Over time, the welds of low frequency ERW pipe was found to be susceptible to selective seam corrosion, hook cracks, and inadequate bonding of the seams, so low frequency ERW is no longer used to manufacture pipe. The high frequency process is still being used to manufacture pipe for use in new pipeline construction.

ERW steel pipes & tubes find widespread usage across industries and fields. In addition to various engineering industries, they are used for water, oil and gas distribution, line pipes, fencing, scaffolding etc. They are also used for agricultural purposes, drinking water supply, and thermal power, for hand pumps for deep boring wells and also as protection for cables (telecom), among others. Depending on the requirement of the end user industry, ERW steel pipes & tubes are available in various wall thicknesses, diameters, and qualities.

The different types include line precision pipes, tubular poles, electric poles, lightweight galvanised pipes for sprinkler irrigation, among others. The industry has sufficient capacity to manufacture the different types of pipes & tubes. High performance ERW steel pipes & tubes possess high strength, toughness and are corrosion resistant. In the manufacturing process of ERW steel pipes & tubes, the edges to be welded are mechanically pressed together and electric resistance or electric induction is used to generate the heat required for welding. With the adoption of better welding technology, ERW pipes & tubes are now widely used in the oil & gas sector. A number of ERW steel pipes & tubes production units are in the SSI sector. Higher demand from the oil & gas industry, infrastructure and automobile industries has led to a healthy increase in production of ERW steel pipes.

TYPES OF ERW PIPE

(1) Low-Frequency-Welded ERW (LF-ERW) Pipe

(2) High-Frequency-Welded ERW (HF-ERW) Pipe

(3) Direct-Current-Welded ERW (DC-ERW) Pipe

(1) Low-Frequency-Welded ERW (LF-ERW) Pipe

ERW pipe was introduced by Republic Steel in 1929 and variations of the original process are still in use today. Cans were formed continuously as described above, and welding was done with low-frequency alternating current (typically 120 cycles per second).

Low-frequency electric resistance weld, LF-ERW is Electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe manufactured by cold-forming a sheet of steel into a cylindrical shape. Current is then passed between the two edges of the steel to heat the steel to a point at which the edges are forced together to form a bond without the use of welding filler material. Initially this manufacturing process used low frequency A.C. current to heat the edges. This low frequency process was used from the 1920s until 1970. In 1970, the low frequency process was superseded by a high frequency ERW process which produced a higher quality weld.

Over time, the welds of low frequency ERW pipe was found to be susceptible to selective seam corrosion, hook cracks, and inadequate bonding of the seams, so low frequency ERW is no longer used to manufacture pipe. The high frequency process is still being used to manufacture pipe for use in new pipeline construction.

(2) High-Frequency-Welded ERW (HF-ERW) Pipe

Between about 1960 and 1970, most manufacturers of low-frequency-welded ERW pipe either converted to high-frequency welding (450 kilocycles per second) or went out of business. The high-frequency welding process was easier to control, the equipment was easier to maintain, and it produced weld zones with better resistance to brittle fracture than the low-frequency process.

(3) Direct-Current-Welded ERW (DC-ERW) Pipe

ERW pipe made with direct current was introduced around 1930 by Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. Individual cans were cold formed from hot-rolled plates of more than 50 feet in length. Each pipe was thus welded as a separate unit compared to the continuous process.

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The sugarcane belongs to the grass family. It is a perennial plant which grows from 2.5 to 4.25 meters. With sufficient care, it grows upto 7.5 meters. The diameter of steins varies from 2.5 to 8 cm. It has several joints after every few centimeters.

The names sugar and sugarcane have been derived from the Sanskrit word, Sharkara. Sugarcane is indigenous to India. It was cultivated here from the Vedic period and it is mentioned in some places in the ancient scriptures. Alexander the Great and his soldiers carried sugarcane from India to the west by about 325 BC. Sugarcane is now grown all over the world. India stands first in sugarcane cultivation, followed by Brazil, Cuba, China, Mexico, Pakistan, the U.S.A., South Africa and Columbia.

The juice is extracted from the cane by pressing it through iron rollers. It is nutritious and refreshing. It contains about 15 per cent natural sugar and is rich in organic salts and vitamins.

Originally, sugarcane was grown solely for chewing in the pacific and South Eastern Asia, a custom which has now spread throughout most of the tropics. The juice can also be used for Drinking or sweetening. In hot summer days, it forms a soothing drink. A little lime juice may be mixed in the juice to improve its flavor.

Food Value Minerals and Vitamins
Moisture 90.2% Calcium 10 mg
Protein 0.1% Phosphorus 10 mg
Fat 0.2% Iron 1.1 mg
Minerals 0.4%
Carbohydrates 9.1%
100%
Calorific Value – 39

Review of Competition

Competition in the area of soft drink industry can be differentiated through test and flavors. The main categories of tests and flavors in the existing soft drink market and the existing competitors.

Competitor Cola Orange Ripe Mango Lemon Soda Others
Coca-Cola √ √ √
Pepsi √ √ √ √ √
Pran √ √ √ √
R C Cola √ √ √ √
Virgin √ √ √ √ √
Aarong √ √

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It is best to grow sugarcane on a 3-year rotation - plant crop, first ratoon, second ratoon and cereal, leguminous/green manure crop. It is important that the organic matter and the nitrogen content of the soil is maintained properly. The practice of green manuring, as followed in Australia, is important. If possible the green manure crop should be grown separately and ploughed in at the appropriate time. If this is not feasible, the green manure crop should be taken as an inter crop by sowing along with the planting of sugarcane or a little earlier.

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Candy Sugar has its origins in India and Persia. Arabic writers in the first half of the 9th century described the production of candy sugar. Crystals were grown as a result of cooling supersaturated sugar solutions. Candy sugar is known for centuries for its therapeutic applications. It is also popular among makers of homemade fruit liqueurs. It is loved by both kids and grownups; this rock candy makes a good substitute for dessert after meals. You may be served "saunf" (fennel seeds and sugar crystals after lunch and dinner in hotels). In ayurveda, when medicine contains sugar, this sugar or its powder is to be used when making medicines. If you taste refined sugar (ordinary sugar used while making tea/coffee) and the candy sugar you will realize the difference. Candy sugar contains some minerals which are compatible with milk. Candy sugar has more satisfying taste.

The reason is slow crystallization which takes place gives slightly more ordered structure. Eating small amounts of sugar is considered good. It allows ingestion of slightly toxic medicines, which will be vomited otherwise. Honey also shares this property. With some fats and proteins, sugar adds fertility property. Such sweets are generally used as "Prasadam" in temples. Sugar plays two very significant roles in relation to food security. First of all, sugar as a food crop may be considered an inexpensive and abundant source of calories and thus important in the fulfillment of basic human energy requirements. Secondly, sugar plays an important economic role in generating income, employment and export earnings. Sugar is typically one of the most significant contributors to dietary energy supply.

In fact, sugar is the third most important source of per caput dietary energy supply (DES) after cereal products. And it is a relatively inexpensive food. The cost of calories from sugar is about 15 percent less than that from cereals. At the global level, sugar, including non-centrifugal sugars, currently contributes more than 8 percent of total caloric intake, after cereals (52 percent) and oils (10 percent). Given the global population balance, these percentages closely reflect the situation in developing countries where sugar accounts for nearly 8 percent of total caloric intake, after cereals (57 percent) and oils (9 percent). The candy sugar has a good market potential in India.

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Waxes  are  widely distributed in nature  with  commercially important representatives in each of the following classifications :-

1.   Animal (including insects)

2.   Vegetable,   and

3.   Minerals.

Through  chemical analysis of wax found that cane sugar  wax and  many  other waxes had a similar molecular structure  of  the principal compounds. The classical chemical definition of wax has been  the  esters of fatty acids and monohydric  fatty  alcohols.
Many  other chemical structures also are common in the waxes  and long  chain hydrocarbon compounds are particularly  important  in the mineral wax classification. The organic structure that  cause the water repellency and many of the other fatty  characteristics of the waxes are the long alkyl chains.

Sugar cane wax occurs on the surface of the cane steams,  if the  giant grasses "Saccharam officinaracess" etc. Cultivated  in the  production  of raw sugar. Much of the  particular  waxes  is carried  into the juice stream in the cane crushing  and  washing materials  and  dirt. The suspanded materials including  the  wax separates    from  the  juice  and  concentrate  in   the   large classifiers.  After the mud is filtered and washed  for  residual
sugar, the wax is extracted from the filter cake along with  oils and resins by the use of solvents such as petroleum naphthates.

Waxes  are  used in many industries for a  wide  variety  of applications  such  a paper coating, polishes electrical insulations, carbon papers, textiles, leather, precision  casting pharmaceuticals etc.

1.   INTRODUCTION
2.   USES AND APPLICATIONS
3.   PROPERTIES
4.   MARKET SURVEY
5.   RAW MATERIALS
6.   MANUFACTURING PROCESS
7.   PROCESS FLOW SHEET
8.   SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
9.   SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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This content provides healthy condition for micro organisms to growth which spoils the food.  The oxygen present in atmosphere or air also helps the microorganisms to grow.

INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF CEILING FAN MOTOR
PROPERTIES
USES AND APPLICATIONS
I.SPECIFICATION
PROCESS EXPLAINING PRESSURE    DIECASTING OF ROTORS
QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET DIAGRAM
MARKET SURVEY
GLOBAL MARKET SURVEY
THE FUTURE OF LIGHT METAL DIE CASTING FOUNDRIES.
INDIAN ALUMINIUM DIE CASTING INDUSTRY : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS     OF ROTORS AND STATORS
CAST ALUMINUM ROTORS AND SWITCHGEAR
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT

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