GLYCERINE

Glycerine or glycerol to speak in terms of chemical phraseology is a trihydric alcohol. It is usually found in combination with fatty acids in natural fats and oils. It has been the tendency to designate the name glycerine to the technically prepared pure substance which is the nearest approach to glycerol, represented by the formula, OH, CH2CH, OH, CH2OH.

Glycerine is a basic constituent of oils and fats, of which a large variety is available abundantly in this country. The approximate percentages of available glycerine in some of the important Indian oils and fats are given below:-

Cocoanut Oil    :    13.5%
Mhowa Oil    :    9.0%
Groundnut Oil    :    9.8%
Tallow        :    9.5%
Cottonseed Oil    :    9.8%

The British Pharmacopoeia describes glycerine (glycerinum) as a clear, colourless odourless, syrupy liquid, having a sweet taste, which is followed by a sensation of warmth. It is hygroscopic and is optically inactive and neutral to indicators. Its molecular weight is 92.06 and specific gravity (15.5oC/15.5oC), 1.260-1.265.

Glycerin (Glycerol) is a simple polyol compound with a clear, odorless, viscous liquid and a naturally sweet taste. It is derived from both natural and petrochemical feed stocks. Glycerin occurs in combined form (triglycerides) in animal fats and vegetable oils and is obtained from these fats and oils during transesterification, such as in biodiesel production.

Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. Glycerin currently has over 1,500 known uses in many different industries ranging from foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paints, explosives, polymer, printing, botanical extraction, drugs, adhesives, antifreeze, coatings, chemical and other industrial types of applications (technical grade glycerin).

INTRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC GLYCEROL
PROPERTIES OF GLYCERINE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES AND APPLICATIONS
FOOD INDUSTRY
PHARMACEUTICAL AND PERSONAL CARE APPLICATIONS
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE LIQUID
ANTIFREEZE
INTERNAL COMBUSTION FUEL
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
TEST AND ANALYSIS OF GLYCERINE
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD METHODS. ANALYSIS OF CRUDE GLYCERINE
SAMPLING
ANALYSIS
ACETIN PROCESS FOR GLYCEROL DETERMINATION
REAGENTS REQUIRED
THE METHOD
BICHROMATE PROCESS
FOR GLYCEROL DETERMINATION
REAGENTS REQUIRED
THE METHOD
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CALCULATING ACTUAL GLYCEROL CONTENT
MARKET SURVEY
MARKET SURVEY (GLOBAL)
DEMAND PROJECTION OF GLYCERINE IN ETHOPIA
PROJECTED DEMAND FOR GLYCERIN (TONS)
VEGETABLE GLYCERINE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
MANUFACTURE OF GLYCERINE FROM SPENT SOAP LYES
PROCESS OUTLINE OF GLYCERINE MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF GLYCERINE
RAW MATERIALS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
DETAILS OF GLYCEROL (GLYCERINE)
MANUFACTURE FROM SPENT LYE
SPENT LYE TREATMENT:-
CONCENTRATION OF GLYCEROL LIQUORS
THE EVAPORATOR AND OPERATION:-
REFINING:
BLEACHING OF GLYCERINE:-
BIO DIESEL & GLYCERINE PRODUCTION USING PALM OIL AS FEED STOCK
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
FOR GLYCERINE USING CRUDE PALM OIL
RECOVERY METHOD OF GLYCERINE
OTHER METHODS OF RECOVERY:
QUALITY OF SPENT LYES:
THE TREATMENT AND EVAPORATION OF LYES:
DISTILLATION OF CRUDE GLYCERINE:
FOOTS:
PRODUCTION OF GLYCERINE FROM PALM KERNEL OIL
MATERIALS AND METHOD
MATERIALS
METHOD
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE: PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL OIL USED
TABLE: PARAMETERS OF HYDROLYSIS REACTION AND PRODUCTION
AT 268OC, PRESSURE 500PSI (34ATM), TIME 5 HOURS.
TABLE: DATA OF GLYCEROL RECOVERY AT TEMPERATURE 140OC,
PRESSURE 8.7PSI (0.6ATM), TIME 3 HOURS
TABLE: PROPERTIES OF CRUDE GLYCEROL PRODUCED.
CONCLUSIONS FROM THIS STUDY THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSION ARE MADE
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
ACTIVATED CARBON
LABORATORY CHEMICALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY (GLOBAL)
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY (INDIAN)
TREATMENT TANK
FILTER PRESS
EVAPORATORS
HEAT EXCHANGER
CENTRIFUGE
STORAGE VESSEL
BOILER
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
PACKAGING MACHINE

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET