The Indian Leather, Leather Products and Footwear Industry holds a prominent place in the Indian economy. This sector is known for its consistency in high export earnings and it is among the top ten foreign exchange earners for the Country.
The export of footwear, leather and leather products from India was to the tune of US $ 3.68 billion during 2020-21.

The industry is bestowed with an affluence of raw materials as India is endowed with 20% of world cattle & buffalo and 11% of world goat & sheep population. Added to this are the strengths of skilled manpower, innovative technology, increasing industry compliance to international environmental standards, and the dedicated support of the allied industries.

The leather industry is an employment intensive sector, providing job to about 4.42 million people, mostly from the weaker sections of the society. Women employment is predominant in leather products sector with about 30% share.

India is the second largest exporter of leather garments, third largest exporter of Saddlery & Harness and 4th largest exporter of Leather Goods in the world.

The major production centers for footwear, leather and leather products in India are located in the States of Tamil Nadu – Chennai, Ambur, Ranipet, Vaniyambadi, Vellore, Pernambut, Trichy, Dindigul and Erode; West Bengal – Kolkata; Uttar Pradesh – Kanpur, Agra, Noida, Saharanpur; Maharashtra – Mumbai; Punjab – Jalandhar; Karnataka Bengaluru; Telengana Hyderabad; Haryana – Ambala, Gurgaon, Panchkula, Karnal and Faridabad; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh – Dewas; Kerala – Kozhikode and Ernakulam / Cochin; Rajasthan; Jaipur; Jammu & Kashmir; Srinagar.

STRENGTHS OF INDIAN LEATHER SECTOR

• Own raw material source – About 3 billion sq ft of leather produced annually

• Some varieties of goat / calf / sheep skins command premium position

• Strong and eco-sustainable tanning base

• Modernized manufacturing units

• Trained / skilled manpower at competitive wage levels

• World-class institutional support for Design & Product Development, HRD and R & D.

• Presence of support industries like leather chemicals and finishing auxiliaries

• Presence in major markets – Long Europe experience

• Strategic location in the Asian landmass

EMERGING STRENGTHS

• Design development initiatives by institutions and individuals

• Continuous modernization and technology up-gradation

• Economic size of manufacturing units

• Constant human resource development programme to enhance productivity

• Increasing use of quality components

• Shorter prototype development time

• Delivery compliance

• Growing domestic market for footwear and leather articles

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRODUCT SEGMENTS OF INDIAN LEATHER AND FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

Tanning Sector –

Annual availability of leathers in India is about 3 billion sq.ft. India accounts for 13% of world leather production of leathers. Indian leather trends/colors are continuously being selected at the MODEUROPE Congress

Footwear Sector –

India is Second largest footwear producer after China, with Annual Production of 2.58 billion pairs (2018). India is also the second largest consumer of footwear after China, with a consumption of 2.60 billion pairs.

Footwear (leather and non-leather) export accounts for about 45.62% share in Indian leather and footwear industry’s export (2020-21).

• Leather Garments Sector – India is the second largest global exporter.

• Accounts for 8.03% share of India’s total export from leather sector (2020-21).

Leather Goods & Accessories Sector including Saddlery & Harness –

India is the fifth largest global exporter of Leather Goods & Accessories and third largest exporter of Sadldery and Harness items.

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Plastic sheetings are also used for uppers of cheaper qualities of shoes. For shoe uppers the unsupported sheeting has proved unsatisfactory in making and the more usual upper materials consist of a specially woven fabric coated with a plastic film, nearly always plasticized PVC. Since this synthetic resin the most freely available in all country. The many constructional difficulties are gradually being overcome and owing to the impenetrable nature of a plastic film, the more general finishes cannot be used. PVC upper materials may be cleaned with petroleum cleaners without determinant to the luster of the surface and additional polish may be given by means of wax creams or light polishing on the rotary brush. PVC leather cloth is the most useful plastic. It has two grades, flexible or rigid which give by means of wax creams or light polishing on the rotary brush. PVC leather cloth is the most useful plastic. It has two grades, flexible or rigid which give it considerable scope. The flexible leather sheet is used for articles of clothing such as boot and shoe, sales, heels and uppers etc. In fact the range of products is so wide that it is impossible to state all of them.

PVC leather cloth is also known in other words as Artificial leather which is becoming increasingly popular all over the world because of shortage of actual leather and high cost of the same. Artificial leather is specially suitable for upholstery, shoe upper, attachicases, brief cases and all kinds of bags. It is water repellent and is chemically inert. It is much cleaner both in production and in use beside being competitive in price. Present inductions show that artificial leather goods have good export potential.

How it is possible to manufacture artificial leather in the small scale sector because of the introduction of automatic machines by the world renowned manufacturers of Japan, Akatsuki machinery works Ltd., who have exported already about 2,000 such plants to South East Asia and Middle East countries. The plant designed by them is continuous one line system, ensuring uniform quality of production of artificial leather as well as less labour costs. With the embossing device one can have plain as well as engraved designs manufactured. Colour of coatings would be according to your choice.

Now, the machineries for PVC leather cloth are being manufactured in India by a India renowned manufacturers. A list of such manufacturers is given at the end of this report.

PVC leather cloth is manufactured by applying a coating of PVC paste on cotton cloth. The cloth has a coating with a glossy surfaced and smoothness to tough. It is used in air-proof and water-proof packing and also for decoration. It is extensively used in such applications which require a water proof media and strength. It is comparatively a new technique and has widely growth prospects. In India the manufacture of PVC leather cloth is very limited and there exists lot of scope for new industries in this field.

PVC leather cloths do not get affected by Heat or water. It is a substitute of natural leather cloth.

PVC leather cloth industry cloth industry has now become very common and the manufacturing technique is very simple.

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Leather is an important material with many uses. Together with wood, leather formed the basis of much ancient technology. The leather industry and the fur industry are distinct industries that are differentiated by the importance of their raw materials. In the leather industry the raw materials are by-products of the meat industry, with the meat having higher value than the skin. The fur industry uses raw materials that are higher in value than the meat and hence the meat is classified as a by-product. Taxidermy also makes use of the skin of animals, but generally the head and part of the back are used. Hides and skins are also used in the manufacture of glue and gelatin.

Tanning is effected by treating the conditioned hides and skins with organic, inorganic or synthetic tanning agents, the most important among them being vegetable tanning materials and basic chromium sulphate. Basic salt of aluminium, Zirconium, and iron, formaldehyde, quinone, aliphatic sulphonyl chlorides, fish oils, and synthetic polymerized materials (Syntans) are used for the production of special leathers. Tanning is an ancient art practiced in India since long before the Christian era. Up to about 1857, the Indian leather industry remained a cottage industry confined mostly to the villages. The production of semi-finished leather for export was started in South India at about that time. In 1867, the Government established the Government Harness & Saddlery Factory at Kanpur to produce vegetable tanned leather by process followed in England. In 1881, another factory, cooper, Allen and Co. was set up at Kanpur to produce vegetable tanned leather required for military footwear. Experimented trials on the production. One of chrome tanned leather were started at Madras towards the beginning of the present Century and a course of instruction in chrome tanning was introduced in the Government School of Arts, Madras. Students trained in this institution started chrome tanneries in Chennai, Kolkata and Kanpur.

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Leather is an important material with many uses. Together with wood, leather formed the basis of much ancient technology. The leather industry and the fur industry are distinct industries that are differentiated by the importance of their raw materials. In the leather industry the raw materials are by-products of the meat industry, with the meat having higher value than the skin. The fur industry uses raw materials that are higher in value than the meat and hence the meat is classified as a by-product. Taxidermy also makes use of the skin of animals, but generally the head and part of the back are used. Hides and skins are also used in the manufacture of glue and gelatin.

Tanning is effected by treating the conditioned hides and skins with organic, inorganic or synthetic  tanning  agents, the  most important among them being vegetable tanning  materials and basic chromium sulphate.  Basic salt of aluminium, Zirconium, and iron, formaldehyde, quinone, aliphatic sulphonyl  chlorides, fish oils, and synthetic polymerized materials (Syntans) are used for  the production of special leathers.  Tanning is  an  ancient art practiced in India since long before the Christian era.  Up to about 1857, the Indian leather industry remained  a  cottage industry  confined  mostly to the villages.   The production  of semi-finished  leather for export was started in South  India  at about  that  time.   In  1867,  the  Government  established  the Government  Harness  &  Saddlery Factory  at  Kanpur  to  produce vegetable  tanned  leather by process followed  in  England.   In 1881, another factory, cooper, Allen and Co. was set up at Kanpur to  produce vegetable  tanned  leather  required  for military footwear.   Experimented trials on the production.  One of chrome tanned  leather were started at Madras towards the  beginning  of the  present  Century,  and a course  of  instruction  in  chrome tanning was introduced in the Government School of Arts,  Madras.  Students trained in this institution started chrome tanneries  in Chennai, Kolkata and Kanpur.

The first chrome tannery was established at Madras in 1903.   The  tanning industry as it exists  today  comprises  the following four sections: organised tanneries producing vegetables and  chrome  tanned leathers;  small-scale  tanneries   producing chrome   tanned  shoe  upper  leathers;   small-scale   tanneries producing E.I. tanned and skins; and village tanneries  producing vegetables tanned leather.

The leather industry occupies a unique position in  the country as one of the major export earners-presently exporting to a tune of Rs. 1250 crores and expected to be about 1800 crores by the  end  of the current plan period.  So far as  the  export  of leather  & leather products are concerned, our major  market  are the  USA,  and  the  EEC in the West and  USSR  and  GDR  in  the Socialist Block of Countries.

India is rich in cattle wealth, buffallo, calf  leather  in India's  specialty  leather.  In India, there  is  abundance  of traditional  skills for the manufacture of leather products.   At the time of independence in 1947.  India's exports of raw hides & skins is reduced.  The potential of leather industry was perceived by  the Govt. immediately after independence.  The  industry  was given special attention.  The skills for tanning & processing  of leather were revived export of raw hides & skins was  discouraged Tanning  facilities sprung up in different parts of  the  country continuously.

Now India has a good presence in world markets, domestic requirement is mostly for the footwear industry and a very small quantity for the leather products industry.

Tanning  &  finishing industry in India is  concentrated  in Madras, Panipat, Ambur, Vaniambadi, Erode, Dindigul and Trichy in Tamilnadu,  Calcutta  in West Bengal, Kanpur in UP  &  Bombay  in Maharashtra.  Tamilnadu accounts for tanning & finishing of over 60 percent of the hides and skins available in the  country  and Kanpur and Calcutta together account for 20-25% and the remaining quantity is processed in different parts of the country.   Kanpur by and large specializes in tanning & finishing of buffalo  hide.  It  is  the main centre for the manufacture of  harness  leather, role leather and other varieties of buffalo leather.

INTRODUCTION
USES AND APPLICATION
TYPES OF LEATHER
B.I.S. SPECIFICIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF HIDES AND SKINS
DEVELOPMENT OF TANNERY/LEATHER INDUSTRY
MARKET SURVEY
SEQUENCES IN LEATHER TANNING AND DRY FINISHING PLANT
LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING PROCESS
DEFFERENT STAGES IN LEATHER TANNING
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS, POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
LEATHER PRODUCTION PROCESSES
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF FINISHED LEATHER
PROCESS IN DETAILS
PHYSICAL CHECK UP OF THE STOCK
CHEMICALS & THEIR COMPOSITIONS USED IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS
& OTHER OPERATIONS IN BRIEF
TANNING AND OTHER OPERATION FOR FINISHED LEATHER
DIFFERENT TREATMENT OF HIDES FOR FINISHED LEATHER
POLLUTION EFFECTS
OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR CHROMETANNING
SAVING IN CHEMICALS AND WATER IN DELIMING
EFFLUENT TREATMENT IN TANNERY
FLOW DIAGRAM OF COMPLETE TANNING PROCESS
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT

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The book binding cloth is a material of oil origin and since the  publication trade is increasing every day, the book  binding popularity.

The  cloth  for book binding is cotton.  No other  cloth  is suitable  for this purposes.  The other material for the  project is  starch  adhesive.   The starch adhesive is  made  from  maize starch.  Maize  starch  is used by the textile  industry  as  an adhesive  to  strengthen yarn and to improve  its  resistance  to abrasion  during weaving.  It is used in finishing to change  the appearance after it is leached, dyed and printed.  It is used  in printing of textiles to increase the consistency of the  printing paste.   It is used for glazing and polishing sewing thread.

1.  INTRODUCTION
2.  MARKET SURVEY
3.  USES AND APPLICATIONS
4.  MARKET POSITION
5.  RAW MATERIALS
6.  B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
7.  STARCH & STARCHING
8.  MANUFACTURING PROCESS
9.  PROCESS FLOW SHEET
10.  SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
11.  SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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Leather is an important material with many uses. Together with wood, leather formed the basis of much ancient technology. The leather industry and the fur industry are distinct industries that are differentiated by the importance of their raw materials. In the leather industry the raw materials are by-products of the meat industry, with the meat having higher value than the skin. The fur industry uses raw materials that are higher in value than the meat and hence the meat is classified as a by-product. Taxidermy also makes use of the skin of animals, but generally the head and part of the back are used. Hides and skins are also used in the manufacture of glue and gelatin.

INTRODUCTION
LEAD SOLDER
LEAD-FREE SOLDER
FLUX-CORE SOLDER
HARD SOLDER
PROPERTIES
ALLOYING ELEMENT ROLES
IMPURITIES IN SOLDERS
INTERMETALLICS IN SOLDERS
GLASS SOLDER
APPLICATIONS OF SOLDER WIRE
B I S SPECIFICATION
MARKET POSITION
DETAILED IMPORT DATA OF SOLDER WIRE
ANALYSIS OF IMPORTS OF SOLDER WIRE
ANALYSIS OF EXPORTS OF SOLDER WIRE
DETAILED EXPORT DATA OF SOLDER WIRE
PRESENT MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIERS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PROCESS FLOW CHART
ALLOYING ELEMENT ROLES
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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Egg  and blood albumin, gelate casein, milk, glue,  shellac, gumtragasol  or  tragic  urish  moss,  borax,  starch,   Ammonia, formaldehyde,  turl, red oil, loy wood or tract, and  dyes,  soap and spirit are the raw materials for fat liquar prepars

Patent  fineshes  available  in  the  market  are  carpenol, Eukesol,  coverall, Ajox pigment finiaher and other  nitrocellcde fenchees.  These can be directly used on leather after the simple duction.

Various  types  of leather ausitiasers available  from  Bast India Limited Mumbai are given below within brief description  of their issue.

Project Report Covers:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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• Glue For Brewery, Leather & Pharmaceutical Industries
• Leather Auxillaries & Chemicals
• Leather Footwears
• Leather Finishing
• Leather Goods
• Leather Garments (Jacket, Paints & Skirts)
• Leather Garments, Shoes & Chappals
• Leather Tanning
• Leather Tanining and Leather Garments
• Leather to Leather Adhesive (Latex based Adhesives)

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Project Reports Cover:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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