LIQUID SULPHUR BLACK DYE

      Sulfur dyes are most commonly used dyes manufactured for cotton in terms of volume. They are cheap, generally have good wash-fastness, and are easy to apply. Sulfur dyes are predominantly black, brown, and dark blue. Red sulfur dyes are unknown, although a pink or lighter scarlet color is available.

The most important member of the class is Sulfur Black 1. It is produced by the reaction of 2, 4-dinitrophenol and sodium sulfide in hot water. Like many sulfur dyes, details on the chemical reactions are poorly understood. It is accepted that the sulfide reduces the nitro groups to aniline derivatives, which are thought to form indophenol-containing intermediates that are further crosslinked by reaction with sulfur. The result are insoluble, high molecular weight species. Sulfur Black 1 is imperfectly understood, and the material is probably heterogeneous. It is speculated to be a polymer consisting of thianthrene and phenothiazine subunits.

Sulfur dyes are water-insoluble. In the presence of a reducing agent and at alkali pH’s at elevated temperature of around 80°C, the dye particles disintegrate, which then becomes water-soluble and hence can be absorbed by the fabric. Sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide are suitable reducing agents. Common salt facilitates the absorption. After the fabric is removed from the dye solution, it is allowed to stand in air whereupon the dye is regenerated by oxidation. The regenerated parent dye is insoluble in water. Oxidation can also be effected in air or by hydrogen peroxide or sodium bromate in a mildly acidic solution.

The low water solubility is the basis of the good wash-fastness of these dyed fabrics. These dyes have good all round fastness except to chlorine bleaches. Because the dye is water-insoluble, it will not bleed when washed in water and will not stain other clothes. The dye, however, may have poor fastness to rubbing. The dyes are bleached by hypochlorite bleach.

INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SULFUR DYES
USES AND APPLICATION OF LIQUID SULPHUR BLACK DYE
APPLICATION OF SULPHUR DYE
SPECIFICATION OF LIQUID SULPHUR BLACK DYE
CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF LIQUID SULPHUR BLACK DYE
CONSTITUTION
MECHANISM OF DYE APPLICATION
MARKET SURVEY
PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR BLACK DYE
IMPORT OF SULPHUR BLACK DYE
EXPORT OF SULPHUR BLACK DYE
INSTALLED CAPACITY, PRODUCTION AND CAPACITY UTILIZATION
OF SULPHUR BLACK DYE
APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF SULPHUR BLACK DYE
ESTIMATED DEMAND
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF LIQUID SULPHUR BLACK DYE
SULPHUR BLACK
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID SULFUR BLACK DYE
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
RAW MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS
SOLUBILISED SULFUR BLACK DYE
HEALTH & SAFETY ASPECTS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
SULPHUR DYE EFFIUENT
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET