BITUMINOUS EMULSIONS (RAPID SETTING, MEDIUM SETTING & SLOW SETTING)

Bitumen is the general them applied to any block, tarry substance occuring in nature or produced by heat from petroleum coal, natural gas or certain other organic substances. the term `asphalt’ refers specifically to the black, solid or semi solid bitumens obtained from petroleum. Asphalts occur as natural deposits or are obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude petroleum. This asphaltic residue is called pitch.

Natural deposits of asphalt were first used by ancient civilizations the waterproofing, preservation and cementing properties of asphalt were well known, and asphalt was an important article of commerce in the earliest known civilization that developed in Mesopotania, Egypt and the Indus valley with the passing of these early civilizations, the use of asphalt tended to diminsh. However often 1900, due to the discovery of large amounts of asphalt-base crude petroleum asphalt was obtained as a by-product of petroleum
refining.

Most bituminous binders used in the construction of roads are viscous semi solids at normal temperatures. For surface dressing, therefore, they must be brought to a fluid state by heating before being applied in this films to road surfaces. Similarly, in the preparation of coated macadam, both the binder and the aggregate require heating to enable good coating of the stone to take place. The lack of adequate heating facilities in remote areas led to a demand for binders which could be used cold. When, for this purpose, volatile solvents were added to the binder, apart from their high cost, such binders suffered the disadvantage that they had to be applied only to dry surfaces. The introduction of emulsions over came this difficulty as these not only flow readily at atmospheric temperatures but can also be applied to damp road surfaces and used for coating damp aggregate. Road emulsions are particularly, suitable for the preparation of coated macadam in small batches, no preheating of the aggregate being
required.

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES DISPERSED IN WATER
3. EMULSIONS, EMULSIFIERS AND STABILIZERS
4. TYPES OF BITUMINOUS EMULSIONS
5. USES & APPLICATIONS
6. SPECIFICATIONS FOR EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS EMUISIONS
8. BIS SPECIFICATION
9. MARKET SURVEY
10. PRESENT MANUFACTURE OF BITUMEN EMULSION
11. EMULSIFICATION EQUIPMENT
12. FORMULATION & MFG.PROCESS OF BITUMEN EMULSION (RAPID SETTING,)
13. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF BITUMEN EMULSION (RAPID SETTING,)
14. FORMULATION & MFG.PROCESS OF BITUMEN EMULSION (MEDIUM SETTING,)
15. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF BITUMEN EMULSION (MEDIUM SETTING,)
16. FORMULATION & MFG.PROCESS OF BITUMEN EMULSION (SLOW SETTING)
17. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF BITUMEN EMULSION (SLOW SETTING)
18. DIFFERENT FORMULATIONS
19. RAW MATERIALS
20. MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN DETAILED
21. SELECTION OF THE PROCESS
22. RAW MATERIAL CALCULATION/MONTH
23. PLANT LAYOUT
24. SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
25. RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS

APPENDIX – A:

1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET