It is the colourless white free flowing powder. It exists in powder form of hydrates as, ZnSo4.H2O. Zinc sulphate is also found in three hydrates forms whose molecular formulas are ZnSo4.4H2O, ZnSo4.H2O. The unstable hydrates are more soluble than stable form. The solubility of the unstable hydrate is 58.7 gm in 10gm of water at 18oc while stable shows only 52.7 gm in 100 grams. The important & popular commercial form of the compound is ZnSo4.7H2O Heptahydrated (21%), & ZnSO4. H2O.

In 1978 Mr. P.N. Thakar and Mr. N.S. Randhewa of Punjab Agriculture University Ludhiana worked on "Micronutrients in Indian Agiculture" and established the areas of Zinc deficiency based on sail test and crop responses.

In reference to Bihar state they found that zinc deficiency varies from 25% to 75% and even more of the normal value. It was also shown that the response of zinc sulphate was good for rice potato tea in particular and for all the cereals as a whole.

The process used for the manufacture of zinc sulphate on commercial scale is simple but technical grade salt can be produced by treating zinc ash or zinc dross (a waste by product form galvanizing units) with sulphuric acid and then filtering the slurry followed by concentration of the dilute zinc sulphate solution and finally during the crystals of ZnSo4.7H2O are separated from mother liquor in a high speed centrifuge crystallizer. The product is then dehydrated to ZnSo4.H2O.

For analytical reagent grade Zinc sulphate the salt is preferably produced from using zinc metal as the starting raw material because it is having the wide range of applications as fertilizers, rayon pulp, paper, paint & varnish, textile processing pigments, calico printing etc. It is having the high demand in the market; It is the third most important compound of zinc in comparison of zinc oxide and zinc dust.

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Zinc chloride is one of the important zinc componds. It is stable in the vapour phase upto 900oC. It is very hygroscopic, extremely  water soluble, and soluble in organic liquids such  as alcohols, esters, ketones,ethers, amides and mitrictes.  Hydrates with  1,  1.5,  2.5,  3,  and 4  molecules  of  water  have  been identified and great care must be expressed to avoid hydration of the anhydrous form.

Aqueous  solution of zinc chloride are  acidic  (pH=1.O for  6  m ),and when partially neutralized form  slighly  soluble basic chlorides eg. Zncl2 and 4 Zn( ch)2 and Zn(ch)cl  many other basic chlorides have been reported.

Zinc  Chloride (Zn Cl2) is available as  white,  crystalline powder, odourless, moulded in pencils or porcelains like mass.

It  is one of the most soluble inorganic substances  432gm dissolving in 100 ml of water at 25o, and 635 gm at 100oC. It  is also  quite  soluble  in organic solvents  containing  oxygen  or nitrogen.

It is difficult to remove the last traces of water from  the solid  for  it is highly hygroscopic. It is surprising  that  the degree  of  hydrolysis of aqueous solution of  Zinc  Chloride  at moderate dilution is very small. Its aqueous solution is  acidic. It has been called "butter of zinc" because of its formation of a white semi solid mass on evaporation.

Zinc Chloride is obtained by heating zinc with dry  chlorine gas,  by  the action of hydrochloric acid on Zinc  Oxide,  or  by heating a mixture of Zinc Sulphate and Sodium Chloride.

It is economical to manufacture zinc chloride from secondary Zinc sources as Zinc dross, sal skimming, etc. The zinc dross  is treated   with   some  what  less  than  required   quantity   of hydrochloric  acid  and  the clear liquid is  filtered  off.  The oxides  dross  residue  is then treated  with  chlorine  and  the resultant  zinc  chloride is leached off and added to  the  first filtrate. The clear liquid is evaporated to the desired stage

Zinc chloride is an industrially important compound of Zinc. In aqueous solution, it may be used alone or in combination  with phenol  or  sodium chromate as a wood  preservative  for  railway sleepers  poles  for  communication  lines,  etc.  and  for  fire proofing timber.

In  the textile industry,Zinc chloride is used for  crimping wool,  cotton  and  silk.  It is used  as  carbonizing  agent  in treating  wool and for fire proofing woolen goods. In  the  rayon industry,  Zinc Chloride is used as catalyst or process  material for miscellaneous purposes.

INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
SPECIFICATION OF ZINC ASH
SPECIFICATIONS AND TERMS IN BRIEF:
SPECIFICATIONS & GRADES OF ZINC CHLORIDE
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION OF ZINC CHLORIDE SOLUTION LYE OR BRINE
BIS SPECIFICATION FOR ZINC CHLORIDE
GRADES
HAZARDS
SCOPE
GRADES
PACKING AND MARKING
TABLE I REQUIREMENTS FOR ZINC CHLORIDE, SOLID
SAMPLING
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AMMONIA
REAGENTS
PROCEDURE
CALCULATION.
WHERE
FOR FLUX GRADE
DETERMINATION OF ALKALIS AND ALKALINE EARTHS
CALCULATION
WHERE
TEST FOR ALKALINITY
REAGENTS
TEST FOR HEAVY METALS
PROCEDURE
TEST FOR NITRATES
REAGENTS
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATES
REAGENTS
CALCULATION
WHERE
TEST FOR IRON
APPARATUS
REAGENTS
PROCEDURE
SCALE OF SAMPLING
CONTAINER AND REGULATIONS
USES AND APPLICATIONS
APPLICATION:
ZINC CHLORIDE AS GRIGNARD CATALYST
ZINC CHLORIDE AS A GERMICIDE
ZINC CHLORIDE AS A DRYING AGENT
ZINC CHLORIDE IN LEAD DEZINCING
CHLORINE DEZINCING
ZINC CHLORIDE AS COAL HYDROGENATION CATALYST
ZINC CHLORIDE IN POLYESTER MANUFACTURING
ZINC CHLORIDE IN FLUXES WITH KHF2
AS A METALLURGICAL FLUX
IN TEXTILE AND PAPER PROCESSING    SMOKE GRENADES
FINGERPRINT DETECTION
DISINFECTANT
SKIN CANCER TREATMENT
SAFETY
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
MARKET SURVEY
IMPORT DATA OF ZINC CHLORIDE
EXPORT DATA OF ZINC CHLORIDE
MARKET SURVEY (GLOBAL)
PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION OF ZINC CHLORIDE
PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF ZINC CHLORIDE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
REACTION & MATERIAL REQUIREMENT:-
REACTION
PROCESS:
MANUFACTURE OF ZINC CHLORIDE FROM ZINC METAL
PROCESS
PURIFICATION
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
DISCRIPTION  OF EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE PROCESS  LEACHING TANK
FILTER PROCESS
EVAPORALOR
CONTINUOUS TUNNELS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ZINC CHLORIDE
CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
FIRST AID MEASURES
FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
HANDLING AND STORAGE
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
STABILITY AND REACTIVITY DATA
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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