CITRUS FRUITS CULTIVATION & PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (HANDBOOK)

CITRUS FRUITS CULTIVATION & PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

Citrus Industry in India

Global Production and Indian Scenario
Citrus Cultivation and Production
Problems in India

Background

Botany
Poncirus
Fortunella (Kumquats)
Citrus
Different Classifications
Brief Notes on Important Citrus Fruits
Acid Group
Orange Group
Pumelo grapefruit Group

Cultivation of Citrus Fruits

Sweet Oranges
Batavian
Hamlin
Jaffa
Jaffa
Malta Blood Red
Malta Blood Red
Pineapple
Sathgudi
Shamouti
Valencia Late
Washington Navel Oranges
Mandarin Oranges
Citrus Reticulata BCoorg orange
Dancy Tangerine
Desi Mandarin (Pathankot)
Khasi orange
King Mandarin
Eureka Lemon
Lisbon Lemon
Lucknow Seedless
Hill Lemon (Galgal) C pseudolimon Tanaka
Malta Lemon
Meyer Lemon
Napali Oblong
Villafranca
Lime
Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
Tahiti (Persian) Lime (C latifolla Tanaka)
Rangpur Lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck)
Sweet lime (Citrus limettioides Tanaka)
Pummelo (C.grandis Osbeck)
Nagpur (Chakotra) (10)
Grapefruit (C.parodist Macf)
Duncan
Foster
Marsh Seedless
Ruby
Shaharanpur Special
Thormpson (Pink Marsh)
Citrus Hybrids
Inter Generic hybrids
Hybrids of Poncirus
Citranges
Citrangequats (Citrus Orange)
Kum(quats)
Citrangedins (cit)rus
O(range)x Calomon(din)
Citrangors
Cicitranges
Citrumelos
Citrandarine (Poncirus trifoliata x C.reticulata)
Citremons (P.trifoliata x C limon)
Citradias (P.trifoliata x C aurantium)
Citrumquats (P.trifoliata x F. Japonica or F.margaritd)
Hybrids of Fortunelia
Hyhbrids of genus Eremocitrus

Technique of Hybridization

Structure of the Citrus Flower
Selection of Parents
Achievements in Citrus Breeding
Work Done in India

Influence of Climatic Factors

Temperature
Relative Humidity
Rainfall
Winds
Altitude
Climatic Requirements of Different Citrus Species
Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
Acid time (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)
Sweet Lime (Citrus limettioldes Tanaka)
Lemon (Citrus limon B)
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf)
Pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck)

Soils Requirement of Different Citrus Species

Citrus Soils of India
Citrus Soils of Fisewhere

Establishing an orchard

Selection of site
Preparation of the Site
Layout
Spacing
Selection of Varieties
Digging and Filling of Pits
Planting Season
Planting

Seed Propagation

Seed storage
Seed bed
Sowing Time
Sowing
Germination
Shade
Nursery bed
Care of the Young Seedlings

Citrus Rootstocks in India

Citrus Rootstocks of the World
Rootstock Trials in India
Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
Assam
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil nadu

Nutrition

Mineral Nutrition
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulphur
Zinc
Iron
Copper
Mangnese
Boron
Molybdenum
combined Nuitritional Sprays
Factors Governing the Nutrition

Irrigation Requirement of Citrus Trees

Time and Frequency of Irrigation
Quality of Irrigation Water
Systems of Irrigation
Irrigation to bearing trees

Weed control in nurseries

Weed Control in the main field

Harvesting

Picking time
Methods of Picking
Handling
Grading
Packing

Quality of Fruit

limatic Factors
Nutritional Factors
Rootstock Effects

Post harvest Technology

Degreening
Pre harvest Treatment
Post harvest application
Storage
Waxing
Polyethylene covers
Growth Regulators
Cold Storage
Controlling moulds in Storage

Problems in Citriculture

Factors affecting Alternate Bearing
Resting Treatment
Choice of Bahar
Granulation
Control Measures

The Extraction of Orange Oil with Volatile Solvents

Purpose of Investigation
Previous Work
Experimental Work

Pineapple and Orange Products

Introduction
Products
Applications
Availability of know how and compliances
Market Potential
Manufacturing Process
Capital Inputs
Land and Building
Plant and Machinery
Miscellaneous Assets
Utilities
Raw Material
Manpower Requirements
Tentative Implementation Schedule
Details of the Proposed Project
Bilding
Plant and Machinery
Miscellaneous Assets
Preliminary & Pre-operative Expenses
Working Capital Requirement
Cost of the Project and Means of Financing
Profitability Calculations
Production Capacity and Build up
Sales Revenue at 100%
Raw Materials Required at 100%
Utilities
Projected Profitability
Selling Expenses
Interest
Depreciation
Break even Analysis

Kagzi Lime Carbonated Beverage

Introduction
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion

Citric Acid from Citrus Processing Wastes

Introduction
Present Methods of Waste Disposal
Types of Citrus Wastes
Present Status of the Fermentation
Cultures
Optimum Temperature
Sugar and Nitrogen Content of the fermentation Medium
Growth Factors
Toxic Additives
Aeration and Oxygenation
Effect of Trace Elements
Miscellaneous Pretreatment of Citrus Molasses
Summary and Future Outlook

Utilization of Kinnow Waste in Value Added Products

Preparation of Kinnow Peel Candy
Citrus Oils
Seed Oil

Rangupur Lime (Citrus Limonia Osbeck)  Preparation and Storage of Beverages

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Preparation of Beverages
Sensory Evaluation
Storage Studies
Analysis
Statistical Analysis
Results and Discussion

Citrus and Fortunella

IntroductionDistribution
Native Range
Current Distribution
Botancial Description
Genus
Family
Subfamily
Subgenera
Species Origins and Pacific Island Introductions
Preferred and Non-preferred Scientific Names
Size
Form
Common Names
Flowering
Leaves and Branches
Fruit
Seeds
Rooting Habit
Look a like Species
Genetics
Variability of Species
Known Varieties
Associated Plant Species
Species Commonly Associated as Aboriginal Introduction in Pacific Islands
Environmental Preferences and Tolerances
climate
Elevation
Mean Annual Rainfall
Rainfall pattern
Dry season Duration
Consecutive months with 40 mm (1.6 in) rainfall)
Mean Maximum Temperature of Hottest Month
Mean Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month
Minimum Temperature Tolerated
Soils
Soil Texture
Soil Drainage
Soil Acidity
Special Soil Tolerances
Tolerances
Drought
Full Sun
Shade
Fire
Frost
Waterlogging
Salt
Wind
Growth and Development
Growth rate
Flowering
Reaction to Competition
Propagation
Vegetative Propagation Known as “T-budding”Budwood Collection
Bud Preparation
Budwood Storage
Pro grafting Treatments
Propagation Area
Early Growth
Rootstock Propagation
Time to Outplanting
Approximate Size at Outplanting
Guidelines for Outplanting
Other Comments on Propagation
Disadvantages
Potential for Invasiveness
Pests
Insects and Mites
Mites
Scales, Mealybugs, and Whiteflies
Aphids, Psyllids, and Sharpshooters
Fruit Flies
Other Insect Pests
Diseases and Disorders
Fruit Splitting
Root Rot
Nutrient Deficiencies
Diseases Caused by Pathogens
Root Rot and Phytophthora gummosis
Melanose
Greasy Spot
Scab
Black Spot
Citrus Canker
Greening
Tristeza
Psorosis ringspot
Nematodes
Postharvest Diseases
Agroforestry/Environmental Practices
Homegardens
Living Fences
Bee Forage
Ornamental
Uses and Products
Fruit
Nut/seed
Beverage/Drink/Tea
Medicinal
Flavoring/Spice
Honey
Animal Fodder
Beautiful/Fragrant Flowers
Timbers
Fuelwood
Craft Wood/Tools
Body Ornamentation/Garlands
Toxin/Insecticide/Fish Poison
Cosmetic/Soap/Perfume
Oil/Lubricant
Other
Urban and Community Forestry
Rate of Growth in a Landscape
Roots
Products Commonly used in a Household
Light Requirements
Water/Soil Requirements
Life Span
Varieties Favoured for use in a Homegardens or for Street Trees
Seasonality of Leaf Flush, Flowering, Fruiting
Use as Living Fence, Hedge, or Visusal/Noise Barrier
Bird/bee/Wildlife
Maintenance Requirements
Special Considerations Regarding Leaf, Branch and Fruit Drop.Nuisance Issues:
Poisonous Parts, Thorns/Spines, Foul Smell
Commercial Products
Spacing for Commercial Production
Management Objectives
Design Considerations
Estimated Yields
On farm Processing
Citrus Exports from the Pacific Islands
Interplanting/Farm Applications
example System
Yields/Benefits
crop/tree Interactions
Spacing
Distribution
Native Range
Current Distribution
Botancial Description
Preferred Scientific Names/Varietal Names
Description
Climate
Propagation
Rootstock
Culture
Harvesting
pests and Diseases
Food Uses
Urban and Community Forestry
Fruit
Leaf
Appendix B
Appendix C. Kumpat
Varieties and Hybrids
Fortunella x (Kumquat hybrids)

Lists the Products which can be Obtained from Citrus Fruits

Process Lines for the Production and Recovery of Citrus Fruit Products
Method-1
Method-II

Citrus and Other Fruit Juices

Features
High Product Quality as a Result of
Continuous Operation
Fresh from Concentratio
Freeze Concentration Answers the Demand for
Process Description
Freeze concentration as a Crystallization process

Spray Drying Technology for Fruit Juice Drying

Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Processing of Citrus

Processed Products from Sweet Citrus Fruits
Mandarin Orange Juice
Sweet orange Juice
Citrus Juice Concentrate
Orange Squash
Processed Products of Limes and Lemons
Lemon Juice and Juice Concentrates
Lime Juice and Juice Concentrates
Debittering of Citrus Juice
Quality Assurance of Processed Products