ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH

The term “Granite” is derived from Latin word “Granum” meaning “grain” because of its granular nature. India is well known since time immemorial for its building and dimensional stones like Marble, Sandstone, Limestone, Slate etc. Recently granite has also been added to this list. Granite occupies a prominent place among dimensional stones on account of its hardness, durability, capability to take mirror polish and fascinating colours. As such the use of granite has increased many folds as dimensional and decorative stone all over the world and this has created a good export market for Indian Granite.

Granite has a 95% share in India’s dimensional stone export. The export of high value added items like tiles, polished slabs and monument stone has increased by over 50% average growth.

Granite is a igneous rock which is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granite is primarily composed crystals of feldspar, quartz, mica with various other minerals in varying percentage. Granites can be pink to gray in colour, depending on their chemistry and mineralogy. By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz by volume. Granite differs from granodiorite in that at least 35% of the feldspar in granite is alkali feldspar as opposed to plagioclase; it is the alkali feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink colour. Granite is usually found in the continental plates of the Earth’s crust. The crystals are generally large (a few mm); they can be seen directly on outcrops, and give granite its rough texture on weathered surfaces. If most crystals are of similar size, granite is described as even grained. If a granite contains very large crystals of feldspar (0.5 – 3.0 cm long), set in an even grained matrix, it is described as porphyritic, and the very large crystals are called phenocrysts.

The crystals in granite are large because granite crystallized slowly from molten rock (magma), over 2 km below the Earth’s surface. Where the same magma escaped upwards, and was erupted through fissures or volcanoes, it crystallized rapidly, forming small crystals or glass, and produced volcanic rocks

The colour of most granites ranges from pink to cream, white and grey, and generally reflects the colour of the dominant feldspars. Many granites contain straight, parallel-sided, cream or pink veins of pegmatite (Fig 1). This is generally a very coarse grained variety of granite that crystallized from residual granitic magma in cracks that formed during, or soon after, the solidification of the host granite

Quartz and feldspar are the dominant minerals in granite, and together make up 90% of the rock. Quartz itself generally ranges from 20-45% and feldspar up to 60% of the granite. The proportions of these minerals, and the kinds of feldspars, are used to divide granites into a number of types. Feldspars are alumino-silicates that contain a range of calcium, potassium and sodium. They are divided into two groups on the basis of these three elements: potassium or alkali feldspar, and plagioclase that itself ranges from calcium-rich to sodiumrich end members

Granite sensu stricto is rich in potassium feldspar (up to 65% of feldspars) relative to plagioclase, and has a high content of quartz (20-60%). With increasing plagioclase/ potassium feldspar ratio, and increasing calcium/sodium ratio in plagioclase, granite grades into rocks called granodiorite (plagioclase 65-90% of feldspars) and tonalite (plagioclase 90-100% of feldspars). With decreasing quartz content (quartz less than 20%), granite grades into (potassium feldspar – rich) syenite, monzonite, and (plagioclase-rich) quartz monzonite. For simplicity in this review, all these rocks of the granite family are referred to broadly as granite. They are all generally massive, coarse grained rocks, and form similar kinds of outcrops.

Granite is nearly always massive (lacking internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3.

INTRODUCTION
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION
USES AND APPLICATIONS
BENTONITE SLURRY WALLS IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRIAL USE OF ACTIVATED BENTONITE CLAY
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
FUNCTION OF ACID ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF BENTONITE CLAY
MARKET SURVEY
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
GLOBAL MANUFACTUERS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
REQUIREMENTS FOR BLEACHING EARTH OF INDIAN
ORIGIN USED FOR BLEACHING VEGETABLE OILS
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST FOR BLEACHING EARTH
SCALE OF SAMPLING
TEST SAMPLES AND REFEREE SAMPLES
NUMBER OF TESTS
CRITERION FOR CONFORMITY
MOISTURE CONTENT
BULK DENSITY
SIEVE ANALYSIS
BLEACHING EFFICIENCY
REQUIREMENTS
PACKING AND MARKING
RAW MATERIAL AND ITS PROPERTIES
MONTHLY RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
BLEACHING CLAYS
NATURE OF THE ACID ACTIVATION OF NON-SWELLING-SMECTITES
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
PROCESS DETAILS
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH
SEQUENCES OF ACTIVATION OF BLEACHING EARTH
ACTIVATED METHOD OF CLAY MINERAL
PROCESS FOR MAKING ACID ACTIVATED BLEACHING EARTH USING SUSCOPTIBILITY SOURCE CLAY
DESCRIPTION
XRD METHOD OF DETERMINING
ATTAPULGITE CONTENT
EXAMPLE
BLEACHING PERFORMANCE OF CLAY
OTHER RELATED INFORMATIONS
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
FILTER PRESS
CONVEYOR BELT
PULVERISER
STAINLESS STEEL TANKS
BALL MILL
JAW CRUSHER
ROTARY KILNS
DISINTEGRATORS
BOILER
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS
SULPHURIC ACID
BENTONITE
HDPE WOVEN BAGS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET