CEMENT FROM CLINKER

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Cement is a material that binds together solid bodies (aggregate) by hardening from a plastic state. Many materials act as adhesives or cement according to this definition. The cement referred to above, which is used for civil engineering and the construction industry, is portland cement. Portland cement is hydraulic and develops strength primarily by the hydration of the di- and tri-calcium silicates it contains. Hydraulic means that the paste of cement and water will harden under water. Lime, on the other hand, will harden due to the reaction with carbon dioxide from the air.

Clinker is a nodular material produced in the kilning stage during the production of cement and is used as the binder in many cement products. The lumps or nodules of clinker are usually of diameter 3-25 mm and dark grey in color. It is produced by heating limestone and clay to the point of liquefaction at about 1400°C-1500°C in the rotary kiln. Clinker, when added with gypsum (to control the setting properties of cement and ensure compressive strength) and ground finely, produces cement. Clinker can be stored for long periods of time in a dry condition without degradation of quality, hence it is traded internationally and used by cement manufacturers when raw materials are found to be scarce or unavailable.

Since the cement industry requires high investment capital, high quality (tenor) and reserves are needed to start the necessary investment in the sector. The chemical properties of the ore beds used in cement production, as well as their chemical properties, closeness to the plant, their removability, fragility, grindability and burnability, low moisture content and homogeneity are the most important factors affecting the production cost. In addition, the use of alternative raw materials can further enhance the existing mine life and mineral quality.

The realization of high quality targets placed on cement in large quantities with a high potential for substitution and future cement depends on the availability of alternative raw materials or industrial by products. Turkey stone, cement and ceramics industry, depending on the demand for primary and secondary raw materials, is expected to increase until 2030, raw material requirements. The raw materials required for cement production are limestone, clay and iron ore. In addition, some gypsum is added to the cement. All these materials are supplied from mines. Energy and fuel are consumed during production and transportation. Another important issue is the rapid depletion of resources. In addition to cement raw materials for the reduction of natural resources; sludge, gypsum, gypsum waste, bleaching waste, sludge waste, casting sand, iron dust, tufal, gypsum, fly ash, iron slag and excavation soil sludge land etc. materials are used as an alternative to cement raw materials. These alternative raw materials are added to the raw mixture of cement at a certain rate to form the composition of the cement.

Mudstone is a fine-grained, degradable sedimentary rock composed of clay and mud. Shales, also called mudstone or claystone, were formed millions of years ago by the deposition and accumulation of very small clay particles that broke off from an old rock mass that had been eroded by rainwater and rivers. Over time, the deposits on the bottom of the new deposits accumulated on top of the pressure have become a solid rock. The density of the sludge ore in the land is assumed to be 2.0?g / cm3 on average. Since the clay mineralization is in a hard structure, production can be carried out by performing drilling-blasting and size reduction processes in stages during the production activities by using open operation method in quarries.

In the study area, the thickness of the mudstone ore is around 60?m on average. The reserve amount was set at approximately 11.987.760?tonnes considering the field work and the area planned to be studied with ore propagation.

The mudstone consists mostly of shafts (4–62 microns) and clay (4 microns) in size. Claystone is generally very fine-grained and homogeneous, separated from the shaft stone (siltstone). Shales are characterized by the ability to separate the leaves along stratigrafi parallel to the bedding. Many shales are laminal. The mud stones do not show lamination, and when broken, the crust is broken and massive. Marn is a limy mud stone.

The formation consists of red-burgundy micritic limestone and limestone mudstone alternations. Inözü anticline and Kavak County, located in the NW section of the study area, are located on the wings of anticlines and synclines between Sarialan and Belalan villages (figure below). The formation is a typical example of the Kapikaya Summit. The unit is a thin-medium bedded red-burgundy biomicrit and pelagic limy mudstone alternation. Within the limestones, pink-beige colored chert ovules and thin-bedded volcanic intermediate bands are seen. The thickness varies between 53–106?m. The Kapan Throat formation was identified as Santonian-Campanian based on the Globotruncana fauna. The formation was precipitated in a calm and deep sea environment.
Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete. Concrete is formed when portland cement creates a paste with water that binds with sand and rock to harden. Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients.
Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. These ingredients, when heated at high temperatures form a rock-like substance that is ground into the fine powder that we commonly think of as cement.

Cement plant laboratories check each step in the manufacture of portland cement by frequent chemical and physical tests. The labs also analyze and test the finished product to ensure that it complies with all industry specifications.

The most common way to manufacture portland cement is through a dry method. The first step is to quarry the principal raw materials, mainly limestone, clay, and other materials. After quarrying the rock is crushed. This involves several stages. The first crushing reduces the rock to a maximum size of about 6?in. The rock then goes to secondary crushers or hammer mills for reduction to about 3?in. or smaller.

The crushed rock is combined with other ingredients such as iron ore or fly ash and ground, mixed, and fed to a cement kiln.

The cement kiln heats all the ingredients to about 2700 degrees Fahrenheit in huge cylindrical steel rotary kilns lined with special irebrick. Kilns are frequently as much as 12 feet in diameter large. The large kilns are mounted with the axis inclined slightly from the horizontal.

The finely ground raw material or the slurry is fed into the higher end. At the lower end is a roaring blast of flame, produced by precisely controlled burning of powdered coal, oil, alternative fuels, or gas under forced draft.
As the material moves through the kiln, certain elements are driven off in the form of gases. The remaining elements unite to form a new substance called clinker. Clinker comes out of the kiln as grey balls, about the size of marbles.

Clinker is discharged red-hot from the lower end of the kiln and generally is brought down to handling temperature in various types of coolers. The heated air from the coolers is returned to the kilns, a process that saves fuel and increases burning efficiency.

After the clinker is cooled, cement plants grind it and mix it with small amounts of gypsum and limestone. The cement is now ready for transport to ready-mix concrete companies to be used in a variety of construction projects (Fig. below).

Clinker quality depends on raw material composition, which has to be closely monitored to ensure the quality of the cement. Excess free lime, for example, results in undesirable effects such as volume expansion, increased setting time or reduced strength. Several laboratory and online systems can be employed to ensure process control in each step of the cement manufacturing process, including clinker formation.

Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive properties which make it capable of bonding minerals fragments into a compact whole. For constructional purposes, the meaning of the term “cement” is restricted to the bonding materials used with stones, sand, bricks, building stones, etc.

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Description

INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF CEMENTS:
PORTLAND CEMENT:
AN APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS FOR RAW MIX ON IGNITED BASIS,
OR FOR CLINKER, IS:
MATERIALS, AS MINED, THEREFORE, ARE TYPICALLY PROPORTIONED:
A TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINKER IS GIVEN IN THE TABLE BELOW:
CLINKER COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF CLINKER
THE COMPOSITION OF CLINKER IS EXAMINED BY TWO SEPARATE APPROACHES:
THE FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLINKER ARE:
OTHER SUBSTANCES MAY BE PRESENT IN SMALL AMOUNTS:
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINKER IS USUALLY GIVEN IN OXIDE
FORM, AS FOLLOWS (IN OXIDE WEIGHT %):
THERMOCHEMISTRY OF CLINKER
TYPES OF CLINKER
SULFATE RESISTANT CLINKER
LOW HEAT CLINKER
WHITE CLINKER
LOW-ALKALI CLINKER
BELITE CALCIUMSULFOALUMINATE TERNESITE (BCT)
ADVANTAGE OF CEMENT PLANT USING CLINKER
GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
FIGURE: GLOBAL CEMENT PRODUCTION
TABLE: SUMMARY OF GASES EMISSION DURING CEMENT MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES EXPRESSED IN G/KG * CEMENT AND G/KG ** CLINKER
TABLE: SPECIFIC THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A CLINKER
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
SETTING TIME
TESTS:
CONSISTENCY
SOUNDNESS
TEST FOR SOUNDNESS
FINENESS
TEST FOR FINENESS
STRENGTH
DURATION OF TESTING
TYPICALLY, DURATIONS OF TESTING ARE:
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
USES AND APPLICATIONS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PROCESS FLOW CHART
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
EXTRACTION AND PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS
HOMOGENIZATION
PRE-HEATING
KILN PHASE
COOLING AND STORING
CEMENT CLINKER GRINDING
FLOW CHART OF BALL MILL FOR CEMENT CLINKER GRINDING:
PHYSICAL CONTROL AND COMPOSITION OF RAWMIX
BURNABILITY OF RAW MIX
CLINKERISATION
INFLUENCE OF THE RAW MIX ON CLINKER FORMATION AND BURNABILITY
TYPES OF KILN
TYPES OF KILNS – WET, DRY & SEMI-DRY
WET KILN
DRY KILN
LONG DRY KILN
SP KILN
ILC-E KILN
ILC KILN
SLC KILN
SLC-S KILN
SLC-I KILN
ASH ABSORPTION
VOLATILE MATTER
CIRCULATION OF VOLATILE IN SIMPLE KILN SYSTEM
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ALKALI SALTS
TO ENSURE TROUBLE FREE OPERATION OF A PREHEATER KILN
THE FOLLOWING LIMITS APPLY:
MAIN FEATURES DURING BURNING
CHEMICAL CONTROL DURING OPERATION OF THE KILN SYSTEM
IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING:
FUEL
TYPES OF FUEL
COAL
TYPICAL PETROLEUM COKES
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL:
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL:
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
HEAT VALUE:
FUEL OIL
TYPICAL ANALYSIS FOR OIL IS:
GAS
WASTE FUELS
COMBUSTION
COAL & OIL
FINENESS OF COAL
DRYING OF COAL
ASH CONTENT
GAS CONTENT
MINOR COMPONENTS
REQUIREMENT FOR AIR
THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF OXYGEN REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION,
OMIN, CAN BE CALCULATEDBY:
THEREFORE THE REQUIRED AMOUNT OF AIR, LMIN, IS:
THE TOTAL VOLUME OF THE COMBUSTION GAS IS:
PROCESS GAS
MARKET OVERVIEW OF CEMENT IN INDIA
MARKET OVERVIEW
EXPORT AND IMPORT OF CEMENT
INSTALLED CAPACITY & KEY MARKETS IN EACH OF THE GEOGRAPHIC
REGIONS
RECENT STRATEGIES
SUCCESSFUL USE OF ALTERNATE FUELS IN CEMENT PRODUCTION
GROWTH DRIVERS AND OPPORTUNITIES
GOVERNMENT BUDGET ALLOCATION AND SCHEMES
INVESTMENT SCENARIO
MARKET POSITION
MARKET SIZE
INVESTMENTS
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CEMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIA
REGIONWISE CEMENT PRODUCTION IN INDIA
CEMENT PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF INDIA BETWEEN FY 2018
AND FY 2021(IN MILLION METRIC TONS)
NORTHERN REGION
EASTERN REGION
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERN REGION
CENTRAL REGION
CONSUMPTION VOLUME OF CEMENT IN INDIA (IN MILLION METRIC TONS)
TOP KEY MANUFACTURERS IN WORLDWIDE CEMENT CLINKER
MARKETS ARE:
ABOUT CEMENT CLINKER MARKET:
CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS:
CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SEGMENTS BY TYPES:
CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SEGMENTS BY APPLICATION:
GEOGRAPHICAL SEGMENTATION:
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE AND CEMENT CLINKER MARKET SHARE
ANALYSIS
EXPORT AND IMPORT OF CEMENT
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF CEMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF CLINKER
SUPPLIER OF CALCIUM ALUMINO FERRITE
SUPPLIER OF FREE LIME
CHINE SUPPLIERS OF CLINKER GRINDING PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF CLINKER GRINDING PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF CEMENT BAG PACKING MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF CEMENT TESTING EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIERS OF DG SETS
SUPPLIERS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
SUPPLIERS OF ETP PLANTS
SUPPLIERS OF MEASURING AND TESTING INSTRUMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
SUPPLIERS OF ASSEMBLY LINE
SUPPLIERS OF EOT CRANE
SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF SHOT BLASTING MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF JIGS AND FIXTURE
SUPPLIERS OF SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMP

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

Additional information

Plant Capacity

1000 MT/Day

Land & Building

(20,000 sq.mt.)

Plant & Machinery

US$.2474285

Rate of Return

37%

Break Even Point

42%