Project report on Refined Oils - Technology Book - Feasibility Report - Market Survey - Industrial Report

Technology of Lubrication & Lubricants, Crude Oil Processing, Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes with Mineral Turpentine Oil

EIRI Team — Thu, 30 Aug 2018 10:56:44 +0000

Contents:

Lubrication and Lubricants

Functions of Lubricants
Lubrication Principles
Tests of Lubricants
Lubricants of Mineral Origin
Synthetic Lubricants

Benzene

Manufacturing Process From Petroleum by
Catalytic Reforming

Ethylene

From Refinery Gas by Thermal Cracking

Monoethylene Glycol

Molecular Formula

Diethylene Glycol

Molecular Formula

Triethylene Glycol

Monoethylene Glycol From Ethylene and Oxygen
Uses
Grades
Toxicity

Ethylene Oxide

Molecular Formula
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Ethylene and Oxygen
Raw material requirement

Toluene

Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Petroleum by Hydroforming
Raw material requirement

Xylene

Properties of Xylene Isomers
Manufacturing Process
Form Petroleum by Catalytic Reforming or
hydroforming

Petroleum jelly

Physical properties
Comparison with glycerol
Uses
Medical treatment
Skin and hair care
Preventing moisture loss
Hair grooming
Skin lubrication
Product care and protection
Coating
Finishing
Lubrication
Production processes
Tattooing
Explosives
Mechanical, barrier functions
Surface cleansing
Pet care
Clean-up
Properties of Petroleum Jelly
Skin Care
Face Care
Hair Care
Nail Care
Household Needs

Bioethanol Production From Sugar Cane Molasses

Ethanol
Feedstock for bioethanol production
Sucrose-containing feedstocks
Starchy materials
Lignocellulosic biomass
Ethanol from cane molasses
Processes of ethanol production

Production of Bio-ethanol from Molasses by Schizosaccharomyces Species

Introduction
Materials And Methods
Collection of Samples
Isolation of Schizosaccharomyces
Production of Ethanol from Molasses
Identification of the Microorganisms
Originally Present in Molasses
Inoculation of Molasses by Isolated Yeast
Distillation and Detection of Ethanol
Results And Discussion
Isolation of Schizosaccharomyces
Species
Physical Characteristics of the
Molasses Sample
Microorganisms Originally Present
in Molasses
Production of Ethanol from Raw
Molasses
Production of Ethanol from Molasses
with Different Concentrations of Sucrose
Detection of Ethanol

Petroleum Crude Oils

Composition of Crude Oils
Hydrocarbon Compounds
Alkanes (Paraffins)
Cycloparaffins (Naphthenes)
Aromatic Compounds
Non-hydrocarbon Compounds
Sulfur Compounds
Acidic Sulfur Compounds
Non-acidic Sulfur Compounds
Nitrogen Compounds
Basic Nitrogen Compounds
Non-Basic Nitrogen Compounds
Oxygen Compounds
Acidic Oxygen Compounds
Non-Acidic Oxygen Compounds
Metallic Compounds
Density, Specific Gravity and API Gravity
Salt Content
Sulfur Content
Pour Point
Ash Content

Crude Oil Processing

Physical Separation Processes
Atmospheric Distillation
Vacuum Distillation
Absorption Process
Adsorption Process
Solvent Extraction
Conversion Processes
Thermal Conversion Processes
Coking Processes
Thermal Cracking Reactions
Delayed Coking
Fluid Coking
Viscosity Breaking (Vis-breaking)
Catalytic Conversion Processes
Catalytic Reforming
Reformer Feeds
Reforming Catalysts
Reforming Reactions
From Acetylene and Acetone
From Isobutylene and Formaldehyde (IFP Process)
From Isobutylene and Methylal (Sun Oil Process)
From Propylene (Goodyear Process)

Chemicals Based on Methane

Chemicals Based On Direct Reactions of Methane
Carbon Disulfide (CS)
Uses Of Carbon Disulfide
Hydrogen Cyanide (Hcn)
Chloromethanes
Production of Chloromethanes
Uses of Chloromethanes
SYNTHESIS GAS
CHEMICALS BASED ON SYNTHESIS GAS
AMMONIA (NH)
Uses of Ammonia
Nitric Acid (HNO)
Hydrazine (HN-NH).
Methylalcohol (CHOH)
Production of Methanol
Uses of Methanol
Methyl Chloride (CHCI)
Acetic Acid (CHCOOH)
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ((CH)C-O-CH)
Dimethyl Carbonate (CO(OCH))
Methylamines
Ethylene Glycol

Ethane and Higher Paraffins-Based Chemicals

Ethane Chemicals
Propane Chemicals
Oxidation of Propane
Nitration of Propane (Production of Nitroparaffins)
N-butane Chemicals
Oxidation of N-butane (Acetic Acid and
Acetaldehyde)
Maleic Anhydride:
Aromatics Production
Isobutane Chemicals
Naphtha-based Chemicals
Chemicals From High Molecular Weight
N-paraffins
Oxidation Of Paraffins (Fatty Acids And Fatty
Alcohols)
Chlorination Of N-paraffins (Chloroparaffins)

Chemicals Based On Ethylene

Introduction
Oxidation Of Ethylene
Derivatives of Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Glycol (CHOHCHOH)
Ethoxylates
Ethanolamines
,-Propanediol
Acetaldehyde (Chcho)
Important Chemicals From Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
N-butanol
Oxidative Carbonylation of Ethylene
Chlorination of Ethylene
Vinyl Chloride (Ch=Chcl)
Linear Alcohols

Chemicals Based on Propylene

Oxidation of Propylene
Acrolein (CH=CHCHO)
Uses of Acrolein
Ammoxidation Of Propylene
(Acrylonitrile [CH=CHCN])
Uses of Acrylonitrile
Adiponitrile (NC(CH)CN)
Deriatives and Uses of Propylene Oxide
Propylene Glycol (CHCH(OH)CHOH)
Allyl Alcohol (CH=CHCHOH)
Oxyacylation of Propylene
Chlorination of Propylene
(Allyl Chloride [Ch=Chchcl])
Hydration of Propylene
(Isopropanol [Chchohch])
Properties And Uses of Isopropanol
Acetone Production
Propertles and Uses of Acetone

C4 Oleffins and Diolefins- Based Chemicals

Introduction
Chemicals From N-butenes
Oxidation of Butenes
Acetic Acid CHCOH

Chemicals Based on Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes

Reactions and Chemicals of Benzene
Reactions and Chemicals of Toluene
Oxidation of Toluene
Caprolactam Production
Phenol from Benzoic Acid
Terephthalic Acid from Benzoic Acid
Chlorination of Toluene
Nitration of Toluene
Carbonylation of Toluene
Chemicals From Xylenes
Terephthalic Acid (Hoocc6h4cooh)

Synthetic Petroleum-Based Polymers

Introduction
Thermoplastics And Engineering Resins
Polyethylene
Low-Density Polyethylene
High-Density Polyethylene
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene
Properties and Uses of Polyethylenes
Polypropylene
Copolymerization
Properties and Uses of Polypropylene
Properties and Uses of Polyvinyl Chloride
Properties and Uses of Styrene Polymers
Nylon Resins
Thermoplastic Polyesters
Polycarbonates
Properties and Uses of Polycarbonates
Polyether Sulfones
Properties and Uses of Aromatic Polyether Sulfones
Poly(phenylene) Oxide
Polyacetals
Thermosetting Plastics
Polyurethanes
Properties and Uses of Polyurethanes
Epoxy Resins
Properties and Uses of Epoxy Resins
Unsaturated Polyesters
Phenol-formaldehyde Resins
Properties and Uses of Phenolic Resins
Amino Resins (Aminoplasts)
Urea-Formaldehyde and Urea-Melamine Resins
Properties and Uses of Aminoplasts
Polycyanurates
Synthetic Rubber
Butadiene Polymers And Copolymers
Properties and Uses of Polybutadiene
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Nitrile Rubber (Nbr)
Polyisoprene
Properties and Uses of Polyisoprene
Polychloroprene (Neoprene Rubber)
Butyl Rubber
Ethylene-propylene Rubber
Transpolypentamer
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Synthetic Fibers
Polyester Fibers
Polyethylene Terephthalate Production
Properties and Uses of Polyesters
Polyamides (Nylon Fibers)
Nylon (Polyhexamethyleneadipate)
Nylon (Polycaproamide)
Nylon (Polylaurylamide)
Nylon (Polybutyramide)
Nylon (Polyundecanylamide)
Other Nylon Polymers
Properties and Uses of Nylons
Acrylic And Modacrylic Fibers
Properties and Uses of Polyacrylics
Carbon Fibers (Graphite Fibers)
Polypropylene Fibers

Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes

Introduction
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts
Catalyst Morphology and Activity
Catalysts for Petroleum Refining
Cracking Catalysts
Reforming Catalysts
Hydrotreating Catalysts
Catalysts For Petrochemicals Industry
Catalysts For Synthesis Gas
Hydrogenation Catalysts
Hydrocarbon Oxidation Catalysts
Polymerization Catalysts
Recent Advances in Industrial Catalysis
Dual-Function Catalysts
Super-Active Metal Catalysts
Supported-Ziegler Catalysts
Advances in Homogeneous Catalysis
Role of Polymers in Catalysis

Petrochemicals Future

Integrated Petrochemicals Complex
Natural Gas As Petrochemical Feedstock
Impact Of Heavy Feedstocks
On Petro-chemicals
Ecology And The Energy Crisis
Coal As An Alternative To Oil
Energy Crisis and the Industrial Fuels
Natural Fuels
Synthetic Fuels
Hydrogen: Fuel for tomorrow
Trends in Petrochemical Industry
Development in Cracking Technology
Olefins Vs Paraffins
Prospect for Propylene
Size of Plant
Biomass: Renewable Resource for Petrochemicals
Waste Disposal

Plant Economics of Mineral Turpentine Oil (MTO)

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

Plant Economics of Lubricating Oil (20w40 Grade Sn-Type)

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

Plant Economics of Oil Re-refining Unit

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

Plant Economics of Crude Oil Refining

Plant & Machinery
Fixed Capital
Raw Materials
Total Working Capital/Month
Total Capital Investment
Turn Over/Annum

List of Tables

Table : Properties and uses of various types of greases

Table : Specification for Commercial Grades of Benzene

Table : Typical specification for polymer-grade ethylene

Table : Specifications of Technical Grades of

Ethylene Glycol

Table : Specification for Technical Grade Diethylene

Glycol and Triethylene Glycol

Table : Commercial specifications of Industrial Xylene

Table : Type of feedstock

Table : Physical properties of Ethanol

Table : Different feedstock for bioethanol production and their comparative production potential.

Table : Main components of cane black strap molasses

Table : Microbiological analysis of sugarcane

molasses

Table : Production of ethanol and pH value from raw molasses

Table : Production of ethanol and pH value from molasses with different concentrations of sucrose

Table : Heating values of methane and heavier hydrocarbons present in natural gas

Table : Typical analysis of some crude oils

Table : Approximate ASTM boiling point ranges for

crude oil fractions

Table: Types of petroleum cokes and their end uses

Table : Major thermoplastic polymers

Table : Important properties of polyethylenes

Table : Properties of Polypropylene

Table : Properties of polycarbonates compared with

some thermoplastics

Table : Selected properties of some elastomers

Table : Important properties of polyesters

Table : Melting points of various nylons and the

monomer formula

Table : Physical properties of fiber-grade

polypropylene

Table : Characteristics of Typical Catalysts used in Petroleum Refining.

Table : Important Catalytic Processes of Refining

and Petrochemical Industry

Table : Major Catalysts in use in IPCL Plants

Table : Industrially Important Free-Racial

Polymerization Catalysts

Table : Ziegler-Type Catalysts used in Polymer

Manufacture

Table : HOPE Catalysts.

Table : Miscellaneous Catalysts used In Polymer

Industry.

Table : Relative Cost of Ethylene Production from

Various Feedstocks

Table : Octane Number of Aromatics.

Table : Calorific Value of Fuels.

Table : Comparative Cost of Production of Various

Fuels.

Table : Sources of Hydrogen.

Table : Yield Pattern from a High Severe Cracking

Furnace.

Table : Comparative Study of Propane and

Propylene Routes to Acrylonitriie

List of figures

Fig Fluid film formation in bearing

Fig : Ethanol structure

Fig : Sugar refinery process

Fig.: Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch to glucose.

Fig. : Flow chart of ethanol production from cereal

grains.

Fig. Culture characteristics of Schizosacc-

haromyces species

Fig. Microscopic appearance of Schizosacc-

haromyces species using Gram stain technique

Fig. KMnOH+ before addition of sample (a),

Reduction of KMnOH+ to colourless after

addition of sample (b)

Fig. KCrOH+before addition of

sample (a), KCrOH+after addition change

into colour (b)

Fig. Iodine reagent before addition sample (a),

addition of sample and heating, colour of iodine

change into blue colour (b) and when cooling in water

and added NaOH, the reaction formed yellow colour

precipitate

called iodo-form (c)

Fig Flow diagram of atmospheric and vacuum

distillation units: (,) heat exchangers; () desalter,

(,) heater; () distillation column, () overhead

condenser, (-) pump around streams, () vacuum

distillation heater; () vacuum tower.

Fig Important chemicals based on methane,

synthesis gas, ammonia, and methanol.

Fig A block flow diagram showing the combined

reforming for methanol synthesis.

Fig The Haldor Topsoe and Nippon Kasei

process for producing formaldehyde: () blower,

() heat exchanger, () reactor, () steam boiler,

() absorber, (,) coolers, () incinerator, () heat

recovery, () methanol evaporator, () boiler

feed water.

Fig Major chemicals based on ethylene.

Fig Important chemicals based on propylene.

Fig . Important chemicals based on benzene.

Fig . The reaction scheme for o-xylene to phthalonitrile

Fig The Union Carbide Unipol process for producing

Fig The Union Carbide gas-phase process for gh

producing polypropylene: () reactor, () centri-

fugal compressor, () heat exchanger, () product

discharge tank (unreacted gas separated from product),

() impact reactor, () compressor, () heat exchanger,

() discharge tank (copolymer separated from reacted

gas).

Fig Polyvinyl chloride

Fig The European Vinyls Corp. process for

producing polyvinyl chloride using suspension polymeri-

zation : () reactor, () blow-down vessels (to

separate unreacted monomer), () stripping column,

() reacted monomer recovery, () slurry centrifuge,

() slurry drier.

Figure The Lummus Crest Inc. process for

producing polystyrene: () reactor, () holding

tank (Polystyrene beads and water), () centrifuge,

() pneumatic drier, () conditioning tank, () screening of

beads, (,) lubrication and blending, () shipping product.

Figure The comparative thickness for the same

degree of insulation (dry conditions).

Figure A process for producing ,-polyisoprene

(>%) by a continuous solution polymerization.

Figure The Inventa AG Process for

producing polyethylene-terephthala

Figure The Inventa-Fisher process for producing

nylon from caprolactam: () Melting station, (, )

polymerization reactors, () extruder, () intermediate

vessel, () extraction column, (,) extraction

columns, () cooling silo.

The post Technology of Lubrication & Lubricants, Crude Oil Processing, Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes with Mineral Turpentine Oil appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF RICE BRAN OIL WITH REFINING (REFINED RICE BRAN OIL)

EIRI Team — Wed, 10 Sep 2014 10:21:00 +0000

Rice bran is the most important source of edible oil among the unconventional sources. Rice bran is the brown coating around the white starchy rice kernel which is obtained by dehusking paddy and polishing the rice. Despite the impressive growth of rice bran technology in the country, only a third of the available potential has been exploited.

Project Report Covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF RICE BRAN OIL WITH REFINING (REFINED RICE BRAN OIL) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Technology Book of Oilseeds Processing, Oils & Fats and Refining

EIRI Team — Wed, 19 Feb 2014 09:49:22 +0000

The role of dietary fats and oils in human nutrition is one of the most important areas of concern and investigation in the field of nutritional science. The findings of investigations on this subject have wide-ranging implications for consumers, healthcare providers and nutrition educators as well as food producers, processors and distributors. New evidence concerning the benefits and risks associated with particular aspects of dietary fat is constantly emerging in both the scientific literature and the popular media. At times, controversies about these findings emerge. Sifting through all the claims and counterclaims, incomplete and incompatible studies, and biases and competing interests for the elements of truth and a prudent course of action is a challenge. However, such discrimination in essential because changing views about the effects of dietary fats and oils can profoundly influence the consumption of various foods and, ultimately, health and nutritional status, agricultural production, food processing technologies, food marketing practices and nutrition education. Fats are the main source of energy for satisfactory growth and physical activity during early infancy. This energy requirement is not easily met where diets are low in fat (less than 15 per cent of total calories), which partly explains the high prevalence of malnutrition in such areas. Fats should also be considered in terms of their structural function during the first two years of life. They provide the fatty acids and cholesterol needed to form cell membranes in all the organs.

Moreover, important organs such as the retina and the central nervous system are mainly composed of fats. Most of the fats needed to form these tissues are essential fatty acids (EFAs) which cannot be synthesized by the organism and have to be acquired through nutrition. Mother’s milk has a special fat composition that makes it unique for goodchild nutrition. It contains factors that facilitate the digestion of fats, while its chemical composition makes it more digestible and includes a balanced supply of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. Oilseed processing equipment with a daily capacity of less than 50 tons per day typically employs a mechanical extraction process to separate the oil from an oilseed. Mechanical extraction processes apply pressure to separate oil from the meal in an oilseed. A common method for applying mechanical pressure is through a screw press.

Within India there are regional variations in ghani design, which probably arose form the nature of the oilseeds that were regionally available for crushing. The large granite ghanis of southern India have a capacity of 35 to 40 kg, requiring two animals yoked side by side and two operators, one for the animals and the other near the mortar. The load-beam is very long and curved and rides on a strong outer groove on the mortar. These ghanis have a life of four to five years, after which the pit is too worn to be useful. The wooden ghani of western India has a capacity of 8 to 15 kg, has an oil outlet at the base of the pit (which is kept plugged during crushing) and frequently has the operator seated on the load-beam. Margarine is an emulsion of water in oil type (W/O) which include two essential phases: continuous phase: FATTY PHASE dispersed phase: AQUEOUS PHASE It contains also some additives (lecithin, monoglycerides, salt, colouring agent, antioxidant, preservatives, vitamins) distributed partly in the fatty phase (soluble or dispersible in fats) and partly in the aqueous phase (soluble or dispersible in water and/or milk). Emulsion is a liquid system including two immiscible phases, one being finely dispersed in the other. But because of its thermodynamic instability, the emulsion tends to separate for restructuring the two original phases. In the case of margarine, it is therefore necessary to facilitate emulsion and to stabilize that condition. This is the role of emulsifying agents which reduce the quantum of labour for formation of a homogeneous mixture of these two immiscible phases, final stability of the product is obtained by crystallization of the fatty phase in the emulsion.

The complete definition of margarine is thus one of a polydispersed system of fats to solid and liquid states, in water and/ or milk, of ingredients and sometimes of gas bubbles. Mechanical extraction processes have two main elements. The first is seed preparation. Seed preparation methods vary depending on seed characteristics. For example, seed preparation for canola often is limited to seed cleaning while other oilseeds may need to be cleaned, de-hulled, cracked, rolled, and/or flaked. Additional equipment may be required to complete seed preparation. A producer should identify the oilseeds that they are likely to process in order to determine exactly what equipment will be needed.The second element is the removal of oil from the oilseed. In a screw press operation, seed is fed from a hopper into the screw press, which uses pressure to force oil contained in an oilseed through small openings in the side of the press. Meal, that is too large to exit through the small openings is extruded through larger openings at the end of the press. Screw presses are capable of removing approximately 65 percent to 75 percent of the oil contained in an oilseed. Some mechanical presses preheat seed as it enters the press. Preheating increases oil recovery rates to 65 percent to 80 percent. Alternatively, if seed is processed at low temperatures (for example, below freezing) oil recovery rates may be less than 60 percent. Actual recovery rates will depend on press quality, press operation, seed quality, seed type and seed temperature.

The present volume Technology of Oilseeds Processing, Oils & Fats and Refining contains 11 chapters on various aspects of oilseed processing refining, i.e. Chemical Constituents of Fats, Oleaginous Seeds and their Oils, Olive and Olive Oil, Palm Oil and its Fractions, Animal Fat, Technology of Refining of Fats, Hydrogenation Technology, Fractionation Technology, Margarine Technology, Production of Neat Soap with 63% Fatty Acids, Oilseed Processing Technology

TECHNOLOGY OF OILSEEDS PROCESSING, OILS & FATS AND REFINING contains:

Chemical Constituents
of Fats

Fatty acids
Rules of Nomenclature
Numbering
Nomenclature
Symbols
Saturated Acids
Acids with an even number of carbon atoms
Acids with an odd number of carbon atoms
Branched chain acids
Monoenic acids
Monoenic acids: ethylene bond at 9
Monoenic acids: ethylene
bond at n – 9
Position isomers of oleic acid
Monoenic acids: trans ethylene bond
Monoenic acids: terminal ethylene bond
Polyenic Acids
Other Polyunsaturated Acids
Acids with conjugated
ethylene bonds
Cyclic Acids
Cyclopropenic Acids
Cyclopentenic Acids
Semisynthesized Cyclic
Acids
Acids with Secondary Groups
Hydroxy Acids
Epoxy Acids and Ketoacids
Fatty Acid Distribution
Glycerides
Overview
Stereospecific numbering
and nomenclature
Partial Glycerides
Single-acid diglycerides
Diglycerides with two fatty acids
Triglycerides
Glyceride Structure
Glyceride Composition
Glyceride Distribution
Hypothesis and Distribution Laws
Minor Constituents
Phosphatides
Phosphatidic Acids
Phosphatidyl Amino Alcohols
Phosphatidyl Polyols
Phosphoglyceride Fatty Acids
Sphingolipids
Glucolipids
Monogalactosyl diglyceride Cerides
Unsaponifiable Matter
Triterpenes and their Derivatives
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E, Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
Forms of Vitamin A
Forms of Vitamin D
Fatty Alcohols
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Terpenic Hydrocarbons
Carotenes and Carotenoids
Other Constituents
Chlorophylls and their Derivatives

Oleaginous Seeds
and their Oils

Oil Composition
Oleic Sunflower
Rapeseed and mustard
Rapeseed and Mustard Species
Rapeseed or Mustard Plant
Agronomy of Rapeseed and Mustard
Genetic Improvements
Rapeseed and Mustard Seed
Fatty Acids of Rapeseed and Mustard Oils
Unsaponifiable Fraction of Rapeseed Oil
SOYBEAN
Plant
Seed
Composition of Soybean Oil
Corn and Grapeseeds
Corn
Botany, Crop Growing, Production
Technology
Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Triglyceride Composition
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Grapeseeds
Botany, Growing, Production
Technology
Grapeseed Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Triglyceride Composition
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Safflower, sesame, Camelina, poppy seed oil
Safflower
Botany, Growing, Production Technology
Safflower Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Sesame
Botany, Growing, Production
Technology
Sesame Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Camelina
Botany, Growing, Production
Camelina Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Fatty Acid Composition
Unsaponifiable Fraction
Poppy Seed Oil
Botany, Growing, Production
Poppy Seed Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Triglyceride Composition
Fatty Acid Composition
Unsaponifiable Fraction
Oleaginous Flax
Seed
Oil Composition
Almond, Hazelnut, Walnut
Almond
Botany, Growing, Production
Almond Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Composition of Triglycerides
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Hazelnut
Botany, Growing, Production
Technology
Hazelnut Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Triglyceride Composition
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Walnut
Botany, Growing, Production
Technology
Walnut Oil
Physicochemical Characteristics
Fatty Acid Composition
Composition of Unsaponifiable Fraction
Evening Primrose, Borage, And Blackcurrant Seeds
Overview
Evening Primrose
Botany and Genetics of Primrose
The Œnothera genus
Evening Primrose Seed
Upgrading of the Evening Primrose for Production
of g-Ln
Evening Primrose Oil
Borage
Seed
Some Agronomical Data
Borage Oil
“Virgin” Oil or “Refined” Oil ?
Main Uses of Borage Oil
Blackcurrant Seeds
Botany
Blackcurrant Seed Oil
Main Uses of Blackcurrant Seed Oil
Competing
Biotechnologies

Olive and Olive Oil

The Olive and its tree
Composition and characteristics of olive oil
Triglyceride composition
Fatty Acid Distribution in Internal and External Positions
Fatty Acid Composition
Unsaponifiable Matters
Contaminants
Quality and specifications:
The International COI Standard

Palm Oil and its Fractions

The plant
Botany
Crop growing techniques
Ecology & Growing Area
Yields and Production
Palm oil
Characteristics and Chemical Composition
Utilization

Animal Fat

Fat rendering industry land animal
Raw Material
Source
Characteristics
Collecting Fat
Rendering Process Principle
Batch dry Rendering System
Continuous Wet Rendering System
Continuous Dry Rendering System
Materials
Metal Elimination
Cookers
Pre-heaters
Dryers
Separators
Bone fat extraction
Choice of a rendering process

Technology of Refining of Fats

Minor Components and Contaminants to be Eliminated
Free Fatty Acids
Partial Glycerides
Phospholipids
Colouring Agents
Free Sugars, Glycolipids
Hydrocarbons, Resins
Sterols
Tocopherols
Waxes
Metal Compounds
Flavours
Naturally Food-Borne Toxic Substances
Substances of External Origin
Receiving and Storing Crude Oils
Quality Control before Unloading
Crude Oil Warehousing
Determining Quantities, Gaugings
Classical Chemical Refining
Eliminating Phospholipids
Caustic Soda Neutralization
Waterwashing
Drying
Quality Control of Neutral Oil
Acidity
Moisture Content
Phosphorous
Soap
Neutralization Equipment Technology: Pumps, Exchangers, Mixers, Contactors
Feed Pumps
Dosing Pumps
Flow-Meters
Disc Heat-Exchangers
Spiral Exchangers
Welded Plate Heat-Exchangers
“Compablock” Exchangers
Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers
Mixers and Contactors
Neutralization Equipment Technology: Centrifugal Separators
Different Types of Continuous Centrifugal Separators
Peripherals of the Centrifugal Separators
Programming System of the Self-Cleaning Separators
Theoretical Data Determining the Bowls Characteristics
Study of Some Equipments
Cylindrical Bowls Separators
Westfalia’s Separators, Type RTA or OSM with Double Turbine
Alfa-Laval type SRG separator
Separators with Self-Cleaning Bowls
Westfalia’s Type RSA Self-Cleaning
Separators
Alfa-Laval Type SRPX
Self-cleaning Separators
Bowls Cleaning,
Starting up and Ending Procedures
Self-cleaning Bowls
Dismantling the Bowls
Reassembling the Bowls
Starting and Stopping a Centrifuge
Neutralization Loss
Determining Neutralization
Loss Using an Inventory Balance
Determination Using Loss Control
Determining Neutralization Loss with Chemical Methods
Bleaching
The Absoption Phenomenon
Bleaching Agents
Bleaching Clays
Activated Carbon
Side Effects of Bleaching Agents
“Trisyl” and other Similar Products
Bleaching Monitoring
Filtration and filters
Porous Walls
Filters: Process and Technology
Example of a Metallic Cloth Filter: Niagara Filter
Example of a Metal Mesh Filter:
Funda Filter
Example of a Metal Mesh Filter: Bernardini Filter
Plugging of Metal Filters
Safety Filters
Filters Using Paper Filtering Discs: Filter Presses
Filters Using Filtration Discs: Bubble Cap Filters
Filtration Quality Control – Computerizing the Process
Control with a Filtration Test
Control with a Turbidity Measure
Monitek Turbidity Instrument
APV-Bowser Turbidity Instrument
De-Oiling Spent Earth
Analyses to be Carried Out on Bleached Oil
Dewaxing Vegetable Oils
Waxes & their Measuring
Dewaxing by Filtration
Dewaxing by Centrifugation, Double Purification
Pre-Dewaxing by Chilling and Centrifugating after Neutralization
Pre-Dewaxing by Chilling and Centrifugating after Partial Neutralization
Pre-Dewaxing by Cold Degumming
Eliminating Spent Earths
“Demargarination” of Selectively Hydrogenized Oils
Prechilling Peanut Oils
Deodorization
Flavour and Odour Releasing Substances
Substances Characterizing Non-Alterated Oil
Substances Produced by Oil Degradation
Basic Principles of Deodorization
Influence of Various Parameters
Amount of Steam Injected
Influence of Temperature
Influence of the Duration of the Operation
Influence of Pressure
Influence of the Way Cooling is Conducted
Loss During Deodorization
Inevitable Loss
Other Loss
Product Quality
Deodorization Equipment
Example of a Semicontinuous Deodorizer
Example of a Continuous Deodorizer
Semicontinuous Deodorizer with Continuous Inlet and Outlet
Thin Film Deodorization
Saturation with Nitrogen
Pollution and Nuisance Due to Deodorization
Physical Refining
Basic Principles
Superdegumming
treating the by-products
Soapstocks
Earths From Bleaching
Earths from Dewaxing
Deodorization By-products
Waste Water Treatment

Hydrogenation Technology

Diagrammatic Principle of Hydrogenation
Hydrogen
Catalysts
Different Types of Catalysts
Catalyst Poisons
Fats and Oils to be Hydrogenated
Hydrogenation Equipment
Discontinuous or Vat Process
DEAD-END System
Continuous Hydrogenation
Comparison with Discontinuous Processes
Principle of Continuous Process
Equipment Models
Separation of Catalyst & Operations
Filtration Conditions
Filtration Apparatus
Handling of Catalyst
General Layout of an Installation
Improvement in Hydrogenation Techniques
New Stirring Techniques
BUSS Loop Reactor
Helicoidal L.M. LITZ
Mechanism
Other Hydrogenation Techniques
Improvement in Energy Yield
Control of Reaction
Process Control
Controlling the End of
Reaction (End Point)
Control of Finished Product
Characteristics of Some Hydrogenated Oils
Safety Problems
Hydrogen-Related Problems
Problems in Handling of Catalyst
Problems of Installation Safety

Fractionation Technology

Fractionation of palm oil
Fractionation of lightly hydrogenated lard or tallow
Fractionation of Hydrogenated Oils
Dewaxing of Sunflower Oil
Different Methods of Fractionation
Chromatography
Fractionated Crystallization
Liquid/liquid Extraction
Fractionated Crystallization
Principle and Method
Some Theoretical Considerations on Crystallization Technology
Heat transfer between
Rate of nuclei diffusion
Effect of Temperature Gradient (At)
Effect of the Surface (S) of Transfer
Effect of Viscosity
Dry Fractionation
Principle
The TIRTIAUX Process
Fractionation in Solvent
Phase
Principle
Operating Conditions
Installation of Fractionation by Solvent
Fractionation in Presence of Detergent (Lanza process)
Principle
Operating Conditions
Installation Using LANZA Process
Brief Comparison of the Three Processes
Liquid/Liquid Fractionation
Freeman Rule

Margarine Technology

General Production
Principles
Importance of Crystallization
Polymorphism
Mixed Crystals
Dimension and Form of Crystals
Importance of Rate of Solid
Does the Aqueous Phase and Ingredients Have a Role to Play?
General Production Pattern
Vegetable Oils and Fats
Animal Oils
Formulation of Fatty Phases
Equivalent of Rates of Solids
Introduction of Data of Crystallization
Problems Linked to Hardness
Evaluation of Margarine for Pastry
Elasticity and Spread
Taste of Margarines
Melting Speed
Sensation of “freshness “
Sensation of “thickness”
Oil Exudation
Characteristics of the Fatty Phase
Production Additives and Auxiliaries
Ingredients Soluble in the Fatty Phase
Emulsifying Agent
Monoglycerides of Fatty Acids
Colouring agents
Aromas Soluble in Fatty Phase
Liposoluble Vitamins
Ingredients Soluble in Aqueous Phase
Water
Milk
Salt
Preservatives
pH Regulators
Antioxidants
Emulsion Preparation
Preparation of the Fatty
Phase
Preparation of Aqueous
Phase
Water and Brine
Sugar
Matured Milk
Acidity Regulator
Final Emulsion
Diverse Processes of Manufacture
Semi-Continuous
Processes or Proces-
ses on Drum
The Traditional Processes Represented by the
System of Tubular
Cooling and Scraped Surface
VOTATOR Process
The Perfector System
Conditioning
Quality Control
Control During Manufacture
Control of the Fat Phase
Salt and Sugar
Testing the Finished
Product
Testing the Water Content
Testing Weight of Bricks
Salt Content
Content of Air and Occluded Gases
pH Measurement
Measurement of Hardness
Other Tests
Organoleptic Quality
Bacteriological Control
Packaging Checks
Oil Emulsions in Water
Emulsions
Physical Stability
Sedimentation or Creaming
Floculation or Coagulation
Coalescence or Rupture of Emulsion
Bacteriological Stability
Organoleptic Stability
Mayonnaise
Definition
Raw Materials Used
Oil
Egg yolk
Mustard
Vinegar
Other Ingredients
Additives and Aromas
Formulation
Production
Discontinuous Production
Quality Control
Mayonnaise
Raw Materials
Packaging
Sauces
Variety Sauces
Bearnaise Sauce
Tartar Sauce
Burgundy Sauce
Ailloli Sauce
Salad Sauces
Vinegar

Production of Neat Soap with 63% Fatty Acids

Saponification Reaction
Batch Process
Equipment
Saponification
Washing
Fitting
Continuous Processes
Sharples Process
Monsavon Process
Alfa-Laval Process
Saponification
Mazzoni Process
Washing cycles
Latest Developments in Processes
Other Processes
Soap from Fatty Acids
Methyl Ester Soap
Miscellaneous Processes
Drying and Finishing of Soap
Drying of Household Soaps
Drying of Toilet Soap
Finishing of Toilet Soap
Wrapping and Packaging
Glycerine Recovery
Lye Processing
Concentration
Distillation
Bleaching

Oilseed Processing Technology

Importance of fats and oils
Availability of edible oils
Traditional oil processing
Ghani technology
Crushing oilseeds
Oil yield
Evolution of oil
processing
Advantages and disadvantages of ghani crushing
Authenticity of edible oils
Olive oil
Purity criteria
Free Fatty Acid
Content (FFA)
Peroxide Value (PV)
Specific Extinction (SE)
Fatty Acid Composition
Sterol Composition
Codex standards to combat fraud
Future developments
Recommendations on
Fats and Oils in Human Nutrition
Minimum Desirable
Intakes for Adults
Recommendations
Minimum desirable intakes for infants and young children
Recommendations
Upper limits of dietary fat and oil intakes
Recommendations
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol
Recommendations
Isomeric fatty acids
Recommendations
Substances associated with fats and oils
Recommendations
Essential fatty acids
Recommendations
Dietary information and programme needs
Recommendations

The post Technology Book of Oilseeds Processing, Oils & Fats and Refining appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

MINI OIL PLANT SUITABLE FOR GROUNDNUT OIL AND COTTON SEED OIL

EIRI Team — Tue, 22 Oct 2013 01:17:04 +0000

Ground Nut Powder otherwise known as peanut oil, arachis oil, or earthnut oil, is one of the two or three most important edible Oils in (oil content 45-55%) of the plant arachis hypogaea,which is grown in large quantities is Africa, India and china. The oil is pate yellow and has the characteristic order and flavour of peanuts. Compared with other seed oils, particularly cottonseed oil, it is relatively free of phosphatides and nonoil constituents. Groundnut oil is used mainly for edible purposes in the preparation of shortenings, margarine, and mayonnaise and as a cooking and salad oil of pharmaceutical quality is obtained from the seed by cold expression. The B.P recommends its use as a substitute for olive oil in making ointments, liniment its, plasters and soaps. Its use is authorized in preparations such as solutions of vitamin A and D Groundnut oil is considered to be an aperients and an emollient. In veterinary medicine, it is used as a nutritive laxative and emollient. It has been employed in the form of an emulsion for the control of several insect pests of plants.

DETAILED FEASIBILITY REPORT COVERS:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Plant Layout
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post MINI OIL PLANT SUITABLE FOR GROUNDNUT OIL AND COTTON SEED OIL appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Solvent extraction plant of cotton seed

EIRI Team — Thu, 10 Oct 2013 11:06:24 +0000

Cotton, the king of natural fibres is mainly cultivated for its Lint which is the most sought after textile fibre till date due To its inherent ecofriendly and comfort characteristics. It is Also one of the important cash crops of many of the afro-asian Countries like india, iran, egypt, sudan, uzbekistan, tanzania, Etc. And plays a major role in their economic development. However, of late, cotton cultivation in general and especially in These countries is becoming non-remunerative on account of higher Cost of inputs by way of plant protection measures, low Productivity in rain fed cultivation, etc. As a result, The cultivators are not able to get adequate returns Commensurate with their inputs. Hence, there is an urgent need to Explore alternative means of increasing the returns from cotton Farming. While efficient use of available resources, good quality Seeds, organic cultivation, transgenic cotton etc. Could reduce The cost of cultivation and enhance productivity, a judicious Approach to promote the use of by-products from cotton Cultivation through value addition route offers an attractive Proposition to generate additional income to the farming Community and the industries. Cotton is one of the most important Commercial crops of india and is the single largest natural Source of fibre. It plays a dominant role in its agrarian and Industrial economy as the backbone of textile industry, which Consumes 70% of the country's total fibre produced.

Project Report covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Plant Layout
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post Solvent extraction plant of cotton seed appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.