Description
DESCRIPTION OF PLANT AND FLOWER PARTS
- Cytology
- Ploidy
- Breeding
- Introduction and Germplasm Collection
- Selection
- Clonal selection
- Method of Clonal Selection
- Merits of clonal selection
- Demerits of clonal selection
- Demerits of clonal selection
- Hybridization
- Size of Breeding Population
- Heterosis in Potato
- Mutation
- Plant Ideotype
NUTRITIVE VALUE
- Energy Value
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Fat
- Dietary Fibre
- Vitamins
- Minerals
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- Germination/Sprouting of Tubers
- Root, Haulms and Sprout Growth
- Dry Matter Production
- Dry Matter Partitioning
- Tuber Initiation and Growth
- Growth Parameters
- Bud Dormancy of Potato Tubers
- Compounds Bud Dormancy
- hloroethanol (CICH2CH2OH)
- Thiourea (NH2CSNH2)
- Gibberellings
- Breaking of Dormancy Through Gene Activation
- Factors Affecting Growth and Development
- Environmental Factors
- Light
- Temperature
- Heat Stress
- Frost
- Mechanism of Freezing
- Cold Stress
- Frost Tolerance
- CO2 supply
- Water Availability
- Water Stress
- Soil
- Nutrient Availability
- Role of Growth Regulators
- Effect of Promoters
- Gibberellins
- Kinins
- Effect of the Inhibitors
- Cycocel(CCC) and B-Nine(B9)
- Abscisic Acid
- Morphactins
AGRO TECHNIQUES
- Climate
- Temperature
- Light
- CO2
- Soil and Soil Preparation
- Planting
- Planting time
- Early Crop
- Spring Crop
- Planting Time for Hill Crop
- Planting Time for Plateau Region Kharif crop
- Rabi crop
- Planting time
- Methods of Planting
- Planting Vis-A-Vis Row Orientation
- Depth of Planting
- Planting Spacing in Relation to seed Size
- Seed Rate
- Whole Tuber
- Cut Potato Tubers
- Seed Dormancy
- Methods of breaking dormancy
- Single Treatment with Thiourea
- Double Treatment
- Triple treatment
- Treatment of Non-dormant Potato seed
- Interculture Operations
- Harvesting and Yield
- Potato Cultivation Under Specific Situations
- Cropping System
MANAGEMENT OF NUTRIENTS
- Nitrogen
- Agro Climatic Zone Wise Recommendation of Nitrogen
- Factors Affecting Nitrogen Response of Potato
- Methods of Application
- Foliar application of Urea
- Phosphorus
- Soaking of seed tubers
- Phosphorus Needs of Potato Crop (Zone Wise)
- Potash
- Potassium needs of Potato Crop (Zone Wise) Response of NPK
- Method and Time of Fertilizer Application
- Organic Manuring
- Micro Nutrients
- Diagnosis of Micro Nutrient Deficiencies of Soils and Plants
- Deficiency Symptoms of Micro Nutrient
- Plant Analysis
- Soil Analysis
- Factors Affecting Response of Potato to Micro Nutrients
- Application of Micro nutrients
MANAGEMENT OF WATER
WEED MANAGEMENT
- Methods of Weed Management
- Non Chemical Methods
- Chemical Methods
- Efficient use of herbicides
- Calibration
- Calculation of herbicides for application
- Integrated Weed Management
- Effect of Herbicides on Quality of Potato
SEED PRODUCTION
- Seed Potatoes
- Seed Plot Technique
- Planting
- Impact of the technique
- True Potato Seed (Botanical seed)
- Production of hybrid TPS
- Hybridization
- Seed extraction and storage
- Crop production through TPS
- Nursery
- Channel
- Development of Virus free seed of Potato and Testing for Viruses
- Maintenance of virus tested foundations
- Potato Biotechnology
- Elimination of pathogen through meristerm culture
- Potato meristem culture
- Establishment of in vitro cultures
- Steps involved in potato meristem culture
- Meristem Tip culture
- Micro propagation of mericlones
- Micro tubuer production
- Production of micro tubers
- Production of normal tubers
- Synthetic (artificial) seed
- Seed Certification
- The aspects taken into consideration for inspecting the crop they are
HANDLING OF POST HARVEST POTATO
- Significance
- Post Harvest Losses
- Enhancement of Shelf Life of Potato Tuber
- Avoid Mechanical Tuber Damage Including Internal Bruising
- Sorting and Grading of Tubers
- Wound Healing and Curing
- Dormancy
- Storage Temperature
- Treatment of Tubers Against Diseases and Insect
- Use of Growth Regulators Against Sprouting
- Regulation of Sprouting in Stored Potato
- Pre Harvest Application for Sprout Suppression
- Post Harvest Application for Sprout Suppressions
- Mode of Application
- Storage
- Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Storage of Potato
- Other Storage Methods of Potato
- Improvised Country Storage
- Viability of Stored Potato Seed
- Gamma Irradiation
- Change in Composition During Storage
- Percentage Dry Matter
- Carbohydrates
- Phenolic Compounds
- Glycoalkaloids
- Vitamins
- Processing
- Morphological characters
- Chemical composition
- Dry matter
- Reducing sugar content
- Varieties for processing
- Practical Aspect of Potato Processing
- Popular Potato Products
- Potato Flakes and Granules
- Potato Dice
- Potato Chips
- French Fries
- Canned Potatoes
PROSPECTS FOR POTATO EXPORTS
- Scenario of potato exports from India
- Future prospects for potato exports from India
- SWOT analysis for potato exports
QUALITY PARAMETERS THAT INFLUENCE EXPORT QUALITY OF POTATOES
- Potato varieties
- Tuber shape
- Tuber size
- Tuber skin colour
- Chemical composition
- Diseases
- Pest
- Physiological disorders
- Storability of potatoes
- Recommended Pre-Harvest
- Practices for Potatoes
- Soil characteristics and soil management
AREAS SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING SEED POTATOES
AREAS SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING PROCESSING POTATOES
GRADING OF POTATOES
PACKING OF POTATOES
POTATO STORAGE
- Refrigerated storage of potatoes
- Storage of potatoes at 10-12 DoC
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
- For ware potatoes
- For processing potatoes
- Morphological characters
- Dry matter content
- Reducing sugars content
POTATO PROCESSING
- Important considerations in Potato Processing
- (A) Specific gravity and dry matter content
- (B) Sugar content
- (C) Discolouration
- (i) Enzymatic discolouration
- (ii) After cooking discolouration
- (ACD)
- (iii) Discolouration of fried products and dehydrated potatoes
- (D) Peeling Potatoes for Processing
- (1) Potato chips/wafers
- (i) Slicing
- (ii) Drying
- (iii) Frying
- (iv) Salting and addition of flavouring materials
- (v) Packaging and storage
- (2) French Fries (Frozen Potato Chips)
- (3) Potato Drying/Dehydration
- (i) Sun Drying
- (ii) Solar Drying
- Solar dehydration of partially cooked potatoes
- (iii) Dehydrated Diced Potatoes
- -Flow Sheet for Processing of Dehydrated Diced Potatoes
- (4) Potato Flour
- (5) Canned Potatoes
- Flow Sheet for Processing of Canned Potatoes
DEHYDRATION OF VEGETABLES
- Dehydration of Various Vegetables
- Asparagus
- Beans, Baked
- Beans, Greek
- Beans, Lima
- Beets
- Broccoli
- Brussels Sprouts
- Cabbage
- Carrots
- Cauliflower
- Celery
- Corn, Sweet
- Garlic
- Greens
- Mushrooms
- Onions
- Peas
- Peppers and Pimientos
- Potatoes (Lrish or White)
- Potato Granules
- Potato Flakes
- White Potato Flour
- Sauerkraut
- Sweet Potatoes
- Tomatoes
POTATO BASED TEXTURED SNACKS
- Raw Materials
- Potato Flakes
- Methods of Manufacture
- Forming and Frying of Wet Dough
- High shear Dry Extrusion
- Low shear Pellet Extrusion
- Potato Chip Manufacture
- Similar Products Using a Basis Other Than Potatoes
POTATO CHIPS/WAFFERS
- Steps in the Process of Manufacture Employed as Follows
- Process of Manufacture
- Details of Machinery
- Operation
- Plant Economics
- Land & Building
- Plant & Machinery
- Fixed Capital
- Raw Materials
- Total Working Capital/Month
- Total Capital Investment
- Turn Over/Annum
POTATO CHIPS (AUTOMATIC PLANT) WITH IMPORTED MACHINERY
- Packaging Requirements for Fried Potato Chips
- Physico chemical Changes during storage
- Transparent and Opaque Package
- Packaging Materials
- Packaging and Storage studies
- Manufacturing Process
- Treating with chemicals
- Chip Frying
- Batch Frying method
- Method of Batch processing
- Packaging
- Woring of Imported continuous Potato Producing Unit
- Imported Plant & Machinery
- Optional Equipment Available
- Packaging Section
- Investment
- Potato Chips (Imported Plant)
PACKAGING OF SNACK FOODS
- Introduction
- The Product Group
- Packaging Materials for Snack Foods
- Packaging Systems
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Sample Chapter
The potato is one of the most important food crops both in developed as well as in developing countries. Due to its diversified uses in developed countries as food, feed raw material for producing starch. The potato was generally regarded to be a crop suited for western world.
Developing countries today produce 37% of world’s total output of potatoes. This spectacular growth of potato in developing countries, affirms its increasing importance as a source of food for the ever growing populations, rural employment, and income. In order of importance for food production in comparison to 20 other major food crops on fresh weight basis, potato ranks 6th in the developing countries, 4th in developed countries, 4th in the world and 3rd in India.
Most European varieties, introduced earlier in India performed poorly because conditions in India are entirely different than those prevalent in temperate countries. A need was therefore, felt that potato cultivation in India can not depend on exotic varieties and technologies and the country must have its own research and development programme for potato. As a result of organized potato research on developing indigenous varieties and agro-techniques, the increase in area, production and yield of potato during last 50 years has been almost phenomenal. This also resulted in development of 35 improved varieties that could give economical yield under different agro-climatic regions of the country and also fit well in intensive cropping systems.
“Seed Plot Technique” which made it possible to raise, evaluate and multiply breeding material in the North Western plains during low aphid periods was a major achievement. Tissue culture to conserve potato biodiversity, eliminate viruses by meristem culture, and micro-propagation of disease free potato seed, are being used extensively. Development of late blight forecasting system authorized plant pathologists to issue warning about appearance of late blight, 7 to 10 days in advance so that remedial measures can be taken to protect potato crop from this dreaded disease.
The above indigenous technological advances made it possible to extend potato cultivation in almost all parts of the country except warm plains of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. However, hybrids are 2 Potato and Potato Processing Technology Introduction 3 now available that can withstand the high temperatures in such areas and still give reasonably high yields and await release as soon as suitable agro-techniques will be standardized.
Potato is a nourishing and wholesome food. It’s low energy density is advantageous when eaten without much added fat. Potato protein is superior to that of cereals and rich in essential amino acid ‘lysine’. To a large portion of our population to whom citrus fruits are out of reach, potato remains a cheap and rich source of vitamin C. There is a misconception that potato causes obesity. In fact, being a low energy and low fat food it simply can not cause fattening. Because of its good
qualities like easy digestibility and the ability to blend well with almost all foods of plant and animal origin. Potato is readily accepted as a majorpart of a meal, and meal without potato is considered incomplete.
The conditions under which potatoes are grown in India are very different from those in Europe and North America. In the Western countries potato is grown in the summer (under long days) mostly as a rain-fed crop. It is a long duration crop of 120—180 days. Harvesting is followed by the cool season during which it is easy to store potatoes. In India, it
is mostly grown as a winter crop (under short days) under irrigated condition, in the plains. The short days suppress growth of the tops and hasten tuberization while rapidly rising temperatures hasten senescence.
It is a short duration crop of 70—100 days. The plants receive much less sunshine and are often exposed to water stress despite irrigation, because of the high evaporative demand of the dry season. After harvest, the temperatures rise rapidly making post harvest handling and storage very difficult. As such, the varieties and production technology developed for
long day rainfed conditions were inherently unsuitable for India.
The disease and pest spectrum is also very different. Thus, there was a need for extensive research on all aspects of the crops. The Indian scientists took up this challenge successfully and their hard work resulted in a revolution in potato production which is much more remarkable than that of any of the green revolution.
Potato is a staple food in European countries and North America, a vegetable in the developing countries and a delicacy in some other countries. As per estimate, an adult’s (male) total daily energy requirement of 2550 calories could be met by consuming about 3.3 kg of boiled potatoes. Potato has very high biological value next to egg and higher than soybean, maize, wheat flour, peas and beans.
There are some quality preferences of consumers for example, white skinned potatoes are preferred in India. The potato grown in the hills (pahari aaloo) fetches premium price in the market. Recently demand for fast foods have given a big boost to potato processing both in the developing countries and developed countries. It increased from 2% in 1961-63 to 6% in 1991-92 and 4% to 14% in developed countries in the corresponding years. The demand for starch in India is expected to increase from the current level of 25,000 t to around 1,00,000 t because of increased demand for paper and corrugated board.
Even though potato is a bulky and semi perishable commodity, international trade in potatoes takes place at a significant scale. The imports and exports of table and seed potatoes were about 1.2 per cent of total world output in 1950 but the volume of trade had increased by more than 100 per cent in 1997. The bulk of potato exports originate from developed countries which account for 80 per cent of global shipments.
During 1996, a total of 7265 thousand tonnes (2.4% of world output) was exported. The percentage shares of top ten countries in world exports were Netherlands 18.6, Germany 13.4, Belgium, France 9.6, Canada 7.7, Egypt 5.7, Italy 4.2, USA 3.9, Turkey 3.3 and Cyprus 2.5 as per FAO estimate. The imports also followed a some what similar trend. The Netherlands dominates the world seed potato exports viz. in 1998, she exported over 226 thousand tonnes of seed potatoes to 33 European, 16 African, 17 Asian and 12 American countries.
The potato crop has made successful strides over the last fifty years and improvement has taken place on account of improved varieties, having sound seed production systems, resource use efficiency, better input supply and utilization despite the fact that the role and potential of potatoes has not been fully appreciated so far as feeding the teeming millions is concerned. An estimate suggests that the world population would be close to 10 billion by 2050 and 95 per cent of the incremental population growth would take place in the developing world. Consequently the human
pressure on land would increase tremendously in the time to come. In order to avert malnutrition and hunger it is imperative to exploit our land resources in such a sustainable way that the increase in food stock not only keeps pace with the population growth but is rather on the higher side. The potato crop can alleviate the situation substantially in this regard.
