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Hand Book Of Flavours Technology

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HAND BOOK OF FLAVOURS TECHNOLOGY

FLAVOUR ANALYSIS

  • Sample Preparation
  • Isolation of Food Flavours
  • Headspace Methods
  • Direct Injection
  • Headspace Concentration
  • Cryogenic Trapping
  • Adsorbent Trapping
  • Isolation of Flavours by Distillation Methods
  • Isolation of Flavours by Solvent Extraction
  •  Equipment and Procedures
  • Solvent Selection
  • Solvent Impurities
  • Solvent Extraction of Fatty Foods
  • Isolation of Individual Classes of Volatile Flavours
  • Sulfur Compounds
  • Acids
  • Alcohols
  • Carbonyls
  • Evaporation
  • Freeze Concentration
  • Adsorption
  • Flavour Analysis by Direct Injection
  • Gas Chromatography
  • Fractionation of Flavour Isolates
  • Gas Chromatography of Flavour Concentrates
  • Capillary Column GC
  • Chiral Gas Chromatography
  • GC Detectors
  • Quantification
  • High Pressure Liquid  Chromatography
  • Identification of Volatile  Flavours
  • Summary

CHEMISTRY OF  FLAVOURS

  • Introduction
  • Flavour Classification
  • Flavour Formation in Plants
  • Biogenesis of Fruits Aroma
  • Flavours from Fatty Acid Metabolism
  • Flavours Formed from Carbohydrate Metabolism
  • Flavour Formation in Vegetables
  • Flavour Formation from Cysteine Sulfoxide Derivatives
  • Flavour formation from Gluconsinolates
  • Additional Pathways for Vegetable Flavour Formation
  • Location of Flavour in Plant
  • Influence of Genetics, Nutrition Environment, Maturity and Storage on Flavour
  • Conclusions
  • Chemistry of Essential Oils
  • Terpenes
  • Oxygenated erpenoid Compounds
  • Benzenoid Compounds
  • Compounds Containing Nitrogen and Sulfur
  • Nitrogen Compounds
  • Sulfur compounds
  • Sulfur Containing Oils
  • White Mustard
  • Black (Brown) Mustard
  • Fruit Flavours
  • Aromatic Components
  • Fruit Sugars and Acids
  • Sugars
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Trisaccharides
  • Nonsugars (Polysaccharides)
  • Flavour of Dairy Products
  • Milk
  • Cheese
  • Flavour Development
  • Fatty Acids
  • Carbonyls
  • Sulfur Compounds
  • Amino Acids and Peptides
  • Flavour Balance
  • Roquefort (Blue) Cheese Flavour
  • Flavour Development
  • Fermentation
  • Fungi
  • Black Tea Aroma
  • Flavour Formation During Thermal Processing
  • Nonenzymatic Browing
  • General Overview of Maillard Browing
  • Factors influencing Browning Rate
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Water Activity
  • Influence of Fat
  • Summary
  • Formation of Flavour Comounds
  • Flavours from Lipids
  • Hydrolytic Reactions
  • Oxidation
  • Pyrolysis Reactions
  • Effect of Frying Condition on Flavour
  • Mechanisms of Flavour Formation
  • Lactones
  • Seafood Flaovurs
  • Caramelization
  • Flavours Formed Via Fermentation
  • Esters
  • Acids
  • Carbonyis
  • Alcohols
  • Terpenes
  • Lactones
  • Pyrazines
  • Conclusions

OFF FLAVOURS IN FOODS

  • Environmental Contamination
  • Waterborne Sources
  • Off Flavours Due to In-Plant Water Contamination
  • Tainting of Aquatic Animals by Contaminated Water
  • Disinfectants, Pesticides and Detergents
  • Packaging Sources
  • Food Contamination
  • Flavour Scalping
  • Packaging Catalyzed Off Flavours
  • Oxygen/Wate Vapour Transmission
  • Off Flavours Due to Genetics or Diet
  • Off Flavours Due to Chemical Changes in the Food
  • Nonenzymatic Browning
  • Photo Induced Off Flavours
  • Milk
  • Beer and Champagne
  • Enzymatic Flavour Changes
  • Lipoxygenase
  • Lipase
  • Proteolytic Enzymes
  • Microbial Off Flavours
  • Summary

MANUFACTURING  PROCESSES OF FLAVOURS

  • Introduction
  • The Thermally Processed Flavours (Meat and Savory Flavours)
  • Yeast and Autolyzed Yeast Extracts
  • Basic Process Flavourings
  • Complex Process Flavourings
  • The Final Flavour
  • Enzyme Modification and Fermentation The Dairy Flavours
  • Milk and Cream Flavours
  • Cultured Dairy Flavours
  • Butter Flavour
  • Cheese Flavours
  • Creation of Dairy Flavours
  • Regulatory Issues
  • Appendix 4.1 IOFI Guidelines for the Production and Labeling  of Process Flavours
  • Introduction
  • Scope
  • Definition
  • Basic Standards of Good Manufacturing Practice
  • Production of Process Flavourings
  • Raw Materials  for Process Flavourings
  • Preparation of Process Flavourings
  • Appendix Table-A4.1
  • Labeling

