LIQUID BROMINE

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It is a deep red fuming liquid, member of the halogen elements as Group VII of the periodic table that is liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure. A rare element bromine is found in, nature dispersed throughout the earth crust only in compounds such as soluble and insoluble bromides. The chief commercial source of bromine is ocean water from which the element is extracted by means of chemical replacement (oxidation) by more active chlorine. Bromine has traditionally been manufactured as a byproduct from saline mother liquors (bitterns) left after the crystallization of the main salt products.

The properties of bromine are significantly different from those of fluorine and chlorine. Discovered in the early 19th century, in the form of its salts (bromides) in the bitterns remaining after evaporating sea water and extracting the sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a byproduct in the production of potassium salts and from other deposits and salt lakes.

Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor use. Bromine first because of industrial importance with the development of modern photographic process, in which the light sensitive material is an emulsion of minute particles of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or both) in gelatin.

For a time, the expanding world automobile industry. Threatened a scarcity of bromine, obtained from brines, which contained about 0.5% bromine. To meet the demand, it was necessary to turn to sea water which contains about 70 ppm bromine.

The chief sources of bromine are sea water, brines and betters and the natural deposits of potassium salts. In these, it is present in very small quantities in the combined state. Sea-water contains, 66 parts per million (0.0066%) of bromine and in 1933, the DOW Chemical Co., (U.S.A.) developed a process for its recovery. Large quantities of bromine are now being produced both from the sea and from the salt & lakes. The U.S.A. is now the world largest producer and used the entire output for the manufacture of ethylene bromine.

The other prominent bromine producing countries are Germany and France.

Bromine, a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid with an interesting irritating odour, is the only non-metallic element that is a liquid at normal temperature. It is a diatomic molecule with the chemical formula Br2

The bromine available for extraction occurs as bromide in the ocean, in salt lakes and in brine or saline deposits left by evaporation of such waters by solar heat. Sea bitterns, the left over concentrated solution after the crystallizing out of salt from the sea water, are very rich in bromine and offer a good raw material for the manufacture of bromine. Bromine is extracted from seawater.

Two processes are generally adopted for the recovery of Bromine from Sea/ Salt Bittern as mentioned below:

Steaming Out Process (Hot Process)

The process is also known as Hot Process because chlorination of bittern is done with simultaneous steam blowing by means of live steam to heat the bittern to near its boiling point to set free the finished product Bromine.

Air Blowing Process (Cold Process)

This process is known as Cold Process because the finished product Bromine is set free from bittern by chlorination and air blowing under cold conditions.

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Description

INTRODUCTION
STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
USES, SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE
USE OF BROMINE
SOURCES OF BROMINE
SAFETY FIRST
PROPERTIES
USES & APPLICATION
SOURCES OF BROMINE
SOURCES OF BROMINE
NATURAL SOURCES FOR BROMINE ARE CHLORIDE SOURCES SUCH AS:
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES FOR BROMINE RECOVERY ARE:
INDIAN MARKET OF BROMINE
MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
MAJOR BROMINE MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES
RAW MATERIAL SECTION
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING:-
SPECIFICATION OF LIQUID BROMINE
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
SCOPE:-
REQUIREMENTS:-
TABLE – 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
PACKING & MARKETING:-
PACKING:-
MARKING:-
SAMPLING:-
ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
DETERMINATION OF BROMINE:-
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE:-
DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER:-
PROCEDURE:-
TEST FOR IODINE:-
ZINC DUST:-
TEST FOR SULPHATES:-
SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
LOCATION OF THE PLANT
HEALTH & SAFETY FACTORS
STEPS IN LIQUID BROMINE MANUFACTURE FROM SALT BITTERNS
PROCESSES OF LIQUID BROMINE FROM SALT BITTERNS
COLD PROCESS
(AIR BLOWING PROCESS)
HOT PROCESS (STEAM FEED PROCESS)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID BROMINE FROM SALT BITTERNS
PROCESSING DETAILS OF BROMINE MANUFACTURE
BROMINE GENERATION
BROMINE SEPARATION
PURIFICATION AND DRYING
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF BROMINE FROM BRINE
BROMINE RECOVERY PLANT
BROMINE CAN BE RECOVERED FROM TWO SOURCES
A) STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
B) AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
BROMINE PROCESSES
PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
PROCESSING DETAILS OF BROMINE RECOVERY
DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION
THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
EXPLAIN.
RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER
SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER
1. CONDENSATION
2. SEPARATION
3. PURIFICATION
TECNICALITIES IN LIQUID BROMINE
PROCESS
THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
STEAMING OUT PROCESS:-
DOW PROCESS:-
SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
EFFICIENT RECOVERY OF BROMINE FROM SEA BITTERN
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR LIQUID BROMINE
CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
POTENTIAL ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS:
POTENTIAL CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS:
FIRST AID MEASURES
EYE CONTACT:
SKIN CONTACT:
SERIOUS SKIN CONTACT:
INHALATION:
SERIOUS INHALATION:
INGESTION:
FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
LARGE SPILL:
HANDLING AND STORAGE
PRECAUTIONS:
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
SOLUBILITY:
SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
CONSULTANT FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

Additional information

Plant Capacity

3.34 MT/Day
Land & Building

(6000 sq.mt.)
Plant & Machinery

US$ 1011428
Rate of Return

38%
Break Even Point

49%

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