Hand Book of Food Dehydration and Drying (HandBook)

HAND BOOK OF FOOD DEHYDRATION AND DRYING

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES DRYING/DEHYDRATION AND CONCENTRATION

• Advantages of dehydration over sun drying
• Drying/Dehydration Techniques
• Common driers types used for liquid and solid foods
• (A) Fruit and Vegetable Natural Drying Sun and Solar Drying
• Shade Drying
• Osmotic Dehydration
• (B) Common Driers used for Drying/Dehydration
• (a) Air Convection Driers
• (b) Drum or Roller Driers
• (c) Vacuum Driers
• Differences between Conventional and Freeze Drying
• Atmospheric Drying of Foams
• Flow sheet for Drying/Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables
• Dilutions of sodium metabisulphite with water to obtain ppm of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Spoilage of Dried products
• Schedule for drying of fruits
• Schedule for drying of vegetables
• Reconstitution test for dried/dehydrated products
• Reconstitution test
• Food concentration
• Methods of Concentration
• (i) Solar Concentration
• (ii) Open Kettles
• (iii) Flash Evaporators
• (iv) Thin Film Evaporators
• (v) Vacuum Evaporators
• (vi) Freeze Concentration
• (vii) Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis/Hyperfiltration
• Changes during Concentration
• Intermediate Moisture Foods (imf)

TYPES OF DEHYDRATERS

• Type of Dryers
• Table-1 Performance Data of Commercial Spray Drying Equipment of Representative Material
• Table 2 Assumed Thermal Efficiencies of Different Heating Systems

SUN DRYING AND DEHYDRATION OF FRUITS

• Table 4 Methods Used in Drying Fruits
• Apple
• Table 5 Varieties of The More Common Fruits Suitable for Drying
• Table 6 Tray Loading Maximum Drying Temperature and Yields of Different Fruits
• Other Dehydrated Apple Products
• Table -7 Approximate Composition of Some Apple Products
• Apricots
• Sun-Drying
• Table 8 Sizes of Dried Apricots,
• Sun Drying
• Table 8 Sizes of Dried Apricots, Except Slabs
• Dehydration of Apricots
• Bananas
• Table 9 Analyses  of Dried Bananas
• Cherries
• Cranberries
• Figs
• Sun-Drying
• Dehydration of Figs
• Raisin Grapes
• Sun Drying
• Dehydration of Raisin Grapes
• Handling of Raisins
• Dehydrated Grape Juice
• Loganberries
• Nectarines
• Orange Juice
• Peaches
• Sun Drying
• Dehydration of Peaches
• Table 10 U.S. Grade Sizes for Dehydrated peaches
• Pears
• Sun-Drying
• Table 11 U.S. Sizes (Width) for Dried or Evaporated Pears
• Dehydration of Pears
• Prunes
• Sun Drying
• Dehydration of Prunes
• Dehydration of other fruits

DEHYDRATION OF VEGETABLES

• Table 12 Optimum Storage Conditions for Some Common Vegetables
• Table 13 Per Cent Retention of Nutrients During Blanching
• Dehydration of Various Vegetables
• Asparagus
• Beans, Baked
• Beans, Green
• Beans, Lima
• Beets
• Broccoli
• Brussels Sprouts
• Cabbage
• Carrots
• Cauliflower
• Celery
• Corn, Sweet
• Garlic
• Greens
• Mushrooms
• Onions
• Peas
• Peppers And Pimientos
• Potatoes (Irish or White)
• Potato Granules
• Potato Flakes
• White Potato Flour
• Sauerkraut
• Sweet Potatoes
• Tomatoes

DEHYDRATION OF EGGS, MILK, BUTTER AND CHEESE

• Eggs
• Table 14 Conversion Factors of Dried Egg Products From Whole Egg
• Dry Milk
• Changes Taking Place in the Drying of Milk
• Table 16 Composition of Dry Milks and  Whey
• Dried Cream
• Dry Buttermilk
• Dry Whey
• Malted Milk
• Anhydrous Milk Fat (Butter Oil)
• Dried Cheese

DEHYDRATION OF MEAT, FISH, BEEF BLOOD AND GELATIN

• Preparation of Meat
• Dried Beef (Beef Hams)
• Dehydrated Chicken
• Drying, Salting and Smoking of Fish
• Sun Dried Shrimp
• Table 17 Approximate Chemical Composition of Cured Fish
• Dehydration of Beef Serum and Hemoglobin
• Edible Gelatin

DEHYDRATION OF MISCELLANEOUS FOODS

• Food yeast
• Soluble Coffee
• Dried Shortenings
• Dried Ice Cream Mixes
• Dried Soups
• Soft Drink Powders
• Pudding Powders
• Potato Chips
• Table 18 Types of White Potatoes Desired for Different uses
• Dry Molasses
• Soyabean Milk
• Drying of Macaroni Products
• Pectin
• Horseadish

