PARA NITRO ANILINE

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4-Nitroaniline, p-nitroaniline or 1-amino-4-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6N2O2. It is an organic chemical compound, consisting of a benzene ring in which an amino group is para to a nitro group. This chemical is commonly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, gum inhibitors, poultry medicines, and as a corrosion inhibitor.

It is produced industrially via the amination of 4-nitrochlorobenzene:

ClC6H4NO2 + 2 NH3 → H2NC6H4NO2 + NH4Cl

Below is a laboratory synthesis of 4-nitroaniline from aniline. The key step in this reaction sequence is an electrophilic aromatic substitution to install the nitro group para to the amino group. The amino group can be easily protonated and become a meta director. Therefore, a protection of the acetyl group is required. After this reaction, a separation must be performed to remove 2-nitroaniline, which is also formed in a small amount during the reaction.

Nitroanilines are important chemical intermediates in the manufacture of dyes. In this series of experiments, you will synthesise p-nitroaniline (Figure 1) via a multi-step sequence. This particular compound is used in the synthesis of the azo dye Para Red. The synthetic sequence to prepare p-nitroaniline from acetophenone involves the transformation of one functional group on a monosubstituted benzene into another through chemical reactions, then performing an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction to obtain the target compound. The various compounds prepared will be characterised by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

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Description

INTRODUCTION
FIGURE: P-NITROANILINE
SYNTHESIS OF ACETOPHENONE OXIME
SAFETY
PROCEDURE
SCHEME 1: SYNTHESIS OF ACETOPHENONE OXIME
SYNTHESIS OF ACETANILIDE: THE BECKMANN REARRANGEMENT
SAFETY
PROCEDURE
SCHEME 2: SYNTHESIS OF ACETANILIDE
NITRATION OF ACETANILIDE
SAFETY
PROCEDURE
SCHEME 3: SYNTHESIS OF P-NITROACETANILIDE
SYNTHESIS OF P-NITROANILINE
SAFETY
PROCEDURE
SCHEME 4: SYNTHESIS OF P-NITROACETANILIDE
USES AND APPLICATION OF PARA NITROANILINE
LABORATORY USE
TOXICITY
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTIES OF P-NIRTO ANILINE
P-NITROANILINE
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
OVERVIEW OF DYESTUFF INDUSTRY AND DYES INTERMEDIATE
DYES INTERMEDIATES INDUSTRY:
DI MARKET IN INDIA (USD BN)
% OF GLOBAL DI VOLUME
% OF TOTAL DI VOLUME
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF P-NITROANILINE
REACTION
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MARKET OVERVIEW OF P-NITRO ANILINE
PROCESS OF PARA/ORTHO NITRO ANILINE
REACTION
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
HAZARDOUS FACT SHEET FOR P-NITRONLINE
HAZARD SUMMARY
IDENTIFICATION
REASON FOR CITATION
WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARD
OTHER LONG-TERM EFFECTS
WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
CLOTHING
EYE PROTECTION
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
IMPROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IS DANGEROUS.
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE
SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
6. TRANSPORTATION:
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:
4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
7. TOTAL LOAD:
8. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

Additional information

Plant Capacity

7 MT/Day
Land & Building

(2000 sq.mt.)
Plant & Machinery

US$ 124285
Rate of Return

15%
Break Even Point

74%

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