Sodium disulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of sodium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide. When conducted in warm water, Na2SO3 initially precipitates as a yellow solid. With more SO2, the solid dissolves to give the disulfite, which crystallises upon cooling.

SO2 + 2 NaOH ? Na2SO3 + H2O

SO2 + Na2SO3 ? Na2S2O5

Which yields a residue of colourless solid Na2S2O5

Sodium pyrosulphite is sometimes considered to be a solid for of sulphur dioxide since it contains 67% SO2. The principal use of sodium pyrosulphite is as a reducing agent and as a preservative for various food stuffs. In these applications it is being used as a convenient solid replacement for sulphur di­oxide.

A potential use of both sulphur dioxide and sodium pyrosulphite that has high growth possibilities for Western Canada is as a preservative for silage. In the case of grain silage (oats and barley) sulphur dioxide reduces the degree of fermentation (and hence of loss of potential food energy) that lead to acids giving natural preser­vation and, in the case of grass silage that is low in fermentable carbohydrates, the sulphur dioxide provides a reliable method of preservation that may bedifficult to achieve naturally.

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Sodium hypochlorite is available as a solution in concentrations of 5 to 15% chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite is easier to handle than chlorine gas or calcium hypochlorite. It is, however, extremely corrosive and should be kept away from equipment that could be damaged by corrosion. Hypochlorite solutions decompose and should not be stored for more than 1 month and must be stored in a cool, dark, dry area.

Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine, which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach.

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install 12000 MT/Year Sodium Hypochlorite (12.5%) solution production facilities as a Green Field Project.

2. Uses /Applications

• Sodium hypochlorite is used on a large scale in agriculture, chemical industries, paint- and lime industries, food industries, glass industries, paper industries, pharmaceutical industries, synthetics industries and waste disposal industries.

• In the textile industry sodium hypochlorite is used to bleach textile.

• It is sometimes added to industrial waste water. This is done to reduce odors.

• Hypochlorite neutralizes sulphur hydrogen gas (SH) and ammonia (NH3).

• It is also used to detoxify cyanide baths in metal industries.

• Hypochlorite can be used to prevent algae and shellfish growth in cooling towers.

• In water treatment, hypochlorite is used to disinfect water.

• In households, hypochlorite is used frequently for the purification and disinfection of the house.

Bleaching

Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite, by weight, and 0.01–0.05% sodium hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.

Cleaning

Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties. Among other applications, it can be used to remove mold stains, dental stains caused by fluorosis, and stains on crockery, especially those caused by the tannins in tea. It has also been used in laundry detergents and as a surface cleaner. It is also used in sodium hypochlorite washes.

Its bleaching, cleaning, deodorizing and caustic effects are due to oxidation and hydrolysis (saponification). Organic dirt exposed to hypochlorite becomes water-soluble and non-volatile, which reduces its odor and facilitates its removal.

Disinfection

Sodium hypochlorite in solution exhibits broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and is widely used in healthcare facilities in a variety of settings. It is usually diluted in water depending on its intended use. "Strong chlorine solution" is a 0.5% solution of hypochlorite used for disinfecting areas contaminated with body fluids, including large blood spills (the area is first cleaned with detergent before being disinfected).It may be made by diluting household bleach as appropriate (normally 1 part bleach to 9 parts water). "Weak chlorine solution" is a 0.05% solution of hypochlorite used for washing hands, but is normally prepared with calcium hypochlorite granules.

Deodorizing

Sodium hypochlorite has deodorizing properties, which go hand in hand with its cleaning properties.

Waste Water Treatment

Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to treat dilute cyanide waste water, such as electroplating wastes. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions.

Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a biocide in industrial applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc., in solutions typically of 10–15% by weight.

Endodontics

Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice due to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion in endodontic therapy. Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher concentrations it also dissolves vital tissue and additional bacterial species.

Nerve Agent Neutralization

50% sodium hypochlorite is used to neutralize any accidental releases of nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in similar fashion in the Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released in furnace flue gas.

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Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post Production of sodium sulphide appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The another names of sodium hydrosulfite are sodium hydrosulfite and sodium dithionite and Sodium Sulfoxylate. It has the chemical  formula
Na2 S2 O4 or Na2 S2 O4 2H2O.

It is available in three forms : i.e. Lemon coloured  powder as  flakes  and also in liquid form. The liquid  form  of  sodium hydrosulfite is known as "Reductione".

Project Report Covers:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post SODIUM HYDROSULFITE THROUGH FORMALDEHYDE ROUTE (CAP-20 TPD) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

Project Report Covers:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post SODA ASH (Na2CO3) (SODIUM CARBONATE) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The  sodium  salts  are familiar as  pastes  with  about  30 percent  of  active material as dried  extruded  material,  dried flakes  or  tray-dried  powder all  of  high  concentration.  For special purposes as for examples as a foaming agent and detergent in tooth-pastes free, unsulphated alcohol is undesirable because of  the  flavour it imparts. For same exceptional cases sodium sulphate is unwanted.  Sodium sulphate can be eliminated by dissolving out the sodium lauryl sulphate with hot ethyl alcohol or isopropyl   alcohol.  These  solvents  also  take  the   free unsulphated  alcohol into solution and after evaporating off  the solvent  a final extraction with acetone will dissolve  the  free alcohol and leave purified alkyl sulphate as the residue.

PROJECT REPORT COVERS:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post SODIUM LAURYL SULPHATE AND SODIUM LAURYL ETHER SULFATE appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.