PLANT SANITATION

• Sanitation within The Plant
• Bacteriological aspects of Dehydrated Foods
• Table 19 Variations in “Total” Counts of Commercial Samples of Dehydrated Vegetables Certified as Acceptable
• Table 20, Microorganisms in American Dried Fruits as Purchased
• Table 21 Bacterial Count of Dried Egg Product
• Waste Disposal
• Table 22 Bacterial Count of Dried beef Serumstored in Sealed Cans

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF DRIED AND DEHYDRATED FOODS

• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Table 23, Approximate Composition of Some Dehydrated Fruits
• Table 24 Approximate Composition of Some Dehydrated Vegetables
• Dry Milk
• Table 25, Vitamins in Dry Milk and Milk Products
• Dehydrated Meat
• Table 26 composition of Dehydrated Pork and beef
• Dried Eggs
• Dry Yeast
• Dried Blood and beef Serum
• Table 27 Protein and Vitamin content of Different Dried yeasts

PACKAGING AND STORAGE

• Insect Infestation
• Packaging of Dried Fruit
• Packing of Dehydrated Vegetables
• Packing of Dried Eggs
• Packing of Dried Milk
• Packing of yeast
• Packing of Dehydrated Meat
• Storage of Dried And Dried And Dehydrated Fruits
• Storage of Dehydrated Vegetables
• Storage of Dried Eggs
• Storage of Dry Milk
• Storage of Dehydrated Beef serum And Hemoglobin
• Table 28 Effect of Storage Temperatures on the Solubility of Dry Beef Senum
• Storage of Active Dry Yeast
• Compression of Dehydrated Foods
• Table 29 Summary of Conditions found Applicable  in compressing Specific Foods

BANANA POWER

• Dehydration of BananaProcess of Manufacture
• Plant Economics of Banana Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATION OF FIGS BY SUN DRYING METHOD

• Drying Process of Figs (Sun Drying )
• Plant Economics of Dehydration of Figs (Sun Drying)
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

DESICCATED COCONUT POWDER FROM COCONUTS

• Process of Manufacture
• Plant Economics of Desiccated Coconut Powder from Coconut
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY FREEZE DRYING METHOD

• Freeze Drying
• Plant Economics of Dehydration of Fruits & Vegetables by (Freeze Drying Method)
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATION OF JACK FRUIT

• Manufacturing Process for the Dehydration of Jack Fruit
• Plant Economics of Dehydration of Jack Fruit
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

EGG POWDER

• Process of Manufacturing
• Plant Economics of Egg Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

EGG POWDER

• Process of Manufacture
• Plant Economics of Egg Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

FRUIT JUICE POWDER

• Manufacturing Process of Fruit Juice Powder from Fruit Juice Concentrate
• Spray Driers
• Atomising Device
• The Drying Chamber
• Method of Operation
• Plant Economics of Fruit Juice Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

FOOD DEHYDRATION

• Manufacturing Process
• Process for Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables
• Dehydration of Fruits
• Dehydration of Vegetables
• Packing and Storage
• Plant Economics of Food Dehydration
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

GINGER DRYING

• Process of Manufacture
• Ginger Not Divested of Cork
• Ginger Clivested of Cork
• Grinding
• Plant Economics of Ginger Processing
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

GRAPE POWDER

• Grapes
• Process of Manufacture
• Method
• Plant Economics of Grape Dehydration
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

MUSTARD POWDER

• Manufacturing Process
• Plant Economics of Mustard Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

MANGO KERNEL SEED POWDER (STARCH)

• Manufacturing Process of Mango Kernel Seed Powder (Starch)
• Plant Economics of Mango Kernel Seed Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

MILK POWDER

• Process of Manufacture
• Rolling Drying
• Plant Economics of Milk Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

POTATO POWDER

• Manufacturing Process
• Plant Economics of Potato Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

POTATO POWDER (AUTOMATIC PLANT)

• Manufacturing Process
• Plant Economics of Potato Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

SKIMMED MILK POWDER

TOMATO POWDER

• Process Details
• Sun-Drying
• Description of Process
• Plant Economics of Tomato Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

TAMARIND SEED POWDER

• Manufacturing Process
• Plant Economics of Tamarind Seed Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

TURMERIC POWDER (EDIBLE GRADE)

• Plant Economics of Turmeric Powder (Edible Grade)
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

GARLIC POWDER

• Manufacturing Process
• Plant Economics of Garlic Powder
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

DEHYDRATED ONIONS & ONION POWDER

• Process of Manufacture
• Dehydration Method
• Plant Economics of Dehydrated Onions & Onion Powder
• Details of Plant & Machinery
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

HERBAL EXTRACTS (DRY)

• Plant Economics of Herbal Extracts
• Plant & Machinery
• Fixed Capital
• Raw Materials
• Total Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turn Over/Annum

PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS

• Food Dryers
• Food Washing Machinery
• Boilers
• Blanching Machinery
• Storage Tank:Liquid
• Food Processing Machinery
• Food Pump
• Food Testers & Analysers
• Food Packaging Machinery
• Dehydrating Ovens

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL

• Food Preservatives
• Food Processing Chemicals
• Food Containers
• Food Colour & Dyes
• Food Packaging
• Food Puches
• Food Stabilisers

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