CASTOR OIL AND ITS DERIVATIVES (OLEORESIN, TURKEY RED OIL, DCO, HCO, SEBACIC ACID, 12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID WITH COLD PRESSED, CP GRADE, COMMERCIAL GRADE, SPECIAL FIRST GRADE CASTOR OIL)

Castor oil is derived from the seeds of the plant Ricinus Communis, which occurs naturally in almost all tropical and near-tropical areas as a perennial. It is also Widely found in temperate climates, but where frost occurs, the plant must be cultivated as an annual.

The seeds of the plant, commonly called castor beans, grow in clusters on spikes of the plant. The seed or bean itself is encased in a spiny outer shell, from which it may be separated by mechanically dehulling, or by sun-drying in the open until the casing splits. The bean itself consists approximately of 75% kernel and 25% husk. The oil content of the whole seed varies between 35-55%. A typical analysis will show: moisture – 5. 5%; oil -48.6%, protein – 17.9%; carbohydrate – 13.0%; fiber – 12.5%; and ash – 2.5%.

The oil is a rarity in nature, being almost a pure compound – about nine-tenths the glyceride of ricinoleic acid. The average fatty acid composition of castor oil is 86% ricinoleic, 8% oleic, 3%- linoleic. and 3% stearic and dihydroxystearic.

Although the mealy residue of bean following oil extraction is high in protein (about 35%) it is not suitable for use as a foodstuff due to the presence of the toxic albumin ricin. The ricin may be deactivated to some degree by steaming or heating. but since the bean also contains heat-stable allergenic materials, it is advisable not to use it as a feed ingredient.

The major usage for extracted castor-bean meal is as a fertilizer for which use it is eminently suited. It releases its nitrogen content slowly. and is quite high in humus value. Further, the meal also contains several other elements of plant food.

Two grades of castor oil are recognized in the United States. These are No. 1 oil, consisting of the first pressing (cold) of the oil seeds. This pressing is followed by bleaching and filtration with activated carbon or earths. The No.. 1 oil is light in color, brilliant. and low in acidity. It is suitable for use in medicinal preparations.

The other grade of oil is No.3. This is extracted from the press cake from No. I oil pressing by means of hydrocarbon solvents. The No. 3 oil is darker in color, and higher in acidity than cold pressed oil, and is considered unsuitable for medicinal purposes.

Castor Oil Derivatives

For uses other than medicinal or lubrication, castor oil may be processed in several ways:

1) Sulfonation: Treatment of castor oil with concentrated sulfuric acid yields the sulfonated (actually sulfated) ester known as “Turkey-red” oil. This product is an anionic wetting agent widely used in textile drying and finishing.

2) Blown or Oxidized Castor Oils: Bringing castor oil into intimate contact with air or oxygen at elevated temperatures produces an oxidized or partially polymerized oil in a wide range of viscosities, color3, and acid values. These oxidized oils are used as plasticizers or elasticizers in the manufacture of nitrocellulose films, artificial leathers and oilcloths.

3) Dehydration: The dehydration of castor oil can be controlled to yield two d1stinct types of material. One is the partially dehydrated oil which is soluble in mineral oil or glycols. Although this oil was once widely used as a lubricant it has been supplanted in recent years by specially “tailored” mineral lubricants. Its major present use is due to its low viscosity index — in shock absorber fluids and brake and hydraulic fluids.

Fully dehydrated castor oil is an excellent drying oil, the equivalent of good tung oil. This dehydrated 0il is the largest single present use of castor oil. The oil is dehydrated by heating to elevated temperatures, in vacua, in the presence of metallic salt catalysts.

4) Hydrogenation: The complete hydrogenation of castor oil yields essentially trihydroxystearin. m. p. 85-870C. a waxy fat. Partial hydrogenations will yield intermediate melting point fats. Hardened castor oils are utilized in the manufacture of certain waxes, ointments and cosmetics. Hydrogenation is accomplished under H2 pressure and moderately elevated temperatures in the presence of nickel catalyst.

5) Saponification: Saponified castor oil is used to a minor degree in the production of lathering soaps. More recently, it has been used in increasing amounts as a chemical intermediate and as a source of such dibasic organic acids as suberic, sebacic, and azelaic, used for manufacture of nylon-type polymers.

INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATION OF CASTOR OIL GRADES AND DERIVATIVES
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL
DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL
PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION
USES AND APPLICATION
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO)
DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL
FIRST SPECIAL GRADE (FSG) CASTOR OIL
MARKET SURVEY
CURRENT END USES FOR CASTOR OIL & DERIVATIVES
DEMAND OF HYDROGENATED CASTOR
DEMAND OF DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL
COLD PRESSED CASTOR OIL
BENEFITS OF COLD PRESSED CASTOR OIL
DERIVATION AND SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT GRADES
(CASTOR OIL AND DERIVATIVES)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL
DETAILED MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL
EXPRESSION PLANT FLOW SHEET
EXPRESSION EXTRACTION PLANT FLOW SHEET
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF COMMERCIAL GRADE CASTOR OIL
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COMMERCIAL CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL (FIRST SPECIAL GRADE)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF FIRST SPECIAL GRADE CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CASTOR OIL (COLD PRESSED GRADE)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COLD PRESSED CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PP GRADE CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF B.P. GRADE CASTOR OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DCO (DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR CASTOR OIL DERIVATIVE OLEORESIN
PERFORMANCE MEASURMENTS IN FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION COLUMN
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR CASTOR OIL DERIVATIVE OLEO-RESIN
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SULPHONATED CASTOR OIL (TRO)
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR TURKEY RED OIL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS IN DETAILS FOR DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL (DCO)
PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF DEHYDRATED CASTOR OIL (DCO)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HCO (HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL) IN DETAILS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR HCO
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL (HCO) FLAKES/POWDER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SEBACIC ACID
METHOD FOR PREPARING SEBACIC ACID AND OCTANOL-2
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF 12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID
RAW MATERIAL CALCULATION FOR OLEORESIN
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS) FOR REFINED CASTOR OIL
FIRST SPECIAL GRADE (FSG)
TEST PARAMETERS OF FIRST SPECIAL GRADE CASTOR OIL
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET