Hand Book Of Leather And Leather Products Technology

Description

HAND BOOK OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY

LEATHER PROCESSING

• Introduction
• Leather:Braving New Material World
• Leather: Changing Demand Pattern
• Customer Driven Changes of Market Economy Models
• Driving Factors in Manufacturing
• Driven by Access to Materials
• Driven by Access to Market
• Driven by Access to Technologies
• Innovation Driven Manufacturing
• Global Leather Processing Practices Influencing Issues
• Linkages to Down Stream Industries
• External Pressures from Environmental Perspectives
• Cost Compulsions
• Change Paradigms in Leather Processing
• Atom Efficiences
• Material Productivity Time and Labour Productivity
• Approach Paradigms in Leather Processing
• Biotechnology for Leather
• Knowledge Network Approach
• Bio & Ambient Preservation of Skin
• Ambient Preservation of Skin/hide
• Lead Enzymes for Lime and Sulfide free Processing of  Skin/hie
• New Substrate for Assaying Enzyme Samples for Application in Leather Sector
• Application of Recombinant DNA Routes for A Lead Enzyme Product
• Lead Enzyme Products
• Some Lead Products Under Commercial Evaluation
• Concluding Remarks

RAW MATERIALS FORLEATHER PROCESSING 

• Choice of Raw Material
• Vital Role of Selection
• Variation in Quality
• Ante Mortem Damages
• Post Mortem Damages
• Use of Preservatives
• Classification
• Details of Classification
• Characteristics of Cow Hides of Different Origin
• Agras
• Bihar’s cow Hides
• Darbhanga
• Katihar Kishinganj
• Savan Chapra, Purnea Districts
• Patna Districts
• Bihar Shariff Districts
• Gava Districts
• Ranchi District
• Bengal Hides
• Nagoras
• Desis
• Haluas
• Observations on The Hides from west Bengal
• Matiabur Howra and Barrackpore Slaughter Hides
• Assam Hides
• Madras Hides
• Andhra Hides
• Bombay Hides
• Cow Hides From Rajasthan
• Miscellaneous
• Buffalo Hides
• Classification and Grading
• Regional Classification
• Punjab Haryana & Delhi Hides
• Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Champaran Area
• Siwan, Chapra, Purnea Area
• Bhagalpur, Katihar, Kishangung Area
• Patna Area
• Bihar Sherif Area
• Gaya Area
• Ranchi Area
• Bengal Buffaloes
• 3 Goat Skins
• Regional Classification
• Punjab & Haryana
• Uttar Pradesh
• North Bihar & Bengal
• Dinajpurs etc.
• Deccans
• southerns
• Mumbai And Rajasthanies
• Sheep Skins
• Punjab Sheep
• Bihar
• Red Hair Sheep of Southern India
• Mumbai
• Miscellaneous
• Increase in Raw Prices
• Recent Development
• Curing Processes Adopted in the Trade
• Types of Cure
• Salting
• Drying:(a) Unframed Dry Hides (sukties)
• (b) Dry Framed Hides
• (c) Arsenicated Hides
• Salt Cured
• Use of Impure Salts
• Use of Sambhar Salt
• Khari Salt
• Methods of Salt Curing
• (A) Wet Salting
• Storage Period
• Dry Salting
• Goat Skin Curing
• Sheep Skin Curing
• Assamese Practics
• Practice in Other States
• Other Methods of Preservation
• Curing by Pickling
• Never Techniques in Curing
• Solvent Dehydration
• Curing by Radiation
• Curing by Fumigation
• Read Heat
• Soaking and Liming
• Objects of Soaking
• Removal of Proteins
• Dimensional Changes
• Soaking of Dry Goat Skins
• Percentage Water Uptake
• Advantages of Drumming
• Soaking Heavy Hades
• Soaking
• Objects of Soaking
• Factors Affecting the Soaking Operation
• The Nature of the Raw Stock and the Type of Cure
• The Type of Salt Used (if any) in Curing
• Quality and Quantity of Water Used for Soaking
• Temperature of the Soak Bath
• Soaking Agents used, if any
• pH
• Use of Disinfectants or Bactericides
• Influence of Agitation
• Use of Wetting Agents
• Typical Examples of Soaking Procedure
• Type of Raw Stock Wet Salted Pit Soaking
• Type of Stock Dry (fint dry) Hides Pit cum Drum Soaking
• Lime Yard Operations
• Effect on Proteins
• Sweating
• Sweating Chambers
• Importance of Temperature and Humidiry
• Use of Lime
• Source of Lime
• Action of Lime
• Customary Liming Procedure
• Qantity of Lime Used
• Use of Old Limes
• New Knowledge in Liming
• Sodium and Porassium Hydrates
• Sodium sulphide
• Mechanism of Unhairing with Sodium Sulphide
• Sodium Sulphydrate NaHS
• Arsenic Sulphide
• Reasons for Use of Arsenic Sulphide
• Miscellaneous Chemicals (Sodium Cyanide) (Rarely Used)
• Enzyme Unhairing
• Advantages of the above Methods
• Other Types
• Enzyme for Dewooling
• Role of Mechanical Action in Unhairing
• Oxidative Unhairing
• New Advantage in Oxidative Unhairing
• Effects of Oxidative Unhairing
• Other Advantage
• Fleshing, Cheeking, Splitting, Rounding Fleshing
• Cheeking
• Spliting (Lime Splitting)
• Rounding
• Actual Liming Process
• Object of Liming
• Effect of Temperature in Liming
• Sheep Skins
• Where the Hair is to Be recovered
• Where Lime Alone is used as a Paint
• Cow Hides
• Buffalo Hide
• Acid Addition
• B1 Sulphide: (Hydrosulphide)
• Analysis and Properties of NaHS
• Barium Sulphide Ba S
• Enzyme Unhairing
• Amine Unhairing (American Method)
• Unhairing Process Pit Liming Process
• Actual Operation of Unhairing
• Improvement
• Unhairing by Machine
• Disadvantages
• Amide Unhairing
• Liming
• Factors Influencing the Liming Process
• The Type and Nature of Stock
• The Type of Leathers Required to be Produced
• The Quality and Quantity of Lime
• The Addition of Sharpening Agents
• The Quantity and Quality of Water
• Quantity
• Temperature
• Agitation
• Types of Liming
• Pit Liming
• Two Pits System
• Three Pit System
• Paste Liming (Paint Liming) Method
• Paddle Liming
• Drum Liming
• Other Methods
• Precautions in Liming Process
• Reliming
• Objects of Reliming
• Quantity of Lime
• Fleshing
• Mechine Capacity, H.P.
• Rounding
• Deliming, Bating, Puering & Drenching Deliming
• Objects of Deliming
• Some Common Deliming Agents Used in Practice
• Method of Deliming
• Extent of Deliming
• Some Equations of Deliming
• Need for Deliming
• Old  Practices
• Effect of Mere Washing
• Some Chemical Deliming Agents
• Deliming Agents
• Organic Acid
• Formic Acid
• Acetic Acid
• Some Uncommon Deliming Agents Bating
• Objects of Bating
• Testing of Bated Pelts
• Factors Influencing the Bating
• The Nature of the Bate and its Concentration
• Temperature
• pH of the Pelt and Bath
• Time
• Method of Bating
• Drenching
• Conventional Drenching Process
• Conventional Drenching Process
• Puering
• Early Bating Agents
• Synthetic Bate
• Trade Products
• Bating Process
• Type of Paddle Used
• Need for Adjustments
• Bating Pelts for Vegetable Tannage
• Conditions of Bating
• Main Enzyme Used  in India
• Acid Wash
• Drenching
• Still Drench
• Scudding
• Pickling
• Basic Principle
• Use of Organic Salts
• Dry Pickle
• Depickling
• Detailed Observation of Bating
• Objective of Bating
• Conditions of Bating
• pH
• Where to Bate
• Scudding
• Pickling for Preservation & Export
• Dry Pickle
• Depickling
• Pickling
• Functions of Acid in Pickle
• Functions of Salt in Pickling
• Common Systems of Pickle Bath
• Types of Pickle
• Equilibrium Pickle
• Varieties of Pickle Based on Ingredients
• Dry Pickle
• Varieties of Pickling can be as Follows
• Masked Pickle
• Depickling
• Tanning
• Tanning Agents
• Olden Methods Practised
• Alum Tanning
• Preparation of the Alum Tawing Paste
• Vegetable Tanning
• Classification of Vegetable Tanning Materials
• Principle of Vegetable Tanning Process
• Leaching
• Dark Colour of Solid Extracts
• Spray Drying of Extracts
• Different Vegetable Tanning Materials
• Quebracho
• Wattle
• Myrobalan
• Avaram Bark (Turwar)
• Babul Bark
• Konnan Bark
• Goran Bark
• Chestnut
• Gambler
• Special Qualities of Gambier
• Bleached Extracts
• Practical Considerations in Vegetable Tanning
• Tan Content
• Non-Tans
• T/NT Ratio
• Acidity
• Salt Content
• Acid/Salt Ratio
• pH.
• Astringency
• Factors Influencing Tanning
• The Nature of the Pelt
• The Nature of Leathers Required to be Produced
• The Nature of the Tanning Materials Used
• Concentration
• pH
• Agitation
• Temperature
• Time
• Chrome Tanning
• Principle of the Preparation of Chrome Tanning Salt
• Mechanism and  Concept of Basicity
• Preparation of Chrome Liquors
• Testing for Reduction
• Chemical Test
• Other Reducing Agents Commonly Used
• Conventional Practice of Chrome Tanning Procedure
• Procedure
• Factors Influencing Chrome Tanning
• The Condition and Nature of the pelt
• The Type of Leathers Required to be Produced
• Concentration of Cr2O3 Basicity and Type of Chrome Liquor
• Type of Chrome Liquors
• pH
• Time
• Temperature
• Agitation
• Float
• Nature and Quantity of Basifying Agent Used
• Presence of Neutral Salt
• Newer Developments in Chrome Tanning
• Dry Chrome Tannage the Following Advantages are Claimed
• Self Basifying Chrome Extract or Selt Basifying System of Tannage
• Oil Tanning Process
• Characteristics of the Oil
• Characteristics of Oil Tanned Leathers
• Principle of Oil Tanning for Chamols Leather
• Lafter Developments in Oil Tanning
• Formaldehyde Tanning
• Principle of Formaldehyde Tanning
• Formaldehyde Tanning for Picker Saver Leathers
• Important Points to Remember in Formaldehyde Tanning
• Synthetic Tannings
• Use of Syntans
• Classification of Syntans
• Auxiliary Syntans
• Properties
• Combination Syntans
• Replacement Syntans
• Properties
• Zirconium Tannage
• Some Important Mechanical Operations After Tanning
• Post Tanning Operations Neutralisation
• The Object of Neutralising
• Combination Tannages
• Mordanting & Dyeing
• Use of Mordants
• Metallic Mordants
• Other Mordants
• Dyeing Formaldehyde Leathers
• Mordants for Chrome Leathers
• Vegetable Dyes
• Dyeing
• Types of Dyes
• Acid Dyes
• Basic Dyes
• Direct Dyes
• Chrome Mordant Dyes
• Testing of Dyes
• Fastness and Other Properties

DRYING AND FINISHING

• Drying  of Leather
• Different Condition for Different Methods
• Paste Drying
• Pasting Unit
• Duration of Drying
• Drying Chamber
• Factors Involved in Drying
• Application of Paste
• Pasting and Drying
• Pasting Formulation and Other Conditions
• Ingredients for Paste
• Rate of Drying
• Typical Conditions of Temperature and humidity
• Interpreting the Condition
• Location of Exhausts
• A More Economical Units
• Other Dryers
• Vaccum Drying
• Finishing
• Different Methods
• Pigment Finishing
• Different Shades in Finishing
• Selection of A Pigment
• Pigment Dispersions
• Aniline Finishing
• Binders
• Casein
• Shellac
• Other Materials
• Resin Finishing
• Acrylic
• Synthetic Rubbers
• Scope for Use Non Aqueous Leather Finishing System
• Lacquer Finishing
• Cellulose Nitrate
• Plasticisers
• Solvents
• Coloured Lacquers
• Vinyl and Other Finishes
• Equipment
• Curtain Coater
• Automatic Spray Equipment
• Hand Spray
• Leather Made out of Different Raw Materials
• Type of Leathers
• Special Note
• Special Instructions if any
• Basis of Cleaner Processing Technology
• Environmentally Friendly Chemicals for Leather Processing
• Approaches to Solve the Problem Areas Possible Remedial Measures
• Alternative Methods
• Neutral Salt Buildup
• Chrome Tanning
• Dyes
• Fat Liquors
• Finishing
• Allied Aspects
• Bye Products
• Bulk Volume Solid Wastes
• Effluent Collection, Treatment & Disposal
• Characteristics of the Effluents
• Ways & Means to Reduce the Volume and Intensity of Tannery Effluents
• Treatment of Waste from Tanneries
• Segregation
• Primary Treatment
• Secondary Treatment
• Anaerobic Lagoon
• Aerated Lagoon
• Oxidation Ditch
• Major Problems Involved in Treatment of Tanning Wastes
• Selection of Suitable Treatment Technology
• Future Outlook
• Solid Waste Utilisation
• Goat Hair
• Sheep Wool
• Fleshing & Raw Trimmings
• Crust Trimmings
• Vegetable Tanned Splits
• Vegetable Tanned Leather Waste
• Lime Sludge
• Split Waste
• Chrome Shavings
• Buffing Dust
• Economy of Water and Chemicals and Emergy Efficiency
• Technology in Water Management
• Economy of Chemical Utilisation
• Energy

LEATHER MANUFACTURE

• Introduction
• Special Features  of the  Leather Industry
• Technical Feasibility Appraisal  and Project Reports
• Financial Aspects
• Working Capital Requirements
• Overheads
• Profitability
• Technical Aspects
• Cost of the Project will be indicated as follows
• Margin Money for the working capital will include
• Selection of Personnel/Training
• Purchase of Raw Materials
• Break up of the Cost of Products
• Need  for Quality Control and Standards
• Quality Assessement of Grading of Leathers
• Utilisation of Bye Products
• Effluent Treatment A Social Obligation
• Management & Marketing
• Need for Quality Control and Standards

VEGETABLE TANNINS

• Hydrolysable
• Condensed
• Medical Properties
• Other Properties
• Criteria Material Selection
• Indian Tanning Materials and their Potential
• Tannin Extracts
• Manufacture of Tannin Extracts
• Selection of the Raw Materials
• Size Reduction (Crushing/Grinding)
• Leaching (Extraction of Tannins)
• Open Vat Extraction
• Rotary System of Extraction
• Autoclaving
• Open Vat with Archimedean Screw
• Vacuum Leaching (Nance Process)
• Gas Lift Agitation Process
• Settling and Filtration
• Concentration (Evaporation)
• Bleaching
• Solid Extract
• Powder Extract
• Packaging
• Solid and Liquid Wastes from Extract Manufacturing Units

VEGETABLE DYES

• Sources of Natural Dyes
• Occurrence
• Classification of Dyes
• Advantages of Vegetables Dyes
• Dye Yielding Plants of India
• General Methods of Preparation
• Leather Dyes from Vegetable Source

PREPARATION OF CHROME LIQUOR

• Chrome Liquor of 331/3rd Basicity
• Chrome Liquor
• Tests for Complete Reduction
• Preparation of Common Indicators Used in Tannery

PHYSICAL TESTING OF LEATHERS

• Tensile Strength
• Elongation
• Breaking Strength
• Tearing Strength
• Tongue Tear
• Split Tear
• Buckle Tear
• Stitch Tear
• Cracking
• Piping
• Resistance to Perspiration
• Grain Crack and Brusting Strength
• Abrasion Resistance
• Flexibility
• Compressibility and Resiliency
• Shrinkage Temperature
• Water Absorption
• Water Penetration
• Water Vapour Permeability
• Air Permeability
• Real and Apparent Densities
• Apparent Density
• Real Density
• Special Tests for the Finishing or Surface Properties Crocking
• Staining
• Bleeding
• Tackiness
• Lightfastness
• Sole
• Upper
• Belting
• Chamois
• Clothing
• Glove
• Picking Band
• Seal and Washer Leathers
• Gas Meter Leather
• Various Other Chemicals L.R.Quality
• Commercial Chemicals, etc.
• Physical Testing Laboratory
• Chemical Testing
• Chemicals (A.R. Grade)
• Chemicals (Commercial)
• Physical Testing Equipment/Apparatus
• Miscellaneous
• Suppliers of Indigenous Testing Machines
• Physical Testing Equipment/Apparatus (Imported)
• Miscellaneous

MANUFACTURE OF EXOTIC LEATHER FROM RAY FISH

• Introduction
• Ray Fish
• Process
• Physical Testing
• Results

FORMALDEHYDE FREE FINISHING RECIPE FOR GLAZED KID LEATHER

• Introduction
• Detection of HCHO
• Importance of Formaldehyde in Leather Manufacture
• Importance of Formaldehyde in Glaze Kid
• Aromatic Syntans
• Formaldehyde Free Syntans
• Free Formaldehyde Content of Commercial Resin Tanning Agents
• Permissible Limits of Formaldehyde
• Introduction
• Properties of Glaze Kid Leathers
• Physical Requirements of Glazed Kid Leather Indian  Standards (Minimum)
• Chemical Requirements of Glazed Kid Leather Indian Standards
• Finishing Recipe for Formaldehyde Free Glaze Kid Leather Clear Coat Clear Coat
• Conclusion

CANVAS SHOES

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Material (per month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover /Annum

SHOE UPPER LEATHER

• Introduction
• Processos of Manufacture
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Material
• Fixed Capital
• Total Working Capital (Per Month)
• Total Capital Investment
• Turnover Per Annum

PVC FOOTWEAR

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• The Main Operation are
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity
• Fixed Capital
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Materials
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Total Capital Investment
• Turnover (Per Annum)

INDUSTRIAL HAND GLOVES

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Production Capacity
• Fixed Capital
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Material Including Packing Requirements
• Total Working Capital (Per Month)
• Total Capital Investment
• Turnover (Per Annum)

LEATHER CHAPPALS

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Material
• Fixed Capital
• Total Recurring Expenditure (Per Month)
• Total Capital Investment
• Turnover (Per Annum)

LEATHER GARMENTS

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Standards Related to Leather Garments Industry and Related Items
• Production Capacity
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Material
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Total Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum)

LEATHER SANDAL WITH P.U. SOLE

• Introduction
• Processes of  Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity (Per Annum)
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Materials
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

LEATHR  TRAVELLING BAG

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity (Per Annum)
• Motive Power
• Machinery and Equipments
• Tools and Equipments and Other Fixed Assets
• Raw Material Including Packaging Materials
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

LEATHER WAIST BELT

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity
• Motive Power
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Materials (Per Month)
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

MANUFACTURING OF BATTING GLOVES

• Introduction
• processes of Manufacture
• Production Capacity
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Material(Per Pair)
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

 

SHOWER PROOF GARMENT LEATHER 

 

• Introduction
• Processes of Manufacture
• Flat Liquoring and Dyeing
• Quality Control and Standards
• Production Capacity
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Plant and Machinery
• Raw Materials
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

SUEDE LEATHER

• Introduction
• Process of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Cost Estimation
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

UPHOLSTERY LEATHER

• Introduction
• Process of Manufacture
• Quality Control and Standards
• Cost Economics
• Production Capacity
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Materials
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital/Month
• Total Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

CRICKET BALL (LEATHER)

• Introduction
• Manufacturing Process
• Quality Specification
• Production Capacity (p.a.)
• Pollution Control
• Energy Conservation
• Fixed Capital
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Materials (Per Month)
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital (Per Month)
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

FOOTBALL (LEATHER) 

• Introduction
• Processes Outline
• Quality Specification
• Production  Capacity
• Motive  Power
• Requirement
• Machinery and Equipments
• Machinery Utilisation
• Raw Materials
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital/Month
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

SCHOOL BAGS

• Introduction
• Process outline
• Cost Estimation
• Production Capacity (p.a.)
• Financial Aspects
• Machinery Utilisation
• Machinery and Equipments
• Raw Materials
• Fixed Capital
• Working Capital/Month
• Capital Investment
• Turnover/Annum

INDIAN AND OVERSEAS TRADE DIRECTORY OF LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS, CHEMICALS AND MACHINERIES