Project report on essential oils - Technology Book - Feasibility Report - Market Survey - Industrial Report

MANUFACTURING AND PACKAGING OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND OLEORESINS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF SPICES, MEDICINES, AROMATICS ITEMS

EIRI Team — Sat, 16 Nov 2019 06:27:50 +0000

Essential oils extracted from a wide variety of plants and herbs have been traditionally employed in the manufacture of foodstuffs, cosmetics, cleaning products, fragrances, herbicides and insecticides. Further, several of these plants have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times as digestives, diuretics, expectorants, sedatives, etc., and are actually available in the market as infusions, tablets and/or extracts. Essential oils are also popular nowadays due to aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine that claims that essential oils and other aromatic compounds have curative effects. Moreover, in the last decades, scientific studies have related many biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, stimulators of central nervous system, etc.) of several plants and herbs, to some of the compounds present in the essential oil of the vegetal cells. For example, valerenic acid, a sesquiterpenoid compound, and its derivatives (acetoxyvalerenic acid, hydroxyvalerenic acid, valeranone, valerenal) of valerian extract are recognized as relaxant and sedative; lavender extract is used as antiseptic and anti-inflammatory for skin care; menthol is derived from mint and is used in inhalers, pills or ointments to treat nasal congestion; thymol, the major component of thyme essential oil is known for its antimicrobial activity; limonene and eucalyptol appear to be specifically involved in protecting the lung tissue. Therefore, essential oils have become a target for the recovery of natural bioactive substances. Essential oils are composed by lipophilic substances, containing the volatile aroma components of the vegetal matter, which are also involved in the defense mechanisms of the plants. The essential oil represent a small fraction of plant composition, and is comprised mainly by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and their oxygenated derivatives such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, phenols, ethers, esters, etc. The amount of a particular substance in the essential oil composition varies from really high proportions (e.g. around 80-90% w/w of d-limonene is present in orange essential oil) to traces. Nevertheless, components present in traces are also important, since all of them are responsible for the characteristic natural odor and flavor. Thus, it is important that the extraction procedure applied to recover essential oils from plant matrix can maintain the natural proportion of its original components. New effective technological approaches to extract and isolate these substances from raw materials are gaining much attention in the research and development field. Traditional approaches to recover essential oil from plant matrix include steam- and hydro-distillation and liquid-solvent extraction. One of the disadvantages of steam-distillation and hydro-distillation methods is related with the thermo ability of the essential oil constituents, which undergo chemical alteration due to the effect of the high temperatures applied (around the normal boiling temperature of water). Therefore, the quality of the essential oil extracted is extremely damaged. On the other side, the lipophilic character of essential oils requires solvents such as paraffinic fractions (pentane and hexane) to attain an adequate selectivity of the extraction. Further, liquid solvents should have low boiling points, in order to be easily separated from the extract and re-utilized. In this sense, the main drawback is the occurrence of organic toxic residues in the extracted product. Among innovative process technologies, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is indeed the most widely studied application. In practice, SFE is performed generally using carbon dioxide (CO2) for several practical reasons: CO2 has moderately low critical pressure (74 bar) and temperature (32oC), is non-toxic, non-flammable, available in high purity at relatively low cost, and is easily removed from the extract. Supercritical CO2 has a polarity similar to liquid pentane and thus, is suitable for extraction of lipophilic compounds. Thus, taking into account the lipophilic characteristic of plant essential oils, it is obvious that SFE using CO2 emerged as a suitable environmentally benign alternative to the manufacture of essential oil products. The commercial production of supercritical plant extracts has received increasing interest in recent decades and has brought a wide variety of products that are actually in the market. As mentioned before, supercritical plant extracts are being intensively investigated as potential sources of natural functional ingredients due to their favorable effects on diverse human diseases, with the consequent application in the production of novel functional foods, nutraceuticals and pharmacy products. The reader is referred to several recent works in which is reviewed the supercritical extraction and fractionation of different type of natural matter to produce bioactive substances. The general agreement is that supercritical extracts proved to be of superior quality, i.e. better functional activity, in comparison with extracts produced by hydro-distillation or using liquid solvents using supercritical CO2 (50ºC and 45 MPa) and ethanol Soxhlet extraction. Extraction yields were, respectively, 3.8 and 9.1%. Nevertheless, the supercritical extract comprised 21% of essential oil, while the alcoholic extract contained only 9% of the volatile oil substances. Furthermore, studies related with the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the extract revealed better activity for the supercritical product. Another example of improved biological activity exhibit by supercritical extracts was reported by Glisic et al. demonstrating that supercritical carrot essential oil was much more effective against Bacillus cereus than that obtained by hydro-distillation. Indeed, numerous variables have singular effect on the supercritical extraction and fractionation process. Extraction conditions, such as pressure and temperature, type and amount of cosolvent, extraction time, plant location and harvesting time, part of the plant employed, pre-treatment, greatly affect not only yield but also the composition of the extracted material. Knowledge of the solubility of essential oil compounds in supercritical CO2 is of course necessary, in order to establish favorable extraction conditions. In this respect, several studies have been reported. Nevertheless, when the initial solute concentration in the plant is low, as is the case of essential oils, mass transfer resistance can avoid that equilibrium conditions are attained. Therefore, pretreatment of the plant become crucial to break cells, enhancing solvent contact, and facilitating the extraction. In fact, moderate pressures (9-12 MPa) and temperatures (35-50oC) are sufficient to solubilize the essential oil compounds. Yet, in some cases, higher pressures are applied to contribute to the rupture of the vegetal cells and the liberation of the essential oil. However, other substances such as cuticular waxes are co-extracted and thus, on-line fractionation can be applied to attain the separation of the essential oil from waxes and also other co-extracted substances. In this review, on the basis of data reported in the literature and own experience, a detailed and thorough analysis of the supercritical extraction and fractionation of plants and herbs to produce essential oils is presented. Furthermore, the supercritical CO2 extraction of several plants (oregano, sage, thyme, rosemary, basil, marjoram and marigold) from Lamiaceae family was accomplished in our supercritical pilot-plant at 30 MPa and 40oC. High CO2 density was applied in order to ensure a complete extraction of the essential oil compounds.

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ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION BY USING CO2 SUPER CRITICAL PROCESS AND STEAM DISTILLATION PROCESS

EIRI Team — Fri, 18 Oct 2019 07:08:54 +0000

INTRODUCTION
ESSENTIAL OILS
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF SPICES USED ALONG WITH FOOD, NAMELY
MAJOR RAW MATERIALS USED IN EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
USES AND APPLICATIONS OF ESSENTIAL OIL
ESSENTIAL OILS FOR HAIR
A. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM FLOWERS
JASMINE OIL
LAVENDER OIL
B. ESSENTIAL OILS FROM HERBS SPIKENARD OIL (JATAMANSI OIL)
C. CINNAMON OIL
CINNAMON OIL
ZEODOARY OIL
BEST ESSENTIAL OILS IN INDIA
ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES
USE OF CORINDER OIL
USES OF ORANGE PEEL OIL (CITRUS PEEL OIL)
PHARAMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
ANTISEPTICS
EXPECTORANTS AND DIURETICS
SPASMOLYTIC AND SEDATIVE
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
HYDROCARBON
TERPENES
MONOTERPENES [C10H16 ]
B. SESQUITERPENES
SESQUITERPENE LACTONES
C. DITERPENES
ALCOHOLS
ALDEHYDES
ACIDS
ESTERS
KETONES
LACTONES
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
SOURCES OF NATURAL ESSENTIAL OILS
ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET OVERVIEW
INDIAN MARKET SHARE OF ESSENTIAL OIL
BREAKUP OF INDIAN MARKET (2012-13)
IMPORT OF ESSENTIAL OIL (2013-14)
EXPORT OF ESSENTIAL OIL (2013-14)
ESSENTIAL OIL MARKET OVERVIEW
DETAILED EXPORT DATA OF INDIA ESSENTIAL OILS
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
PRODUCT INSIGHTS
APPLICATION INSIGHTS
REGIONAL INSIGHTS
COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS
MAJOR PRODUCERS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
MAJOR CONSUMER OF ESSENTIAL OILS
LARGEST GLOBAL MARKET PLACES FOR ESSENTIAL OIL
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS/EXPORTERS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
METHODS OF PRODUCING ESSENTIAL OILS
HYDRODISTILLATION
MECHANISM OF DISTILLATION
HYDRODIFFUSION
HYDROLYSIS
EFFECT OF HEAT
THREE TYPES OF HYDRODISTILLATION
WATER DISTILLATION
TRADITIONAL METHOD OF PRODUCING ATTAR USING HYDRODISTILLATION
TRADITIONAL BHATTI (FURNACE)
DISADVANTAGES OF WATER DISTILLATION
WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM FLOWERS, HERBS, SPICES BY SUPER CRITICAL FLUID (CARBON DIOXIDE) 67
A. EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM FLOWERS
FROM FLOWERS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM FLOWERS USING SUPER CRITICAL FLUID METHOD
B. FROM HERBS
1. CLEANING
2. WASHING
3. DRYING
4. DISINTEGRATION INTO SMALL CHIP
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL FLUID METHOD
6. FROM SPICES
1. CLEANING
2. DRYING
3. CUTTING INTO PIECES
PROCESS IN DETAILS FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS USING STEAM DISTILLATION METHOD
METHODS OF OBTAINING GINGER ESSENTIAL OIL
STEAM DISTILLATION
EXTRACTION OF ROSE ESSENTIAL OIL
ROSE ATTAR
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF STEAM DISTILLATION PROCESS
ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
CHROMATOGRAPHIC DATA OF EUCALYPTUS OIL
FIGURE- EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
DETAILS OF HYPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS CO2 EXTRACTION
OF ESSENTIAL OILS
CO2 HYPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES FOR SUPER CRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION PLANT
STEAM DISTILLATION PLANT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES FOR SPICES
PULVERIZERS
LABORATORY TESTING EQUIPMENT
HAMMER MILLS
FILTER PRESS
ROTARY WASHER
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
MIXER
SIEVING MACHINE
WEIGHING MACHINE
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
D.G. SETS
BOILERS
COOLING TOWER
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
FLOWERS

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL & MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACT

EIRI Team — Sat, 18 Feb 2017 07:44:05 +0000

Fractional Distillation:-

It is a distillation in which rectification is used to obtain product as nearly pure as possible. A part of the vapour is condensed and the resulting liquid contacted with more vapor, usually in a column plates or packing. The term is also applied to any distillation in which the product is collected in a series of separate components of similar boiling range.

Fractionation:-

In general; the separation or isolation or components in a mixture or a macromolecular complex. In distillation this is done by means of a tower or column in which rising vapor and descending liquid are brought into contact (counter current flow).

INTRODUCTION
FRACTIONATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS
OCCURRENCE AND SOURCE OF ESSENTIAL OIL
PROPERTIES, ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION OF PALMAROSA OIL
SOURCES OF CARYOPHYLLENE
CITRONELLOL FROM CITRONELLA OIL
OTHER ESSENTIAL OILS
MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS FROM VINCA ROSEA
EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS FROM SOLANUM KHASIANUM
EXTRACT OF STRYCHNINE AND BRUCINE NUX VOMICA SEEDS
USES AND APPLICATIONS
USES OF CINCOLE
USES OF LEMON GRASS OIL
USES AND APPLICATION OF STRYCHNINE AND BRUCINE
FROM NUX VOMICA SEEDS
PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
PROPERTIES OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PRODUCTS OF CINNAMON LEAF OIL
PROPERTIES OF EUCALYPTUS OIL
PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION FOR MEDICINAL PLANTS
MARKET SURVEY
EXPORT DATA OF AROMATIC CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS
ROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CITRONELLA OIL
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR FRACTIONAL
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CLOVE OIL
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF EUCALYPTUS OIL
EXTRACTION PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACTS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
ISOLATION OF GERANIOL FROM VARIOUS ESSENTIAL OILS
MANUFACTURING OF EXTRACTION OF ALKALOIDS FROM SOLANUM KHASIANUM
FLOW DIAGRAM OF SOLANUM KHASIANUM ALKALOID EXTRACTION
RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR EXTRACTION OF A STRYCHNINE
AND BRUCINE FROM NUX VOMICA SEEDS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STRYCHNINE AND BRUCINE
OTHER SIGNIFICANT MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
EXTRACTION OF OPIUM ALKALOIDES (GREGORY PROCESS)
TYPES OF GREGORY PROCESS
CHART - I
OTHER MEDICINE PLANTS FOR EXTRACTION
USES IN FOLK AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
DATURA (SOLARANEAE)
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS
EQUIPMENTS DETAILS FOR FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
CALCULATION OF CITRONELLA FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS

APPENDIX – A:

1.     COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.     LAND & BUILDING
3.     PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.     FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.     RAW MATERIAL
6.     SALARY AND WAGES
7.     UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.     TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.     COST OF PRODUCTION
10.     PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.     BREAK EVEN POINT
12.     RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.     INTEREST CHART
14.     DEPRECIATION CHART
15.     CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.     PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS/NATURAL EXTRACTS OI

EIRI Team — Wed, 30 Dec 2015 07:38:46 +0000

Importance of using super critical fluid in extraction of essential oils from flower, herbs and spices.
In modern times interest is growing in solvents that are high pressure intermediate density super critical fluids. The solvent power of such fluids can be changed by varying the density and less energy is required to separate solute from solvent than with conventional vaporization of liquids.

Super critical fluid extraction is a hybrid unit operation utilizing the advantages of both distillation and liquid extraction. It has the benefit that slight changes is the temperature and pressure in the critical region cause extremely large changes is the solvent density and thus its dissolving power.

In comparison with conventional processes, SCF (Super Critical Fluid Extraction) offers considerable flexibility for an extractive flexibility for an extractive separation using the variables of pressure, temperature choice of solvent, and additives called entertainers.

Heavy non-volatile substances dissolve in supercritical fluids (dense gases, compressed gases, super critical gases, high pressure gases), typically 2-7 orders of magnitude is excess of the amount based on the ideal gas low. This is due to the high density of the fluid, which can approach that of a liquid. Thus SCF offers both high solubility extraction based on the enhancement of vapour pressure and heavily complete solvent extract separation which is accomplished by reducing the solvent density to the gaseous state.

Essential oil also called etheral or volatile oils are volatile odoriferous bodies of an oily character derived mostly form vegetable sources. They occur in small concentrations in special cells, glands or ducts, either in one particular organ of the plant or distributed over many part e.g. leaves, barks, roots, flowers or fruits. Occasionally, they are present in combination with sugars, as glycosides, e.g. amyodalin in bitter almonds and sinigrin in mustard seeds, and are liberated when the glycosides are hydrolyzed. Essential oils are insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol, either, fatty oils and mineral oils.

INTRODUCTION
MAJOR RAW MATERIALS USED IN EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
USES AND APPLICATIONS
PHARAMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
PATCHOULI – A MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANT
FEATURES AND APPLICATION OF PATCHOULI OIL
PROPERTIES OF PATCHOULI OIL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PRECAUTION OF PATCHOULI OIL
B. I. S. SPECIFICATIONS
SPICE OIL MARKET POSITION
GLOBAL MARKET POSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS/EXPORTERS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM FLOWERS, HERBS, SPICES BY SUPER CRITICAL FLUID (CARBON DIOXIDE)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS
FROM FLOWERS USING SUPER CRITICAL FLUID METHOD
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTION
OF ESSENTIAL FLUID METHOD
PROCESS IN DETAILS FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
METHOD OF EXTRACTION OF PATCHOULI OIL
STEAM DISTILLATION OF PATCHOULI ESSENTIAL OIL
DIFFERENT METHODS FOR EXTRACTRACTING ESSENTIAL OIL
ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS
DETAILS OF DISTILLATION AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION
DETAILS OF HYPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE GAS CO2 EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS
PLANT LAYOUT
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED
IN THE PROJECT REPORT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A :

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ESSENTIAL OILS MANUFACTURING

EIRI Team — Thu, 01 Jan 2015 11:31:50 +0000

“Essential oil” refers to a refined liquid extracted from various plants and plant parts. Extraction of essential oils have got good demand in India and also having an export market. The name is somewhat misleading because many are not thick like an oil at all, but instead pour easily like water. In addition to the flowers and leaves, essential oils can be extracted from the bark, resin roots and peels of many plants. The machines to extract essential oils are available in India.

EIRI have prepared the Essential Oils unit project report. The unit may be setup in small or in medium scale sector. The oils are extracted through several different means, most typically by way of steam distillation. Citrus oils are cold pressed from their peels, while some roots and precious flowers undergo a CO2 extraction process in order to pull out the maximum content of essential oils and other constituents while leaving heavy waxes behind. There is a good market scope of this trade.

The liquids extracted during these treatments contain the chemical components the plant uses to survive, effectively protecting the life essence or spirit of the vegetation. From attracting pollinating insects to repelling others, the complex roles essential oils play in the health of plants is only beginning to be researched and understood. Essential oils are complex mixtures for which conventional GC techniques (retention index) are insufficient for complete identification. The need for the information supplied by the infrared spectrum justifies here the use of GC/FT-IR. In a similar manner to pesticides, particular flavours are often associated with one of the possible several isomers or conformers.

Each ‘EIRI’ MARKET OVERVIEW CUM DETAILED TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT (Complete Report) tentatively covers
•   Introduction
•   Properties
•   BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) Specifications & Requirements
•   Uses & Applications
•   Present Indian Market Overview/Position
•   Export & Import Statistics Data
•   Names and Addresses of Existing Units (Present Manufactures)
•   List of Plant & Machineries
•   Miscellaneous Items and Accessories
•   Instruments, Laboratory Equipments and Accessories
•   Electrification, Electric Load and Water
•   Maintenance, Suppliers/Manufacturers of Plant and Machineries
•   Manufacturing Process with Formulations (If applicable)
•   Flow Sheet Diagram
•   List of Raw Materials
•   Availability of Raw Materials
•   Requirement of Staff & Labour
•   Personnel Management
•   Skilled & Unskilled Labour
•   Requirement of Land Area
•   Built up Area
•   Plant Layout
Along with financial details as under:
•   Summary of Capital Cost of Project
•   Land & Side Development Exp.
•   Buildings
•   Plant & Machineries
•   Misc. Fixed Assets
•   Technical Know how Fees & Exp.
•   Preliminary Expenses
•   Pre-operative Expenses
•   Provision for Contingencies
Below mentioned financial statements (Annexure) will be for 5 to 10 Years
•   Annexure:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance
•   Annexure:: Output, Profitability and Cash Flow Chart
•   Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital requirements
•   Annexure:: Sources of Finance
•   Annexure:: Balance Sheets
•   Annexure:: Break-Even Analysis and profitability analysis.
•   Annexure:: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks
•   Annexure:: Sales Realisation
•   Annexure:: Raw Material Cost
•   Annexure:: Other Raw Material Cost
•   Annexure:: Packing Material Cost
•   Annexure:: Consumables, Store etc.,
•   Annexure:: Employees Expenses
•   Annexure:: Fuel Expenses
•   Annexure:: Power/Electricity Expenses
•   Annexure:: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.
•   Annexure:: Other Mfg. Expenses
•   Annexure:: Administration Expenses
•   Annexure:: Selling Expenses
•   Annexure:: Depreciation Charges - Profitability
•   Annexure:: Depreciation Charges
•   Annexure:: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans
•   Annexure:: Tax on Profit
•   Annexure:: Assumptions for Profitability workings
•   Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital

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technology of food chemicals, pigments and food aroma compounds

EIRI Team — Sat, 22 Feb 2014 12:56:00 +0000

TECHNOLOGY OF FOOD CHEMICALS, PIGMENTS & FOOD AROMA COMPOUNDS

FOOD COLOURS

Colouring our foods
Food colours in history
Market trends
Current regulations
Labelling of colours
Labelling of colours in the USA
Review of currently available colourants
Synthetic colours
Nature identical colours
Natural colours
Caramel colours
Recent developments in colours
Formulation
Process
Pigment sources
Additives in additives
Formulations for soft drink/beverage applications
colour formulations using ingredients from genetically modified sources
Organic colours
Colouring foodstuffs
Colouring foodstuffs
Safety assessment
Biotechnology
Future outlook
Future developments in US legislation
Novel pigment sources
Spirulina sp. contains the pigment phycocyanin
Formulation and process
Functional food ingredients
Curcumin
Anthocyanins
Carotenoids
Lycopene
Lutein
Chorophylls
Conclusions

BIOSYNTHESIS OF FOOD CONSTITUENTS: NATURAL PIGMENTS

Xanthones
Flavonoids
Chalcones and flavanones
Quinochalcones
Aurones
Miscellaneous flavonoids
Isochromenes
Curc uminoids
Carotenoids
Carotenes
Carotenes
Xanthophylls
Apocarotenoids
Irodoids
Miscellaneous terpenoids

SYNTHETIC AND INORGANIC PIGMENTS

Inorganic
Titanium dioxide (TiO3)
Carbon black
Ferrous Gluconate
Ultramarines (ultramarine blue)
Calcium carbonate
Iron Oxides and Hydroxides
Calcination of ferrous sulfate (coppears red iron oxide)
Precipitated red iron oxide
Red iron oxide produced from yellow iron oxide
Red iron oxide produced from black iron oxide
Penniman-Zoph or scrap process
Direct precipitation process
Aniline process
Silver, gold, and aluminium
synthetic
General Information
Reactions in the Production of Pigments
Blends of Synthetic Colorants
Color Stability
Dye Presentation
Lakes
Hydrate formation
Laking process
Analytical techniques and the evaluation of color purity

CHANGES OF PIGMENTS IN ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTS

Anthocyanin pigment composition
Measurement of total anthocyanins by the pH differential method
Indices for polymeric color and browning
Measurement of color by the CIEL’a’b system
Concluding remarks

STABILITY OF PIGMENTS

Materials and methods
Analytical study
Stability studies on temperature
Stability studies on Light
Stability studies on pH
Results and discussion
Stability of anthocyanin from Musa acuminata bract at various parameters
Spectrophotometric measurements of color intensity
The effect of temperature onthe destruction of anthocyanin under light
The effect of temperature on the destruction of anthocyanin under dark
The effect of pH on the stability of anthocyanin
Colours of anthocyanins in freshly made samples at pH 1.1 to 10.5
Colour variation on anthocyanins in the pH range 1.1-10.5 after 1 hour dissolution
Colour variation of anthocyanins in the pH range 1.1-10.5 during storage
Conclusion

VANILLIN:SYNTHETIC FLAVORING FROM SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR

Vanillin Isolation, Preparation
Commercial Vanillin from Lignin
Environmental Concerns

BETANIN (MAIN PIGMENT OF RED BEET)

Materials and methods
Chemicals
Preparation of betanin
Results and Discussion

EXTRACTS OF ANNATTO

Description
Manufacturing
Detailed description
Mechanical Abrasion
Extraction with refined vegetable oil
Extraction with dilute aqueous potassium or sodium hydroxide
Solvent Extraction
Composition of the Food Additive
Pigment Fraction
Oil Soluble Annatto
Water Soluble Annatto
Emulsified Annatto
NonPigment Fraction (Mass Balance Studies)
Possible impurities (including degradation products)
Analytical methods
Thin Layer Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Method of Assy
Functional use
Technological function
Food categories and use levels
Reactions and fate in foods

NATURALLY FLAVOURED FOOD PRODUCTS

VEGETABLE FLAVOUR

Materials
Onion and Garlic Flavour
Sensory Test
Chicken Bouillon
Beef Noodle Seasoning
Sensory Test Garlic Flavour
Sensory Test Onion Flavour

FLAVOUR ENHANCER

Example 1 and Comparative Experiment 1
Fruit Preparation
Example 2 and Comparative Experiment 2 Fruit Yoghurt
Example 3:Cola
Example 4 and Comparative Experiment 3 White Bread

TEA FLAVOURING

Example 1
Example 2

FISH FLAVOUR

Example 1
Extrusion Experiment with Compositions Comprising Docosahexaenoic Acid

PRODUCTION OF FOOD AROMA COMPOUNDS

Plant Cell Cultures
Microbial Cultures
Diacetyl
Lactones
Esters
Pyrazines
Terpenes
Alcohols
Vanillin
Benzaldehyde
Methyl ketone
Enzyme Catalysed Reactions
Lipolytic enzymes
Proteases
Glucosidases
Other enzymes
Solid State Fermentation
Conclusions

YELLOW COLOUR OBTAINED FROM TURMERIC IN FOOD PRODUCTS

Materials and Methods
Development of liquid and crystal colour
Product Development
Consumer acceptability assessment
Selection of families for product development
Assessment of market potential
Results and Discussion
Products prepared with WSLF
Products prepared using FSCP
Consumer acceptability
Information regarding the knowledge of food colours by consumers
Assessment of turmeric colour in food products prepared by the consumers
Organoleptic evaluation of food products prepared by consumers

FLAVOUR OF CHEDDAR CHEESE

Manufacture of Cheddar Cheese
Biochemical reactions during manufacture and ripening of cheddar cheese
Contribution of glycolysis and related reactions to cheddar cheese flavour
Metabolism of lactose and lactic acid
Citrate metabolism in cheddar cheese
Contribution of lipolysis and related reactions to cheddarflavor
Metabolism of fatty acids
Contribution of proteolysis and related reactions to cheddar flavour
Proteolysis of milk proteins in cheddar cheese
Metabolism of amino acids

VOLATILE COMPONENTS IN BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM l.) AND THYME LEAVES (THYMUS VULGARIS L.)

Materials and methods
Materials
Chemicals
Isolation of aroma chemicals by steam distillation under reduced pressure
Identification and quantification of aroma chemicals in the extracts from basil and thyme leaves
Instrumental analysis
Results and discussion
Volatile composition
Antioxidant activities of aroma chemicals
Conclusion

DILL AND PARSLEY ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION

Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions

PLANT ECONOMICS OF ANNATTO SEED COLOUR EXTRACTION