PLANT MATERIALS USED IN FLAVOURINGS

  • 172.510 Natural Flavouring Substances and Natural Substances and Natural Substances Used in Conjunction with Flavours
  • 182.10 Spices and Other Natural Seasonings and Flavourings
  • 182.20 Essential Oils, Oleoresins (Solvent-Free), and Natural Extractives (Including Distillates)
  • 182.40 Natural Extractives (Solvent Free) Used in Conjunction with Spices, Seasonings, and Flavourings

PRINCIPAL ESSENTIAL OILS USED IN FLAVOURINGS

APPLICATION OF FLAVOURINGS IN FOOD PROCESSING

  • Flavours in Foods
  • Achieving Flavour Balance
  • Consumer Acceptance
  • Flavour Defects
  • Flavour Intensification
  • Flavour Suppression
  • Criteria for Application of Flavourings
  • Acceptability to the Consumer
  • Legal Acceptability
  • Nature of Product as Sold and as Consumed
  • Processing Conditions
  • Available Flavourings
  • Processing Parameters
  • Temperature and Time
  • Open or Closed System
  • The Mixing Sequence
  • pH
  • Pressure
  • Contact with Air
  • specific Flavouring Applications
  • Meat Products
  • Baked Goods and Bakey Products
  • Snack Foods
  • Sugar and Chocolate Confectionery
  • Pickles and Sauces
  • soups
  • Ice Cream and Frozen Goods
  • Soft Drinks
  • Conclusion

QUALITY CONTROL

  • Analytical Tests
  • Overview of Physicohemical Tests
  • Natural Plant Materials
  • General Tests
  • Tests of Limited Application
  • Additional Specific Tests
  • Essential Oils
  • General Tests
  • Tests of Limited Application
  • Instrumental Tests
  • Specific Test for Constituents
  • Tests Specific for Citrus Oils
  • Specific Tests and Producedures
  • Oleoresins
  • General Tests
  • Specific Tests
  • Plated or Dispersed Spices
  • General  Tests
  • Tests of Limited Application
  • synthetic Chemicals
  • General Tests Liquids
  • General Tests Solids
  • Specific Tests for Chemical Identity and Purity Instrumental Methods
  • Flavourings
  • General Tests Liquid Flavourings
  • General Tests Emulsions
  • General Tests Encapsulated Dry Flavourings
  • Vanilla Extract
  • Fruit Based Products
  • General Tests
  • Special Tests
  • Specific Gravity
  • Refractive Index
  • Optical Rotation
  • Alcohol Content
  • Residual Solvent
  • Practicle Size of Emulsions
  • Volatile Oil
  • Surface Oil
  • Moisture Content
  • Gas Chromatography
  • Microbiological Analysis
  • Sensory Analysis

NON-ALCOHOLIC FLAVOURS

  • Compounding
  • Plant Economics of Non-Alcoholic Flavours
  • Plant & Machinery
  • Other Fixed Assets
  • Fixed Capital
  • Raw Materials
  • Total Working Capital/Month
  • Total Capital Investment
  • Turn Over/Annum

FLAVOURS FRUIT (WHISKEY, VODKA, GRAPE, BUTTER SCOTCH AND RUM)

  • Artificial Flavourings
  • Manufacturing Process
  • For Rum Flavour
  • Process Flow Diagram for Rum Flavour
  • Plant Economics of Fruit Flavours
  • Plant and Machinery
  • Other Fixed Assets
  • Fixed Capital
  • Raw Materials
  • For Rum Flavour
  • For Whiskey Flavour
  • For Grape Flavour
  • For Butter Scotch Flavour
  • Total Woring Capital/Month
  • Total Capital Investment
  • Turn Over/Annum

TERPENELESS MENTHOL CRYSTALS

  • Manufacturing Process Fractional Distillation of D.M.O. for Removal of Terpene
  • Extraction of Menthol
  • Crystallization
  • Separation of the Menthol Crystals from the Dementholized Oil
  • Drying of Menthol Crystals
  • Yield of Menthol & Dementholized Mint Oil
  • Plant Economics of Terpeneless Menthol Crystals
  • Plant & Machinery
  • Other Fixed Assets
  • Fixed Capital
  • Raw Materials
  • Total Working Capital/Month
  • Total Capital Investment
  • Turn Over/Annum

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