Description
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF UREA
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF UREA
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF UREA
SPECIFIC HEAT OF UREA
USES AND APPLICATIONS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
MARKET OVERVIEW OF FERTILIZER
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/EXPORTERS OF UREA FERTILIZERS
PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF UREA
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR MANUFACTURE OF UREA FROM
AMMONIA AND CARBON DIOXIDE
TECHNOLOGY OF UREA PRODUCTION
PROCESS IN GENERAL
THE VARIABLES THAT AFFECT THE AUTOCLAVE REACTIONS ARE:
1) TEMPERATURE:
2) PRESSURE:
3) CONCENTRATION:
4) RESIDENCE TIME:
5) BIURET FORMATION:
MAJOR ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
1) CARBAMATE DECOMPOSITION AND RECYCLE:
2) PRODUCTION OF GRANULAR UREA:
3) HEAT DISSIPATION IN THE AUTOCLAVE:
4) CORROSION:
SNAMPROGETTI AMMONIA STRIPPING PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
UREA SYNTHESIS
AMMONIA AND UREA PRODUCTION
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
UREA SYNTHESIS
THE AMMONIA MANUFACTURING PROCESS
STEP 1 – HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
THIS GASEOUS MIXTURE IS KNOWN AS SYNTHESIS GAS.
STEP 2 – NITROGEN ADDITION
STEP 3 – REMOVAL OF CARBON MONOXIDE
STEP 4 – WATER REMOVAL
STEP 5 – REMOVAL OF CARBON OXIDES
STEP 6 – SYNTHESIS OF AMMONIA
COMPOSITION OF THE GAS STREAM AFTER EACH PROCESS STEP†
AMMONIA SPECIFICATIONS
THE UREA MANUFACTURING PROCESS
STEP 1 – SYNTHESIS
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF UREA SYNTHESIS
STEP 2 – PURIFICATION
STEP 3 – CONCENTRATION
STEP 4 – GRANULATION
DETAILS OF UREA PRODUCTION
DIOXIDE CARBAMATE
FIGURE – BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TOTAL RECYCLE CO2 STRIPPING
UREA PROCESS
FIGURE- BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TOTAL RECYCLE NH3 STRIPPING PROCESS
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF AMMONIA
AMMONIA PRODUCTION PROCESS
CONVENTIONAL STEAM REFORMING:
OVERALL CONVERSION
FIGURE: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STEAM/AIR REFORMING PROCESS.
FEEDSTOCK DESULPHURIZATION
PRIMARY REFORMING
SECONDARY REFORMING:
SHIFT CONVERSION:
CO2 REMOVAL
METHANATION
HEAT EXCHANGE AUTO THERMAL REFORMING:
PARTIAL OXIDATION OF HEAVY OILS
THE PROCESS BLOCK DIAGRAM IS AS UNDER.
FIGURE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESS
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF AMMONIA GAS
SUPPLIERS OF CARBONDIOXIDE
SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY CHEMICALS
COMPLETE PLANT AND TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
SUPPLIERS OF BOILER
SUPPLIERS OF GRANULATION PLANTS
SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIERS OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
SUPPLIERS OF AGITATORS
SUPPLIERS OF CONVEYORS
SUPPLIERS OF BAG STITCHING MACHINE
APPENDIX – A:
1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET
