigment Yellow 10G
Procedure
Diazotization
Coupling preparation
Coupling
Benzidine Yellow
Diazotization
Coupling Preparations
Coupling
Benzidine Orange
Diazotization
Preparation of Coup Ling component
Coupling

HIGH GRADE ORGANIC PIGMENTS

Azo condensation
Vat Pigments and Related Compounds
Anthraquinone pigment\\\
Thioindigo Pigments
Dioxazine
Quinacridone
Quinacridone
Toning White Enamels
Isoindolinone
Applications
Phthalocyanine

PHTHALOCYANINES

Manufacturedine
Methods for formation of pigments from crude
Acid pasting
Acid slurry
Concentration of the sulfuric acid
Amounts of the sulfuric acid
Slurrying time
Temperature of the slurry
Production of b-form pigment by salt grinding
Manufacture of metal free phthalocyanina
Manufacture of phthalocyanine green
Properties Phthalocyanines
Flocculation, Flotation and Flooding
Control of flocculation
Floatation
Flooding
Application of phthalocyanine pigments
Phthalocyanine dyes of Textile materials
Phthalocyanine formation in the fibre

FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS

Photostability of Fluorescent Pigments
Fluorescent Application
Phosphorescent
Luminous Pigments
Properties and characteristics
Uses
Use in Plastic
Peart Luster Pigments

QUALITY CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF PIGMENTS

Quality Control
Evaluation of Pigments
Physical Properties of Pigment
Moisture Content
Bulking Volume
Mesh Residue
Particle Size
Procedure
IS Specification
Solvent Stability
Aim
Importance of the test
Procedure
IS Value
Water Soluble Matter
pH of the Pigments
Oil Absorption
Raw Materials required
Procedure
Defination of Oil Absorption
Opacity
Colour
By Automatic Muller
Mass Tone
Apparatus required
Reduction Tone
Raw Materials Used
Other materials required
Procedure
Raw Material required
Dispersibility, Texture and Rheology
Stability and Fastness
Other Properties
To Destermine the Sp.
Gravity of Pigment
To determine percentage purity of crude
phthalocyanine
Volumetric Method for the determination of  copper in Cuprous
Chloride
Estimation of Organically
Bound hlorine

PIGMENTS FOR TEXTILES

Viscosity of Batch
Amount of Grinding Media
Amount of Material to be Ground
Handy Hints for Milling
Anionic surfactants
Non-ionic surfactants
Auxilliary or water retaining agents  in pigment emulsion
Mill Cleaning Methods
Formulations of different pigment Emulsions
Binder
Thickeners
Water Retaining agents
Catalysts
Preparation of 10% Binder Reduction
Thickening
Recipe for printing paste
After treatments

PIGMENTS FOR PAINTS

Mass Tone Colour
Under Tone Colour
Particle Shape
Particle Size Distribution Dispersibility
Effect on Vehicle Viscosity
Weathering
Parameters of pigment performance in paint industry
Dispersion
Surface Treatment
Particle Size
Surface area and characteristics
Mechanical Properties
Paint
Drying
Flushed pigments
Fluorescent pigments
Pigments
Fastness Properties
Light Fastness
Fastness to solvents
Heat Fastness
Chemical Fastness
General Paint
Pigment tailored to suit many specific uses are now available
Characteristics and fastness properties of the various classes of pigment
Dinitroaniline Orange
Toluidine Reds
Hansa Yellow Pigments (pigment yellows)
Polycyclic Pigments
Manufacture of Paint
Suitability of different pigments for use in various paints systems
Catalysed Paints
Unsaturated polyester paints
Acid curing paints
Polyurethane paints
Cold curing epoxy paints
Epoxy stoving enamels
Metallic finishes
Colouration of Aqueous Paint Systems Particularly of Emulsion Binders
Pigment paste from pigment Formulation of Different Pigment Paste
Separation and Identification of pigments  from synthetic enamel

PIGMENTS FOR PRINTING INKS

Fastness to Light
Fastness to alkali
Fastness to acid
Transparency
Dispersion
Organic pigment for printing ink should offer

PIGMENTS FOR PLASTICS, RUBBER AND COSMETICS

Selection of pigment
Colouring Techniques
Colouring plastic materials for  injection moulding
Colouration of moulding compounds
Phenoplasts
Colouring Thermoplasticslastics
Plasticised polyvinyl chloride
Rigid PVC
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polyurethane foams
Pigments for Rubber
Vulcan Fast and Vulcan Pigments
Colourant for Cosmeticsmetics
Miscellaneous applications

CHEMICAL PLANT DATA FOR DYES AND PIGMENTS

Plant Layout
Typical weaknesses in a poor plant layout
Materials Handling
Reduction in time
Reduction in handling
Equipment design
Summary
Material of construction
Metals
Cast Iron
White  Cast Iron
Plain Carbon Steel
Low carbon steel of Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
High carbon steel
Alloy Steel
Low alloy steel
High alloy steel
Stainless Steel
Non Metals
Cement and Stoneware Product
Glass
Rubber
Plastics
Other Materials
Wood
Linings for Chemical Plants  and  Equipment
Important Equipments for Dyes, Pigments and Chemical Plant
Autoclaves or Pressure Vessels
Reaction kettle or Reactor
Materials of Construction
Type and shape of reactor
Agitation
Jacket Design
Glass Line Reactor
Mechanical Resistance
Thermal Resistance
Testing
Vacuum Distillation Plant
Filter Presses
Filtrate discharge
Dryers
Spray dryers
Advantage of Micropulverizer
Research and Development

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYE & DYE INTERMEDIATE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF METHYLE BLUE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ACID BLOCK DYE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF GREEN OXIDE AND BLUE OXIDE

PLANT ECONOMICS OF AZO DYE (RHODAMINE-B)

PLANT ECONOMICS OF DYES (ANTHRAQUINONE, B-NAPHTHOL ETC.)

SUPPLIERS OF PLANTS, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENTS

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]]> PIGMENTS BINDERS FOR TEXTILE PRINTING https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/pigments-binders-textile-printing/ Mon, 10 Feb 2014 07:01:44 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=1118         Pigment printed textiles represent the highest percentage of all printed textiles.  This is primarily due to the uncomplicated process  and low cost of importing colored patterns  to  textiles with pigment system.

The water insoluble pigment used in most cases as an aqueous dispersion, has no affinity to textile fibres and is not able  to enter  into chemical or physical reactions with the  fibre.   For the bonding of pigments to textile a bonding agent generally of a synthetic  latex type, is incorporated in the print paste,  which through  its film forming properties holds the  embedded  pigment firmly or fibre surface.

Project Reports Cover:

  •     Introduction
  •     Uses and Applications
  •     Properties
  •     Market Survey with future aspects
  •     Present Manufacturers
  •     B.I.S. Specifications
  •     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
  •    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
  •     Capacity
  •     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
  •     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
  •     Raw Materials
  •     Details/List and Costs
  •     Power & Water Requirements
  •     Labour/Staff Requirements
  •     Utilities and Overheads
  •     Total Capital Investment
  •     Turnover
  •     Cost of Production
  •     Break Even Point
  •     Profitability
  •     Land Man Ratio
  •     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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]]> Red Oxide Pigments https://projectreports.eiriindia.org/product/red-oxide-pigments/ Thu, 12 Dec 2013 13:02:47 +0000 http://projectreports.eiriindia.org/?post_type=product&p=398 Iron Oxides are extensively used in the preparation of paints. There are two main stains yellow and red, Both these varieties are available in synthetic and natural forms. Yellow oxide of iron is widely used as a retainer in glass paints, undercoats, of iron finds application in paints rubber, plastics, ceramics, paper  linoleum and for polishing glass,  metals  and diamonds, Iron  oxides are used in paints for exterior  work on account  of the low cost and protective value. They are used as primers for structural steel, automobiles bodies, ship bottoms of iron  prolong  life  of the substance by  eliminating  the  destructive effect light on the film. Iron oxide pigments own their yellower tint to ferrous oxide and ferric hydroxide while red red dish-brown colour is essentially due to anhydrous  ferric  oxide Fe203.

The continually increasing importance of iron oxide pigments is based on their nontoxicity. Chemical stability,  wide  variety of colours ranging from yellow, orange, red, brown to black,  low price. Natural and synthetic iron oxide pigments consist of well-defined compounds with known crystal structures.

Project Report covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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