SALT AND LIQUID BROMINE

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Salt was the name originally given to the residue left by evaporation of sea water. Afterwards the name was employed to include all substances held in solution in sea water. Chemists ultimately extended the name to cover all combinations of an acid and a base. Sodium chloride (Nacl) now called common salt, is an example of the simplest type of chemical salt.

Sodium chloride, common salt, is essential to human life. Our bodies contain up to 450 grams of salt and we need to take in a few grams each week to stay healthy. The value of salt can be seen in the way Roman soldiers used to be paid in salt, leading to the phrase “worth his salt” and our word “salary”. The growth of industry has increased the demand for salt, both for direct use and as a raw material for producing other chemicals.

Throughout the world the main sources of salt are sea water, lake water and rock salt deposits. Salt is recovered from the sea and lakes by evaporation. Rock salt may be mined like coal, or recovered by drilling wells into the salt bed, forcing down pure water and pumping up the saturated brine which forms.

It is a deep red fuming liquid, member of the halogen elements as Group VII of the periodic table that is liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure. Rare element bromine is found in, nature dispersed throughout the earth crust only in compounds such as soluble and insoluble bromides. The chief commercial source of bromine is ocean water from which the element is extracted by means of chemical replacement (oxidation) by more active chlorine. Bromine has traditionally been manufactured as a byproduct from saline mother liquors (bitterns) left after the crystallization of the main salt products.

The properties of bromine are significantly different from those of fluorine and chlorine. Discovered in the early 19th century, in the form of its salts (bromides) in the bitterns remaining after evaporating sea water and extracting the sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a byproduct in the production of potassium salts and from other deposits and salt lakes.

Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor use. Bromine first because of industrial importance with the development of modern photographic process, in which the light sensitive material is an emulsion of minute particles of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or both) in gelatin.

For a time, the expanding world automobile industry. Threatened a scarcity of bromine, obtained from brines, which contained about 0.5% bromine. To meet the demand, it was necessary to turn to sea water which contains about 70 ppm bromine.

The chief sources of bromine are sea water, brines and betters and the natural deposits of potassium salts. In these, it is present in very small quantities in the combined state. Sea-water contains, 66 parts per million (0.0066 %) of bromine and in 1933, the DOW Chemical Co., (U.S.A.) developed a process for its recovery. Large quantities of bromine are now being produced both from the sea and from the salt & lakes. The U.S.A. is now the world largest producer and used the entire output for the manufacture of ethylene bromine.

The other prominent bromine producing countries are Germany and France.

Bromine, a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid with an interesting irritating odour, is the only non-metallic element that is a liquid at normal temperature. It is a diatomic molecule with the chemical formula Br2

The bromine available for extraction occurs as bromide in the ocean, in salt lakes and in brine or saline deposits left by evaporation of such waters by solar heat. Sea bitterns, the left over concentrated solution after the crystallizing out of salt from the sea water, are very rich in bromine and offer a good raw material for the manufacture of bromine. Bromine is extracted from seawater.

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Description

INTRODUCTION
SOURCE AND SAFETY OF BROMINE
SAFETY FIRST
MARKET OVERVIEW OF SALT
PRODUCTION OF SALT IN PAST FEW YEARS
GROWTH OF CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY OF INDIA
DEMAND, HOWEVER, EXPECTED TO SEE MORE ROBUST GROWTH
EXPORT OF SALT FROM INDIA
INDIA’S SALT EXPORT (IN TONES)
EXPORT OF SALT FROM GUJARAT
EXPORT OF SALT FROM GUJARAT
PROPERTIES OF SALT
SALT IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND WITH THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES:
POTASSIUM IODIDE
PROPERTIES OF BROMINE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SALT FROM SEAWATER
DETAILS OF SALT PURIFICATION PROCESS
TABLE.1 – CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME IONS FOUND IN SEAWATER
THE PRODUCTION OF SOLAR SALT
THE PRODUCTION OF VACUUM SALT
FURTHER PROCESSING
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR SALT RECOVERY FROM SEA WATER
PRODUCTION METHODS OF SALT
SOLAR EVAPORATION METHOD
VACUUM PAN SALT PRODUCTION
SALT PRODUCTION FROM BRINE
SALT PRODUCTION BY SOLAR EVAPORATION OF SEA WATER
BRINE EVAPORATORS AND SALT PRODUCTION
EVAPORATED SALT PRODUCTION
CRYSTALLISING EVAPORATORS
VACUUM DRIERS
1. DRUM DRIER
2. VACUUM ROTARY DRIER
USES AND APPLICATION OF BROMINE
MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
MAJOR BROMINE MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES
INCREASING DEMAND FOR FLAME RETARDANTS
MAJOR PLAYERS
RAW MATERIAL SECTION
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
SCOPE
REQUIREMENTS
TABLE – 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
PACKING & MARKETING
PACKING
MARKING
SAMPLING
ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
CALCULATION:
WHERE,
DETERMINATION OF BROMINE
PROCEDURE
WHERE:
WHERE
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE
PROCEDURE
CALCULATION
WHERE,
DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER
PROCEDURE
CALCULATION
WHERE,
TEST FOR IODINE
ZINC DUST
TEST FOR SULPHATES
PROCEDURE
SAMPLING OF BROMINE TECHNICAL
NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
PROCESS OF BROMINE MANUFACTURE
A) STEAMING OUT PROCESS (HOT PROCESS)
B) AIR BLOWING PROCESS (COLD PROCESS)
PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
BLOCK SCHEME A – BROMINE PRODUCTION
DEBROMINATION
BLOCK SCHEME B – DEBROMINATION
EXTRACTION OF BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
OXIDATION OF BROMIDE TO BROMINE
REMOVAL OF BROMINE WATER
REDUCTION OF BROMINE TO HYDROBROMIC ACID
OXIDATION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID TO BROMINE
PRE TREATMENT FOR EXTRACTION BROMINE
FIGURE: ACID PROCESS BROMINE PROCESS
ETP PROCESS
STAGES IN BROMINE MANUFACTURE
OXIDATION OF BROMIDE IONS TO FORM BROMINE
BROMINE VAPOUR REMOVAL
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE
OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE TO BROMINE
HOW A HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL LIKE BROMINE IS HANDLED
DETAILS OF LIQUID BROMINE MANUFACTURE
PROCESS
THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
STEAMING OUT PROCESS
DOW PROCESS
SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
DETAILS OF EXTRACTION BROMINE FROM SEA WATER
FROM SEA WATER
RAW MATERIAL
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR MANUFACTURING PROCESS
REACTION
PROCESS DIVIDES IN THREE STEPS
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS & THEIR CONTROL
ADDRESSES OF RAW MATERIALS SUPPLIERS
ADDRESSES OF PLANT & MACHINERY SUPPLIERS
MACHINERY SUPPLIERS OF SALT FARMING
SUPPLIERS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
SUPPLIERS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

Additional information

Plant Capacity

11.67 MT/Day
Land & Building

(20 Acres)
Plant & Machinery

US$ 1171428
Rate of Return

33%
Break Even Point

47%

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