COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL/ACTIVATED CARBON

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Activated carbon is a group of industrial adsorbent material with highly developed internal surface area and porosity (microcrystalline porous carbon matrix with pore diameter range of <2 nm to > 50 nm with large internal surface area to the extent of 400-3000 m2/g as measured by the nitrogen BET method and adsorption volumes of 0.2-0.8 cm3/g depending on activation conditions), and hence a large capacity for adsorbing chemicals from fluids; produced by pyrolysis and activation of carbonaceous natural as well as synthetic precursors.

Carbon is probably the most widely distributed element in nature. It occurs in two allotropic crystalline forms viz. graphite (hexagonal system) and diamond (isomeric system), the former is soft and black while diamond is hard and transparent. Charcoal, coke and carbon black, classified as amorphous carbon; are considered by some to represent a third allotropic form. They are said to be composed of very minute crystals of graphite by others. Carbon is an essential constituent of all vegetable and animal matter in which it occurs in combination with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements in immense variety of compounds. In combination with hydrogen it occurs as hydrocarbons in petroleum. It is also found in carbon dioxide in air (0.03% as sodium bicarbonate in sea water, and as calcium and magnesium carbonate in sedimentary rocks such as chalk and dolomite.

Many carbons of industrial value are prepared from coal and from organic vegetable and animal matter. The resulting amorphous products include charcoal, coke and petroleum coke. Several carbon products are prepared and used in the electrical and electro-chemical industry.

Carbon 13, a stable isotope of carbon (At wt 13) has recently come into prominence as a tracer element employed in the study of biological process. It is obtained from carbon compounds by concentrating the minute quantity of the heavier isotope, normally present in them, by thermal diffusion methods. Carbon 14 or radioactive carbon, a product of the uranium atomic pile, is used also as a tracer element in the study of plant and animal metabolism.

The term Activated carbon, active carbon, or active charcoal is usually applied to amorphous carbons possessing higher absorption capacities than wood or animal charcoal. Many processes were developed during world war for the production of effective absorbents for use in gas masks. Industrial activated carbons in the form of pellets, granules or fine powders, and with many industrial applications, are now available in the market under different trade names.

Commercial absorbent carbons may be grouped into decolorizing, gas absorbant, metal absorbant, and medicinal carbons according to their physical structure, properties, and applications. No one type of carbon can be used for all purposes. A large variety of raw materials are available for the manufacture of these products. Coal, petroleum coke, and wood charcoal are activated by gas activation. Industrial waste e.g. raw dust, bagasse, molasses, straw, coconut pericarp and shell, corn cobs, paddy and ground nut husk, corn bean shell, distillery slop, waste Mahua flowers, waste wood pulp laquor, and mud from sugar factories have been utilized for the production of active carbons by chemical activation.

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Description

INTRODUCTION
DECOLORISING CARBONS
GAS ABSORBENT CARBONS
METAL ABSORBENT CHARS
MEDICINAL CARBONS
USES & APPLICATIONS
END-USER INDUSTRIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS MFGRS.
BY MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURING
BUYERS IN OVERSEAS COUNTRIES
PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
LIGNITE ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTS ACTIVATED CARBON
RAW MATERIALS
ADVANTAGEOUS PROPERTIES OF COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
METHOD AND SAMPLING AND TEST FOR ACTIVATED CARBON
[POWDERED AND GRANULAR]
1 SCOPE
2 REFERENCES
3 QUALITIES OF REAGENTS
4 MOISTURE
5 ASH
6 PARTICLE SIZE
7 MATTERS SOLUBLE IN WATER
8 MATTERS SOLUBLE IN ACID
9 PH
10 IRON
11 DETERMINATION OF DECOLOURIZING POWER
12 FILTERABILITY AND OIL RETENTION
13 HARDNESS
14 ADSORPTION CAPACITIES FOR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
FIG: 1 APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF ADSORPTION CAPACITY
BY BENZENE ADSORPTION
15 RETENTIVITY INDEX
16 CHLORIDE
17 SULPHATE
18 CYANOGEN COMPOUNDS
19 SAMPLING
SPECIFICATIONS
THE SIEVE ANALYSIS SHOULD BE AS FOLLOWS
TESTING
STRUCTURE OF ACTIVATED CARBON
ADSORPTION MECHANISM OF ACTIVATED CARBON
MARKET POSITION
THREE MAIN FORMS OF ACTIVATED CARBON ARE:
THE TYPES OF THE PRODUCT AVAILABLE IN THE INDUSTRY ARE:
IT FINDS WIDE APPLICATIONS IN THE FOLLOWING SEGMENTS:
THE FEEDSTOCK CAN BE CATEGORISED AS FOLLOWS:
GLOBAL ACTIVATED CARBON MARKET: REGIONAL SEGMENT ANALYSIS
ACTIVATED COKE AS AN ADSORBING AGENT
PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONUT SHELL
DRUM METHOD FOR ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
ACTIVATED GRANULAR SHELL CARBON FROM CHARCOAL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
DETAILS OF ACTIVATION
CHEMICAL ACTIVATION
ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONUT SHELL
TYPES OF ACTIVATED CARBON
PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON
ADSORPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
SURFACE AREA
PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON
BULK DENSITY
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
APPLICATION
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CARBON INCLUDE:
APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTIVATED CARBON
DETAILS OF ACTIVATION CARBON PROCESS
BASIS OF THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CARBON
GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW
GLOBAL ACTIVATED CARBON MARKET SHARE BY END-USE (% AGE)
SOME INDIAN MANUFACTURERS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
CONSUMPTION OF ACTIVATED CARBON
GLOBAL SCENARIO & RECOMMENDATION
BUYERS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF ACTIVATED CARBON
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACTIVATED CARBON
ABSORBING GASES OR VAPOUR (GAS ABSORBENT CARBON)
DECOLORIZING AND PURIFYING LIQUID
CATALYST & CATALIST SUPPORT (GAS ABSORBENT CARBON)
MEDICINE
PROCESSING DETAILS OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM COCONUT SHELL
PROCESS RATIONALE
HEAT EXCHANGERS
VESSELS
REACTORS AND HEATERS
FIG: SCHEMATIC OF THE FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR STAGES.
SEPARATORS
PUMPS, BLOWERS AND COMPRESSORS
CONVEYORS
SIZE REDUCERS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS
FIGURE: PFD OF THE PYROLYSIS PROCESS
FIGURE: PFD OF THE ACTIVATION PROCESS
QUALITY CONTROL TESTING OF ACTIVATED CARBON
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ACTIVITY
SURFACE AREA
HARDNESS
MESH SIZE
ASH CONTENT
DENSITY
INTERRELATION OF PROPERTIES
OTHER TESTS
TESTING OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
QUALITATIVE METHOD
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE METHOD
QUANTITATIVE METHOD
STATE & CONTROL SUBSIDY SCHEME FOR ACTIVATED CARBON PROJECT
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS FOR ACTIVATED CARBON
ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF COCONUT SHELL
ADDRESSES OF PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF PULVERISER
SUPPLIERS OF MIXERS
SUPPLIERS OF ROTARY KILNS
SUPPLIERS OF TRAY DRIER
SUPPLIERS OF HYDRAULIC LIFT
SUPPLIERS OF HEAVY MOBILE CRANES
SUPPLIERS OF EXTRUDER
SUPPLIERS OF TANKS
SUPPLIERS OF BOILER
SUPPLIERS OF COOLER

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

Additional information

Plant Capacity

7.5 Ton/Day
Land & Building

(4000 sq.mt.)
Plant & Machinery

US$ 391428
Rate of Return

41%
Break Even Point

49%

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