The first chemical process applied to fats and oils (excluding oxidation in burning) was saponification for making soap. Industrialization of oils and fats began with the installation of a cotton seed oil mill in South California in about 1826.

The methods were crude and the product was impure in 1850 the use of caustic soda to remove free acids from the oil was introduced in France. About this time the millers became aware of the value of linters (fibre) that clung to the Hulls, and also of the Hulls themselves as cattle feed.

By 1887, more scientific methods of refining were introduced. In 1983 it was learned that the oil could be deodorized by blowing steam through it at high temperatures. In 1900 the discovery that oils could be hydrogenated to produce fats of different consistencies revolutionised the entire oil and fat industry. So far no comprehensive and absolute classification of vegetable fats and oils is made though various schemes have been used based on origin, physical characteristics, composition or use, or combinations of these factors.

They are more commonly classified according to their capacity for absorbing iodine i.e. Iodine value. Those with a high proportion of double bonds are called drying oils, those intermediate in capacity are called semidrying and those of low capacity non-drying. In general the non-drying and semi-drying oils are used as foods and as lubricants and the drying oils as paint and varnish ingredients. This distinction has never been a very precise one and is becoming less so as oils formerly classified as semi-drying such as soyabean are being used more and more in paints varnishes and other products that dry in a highly satisfactory way.

Edible oil should have a fairly high keeping quality. However oils get spoilt in storage due to various spoilage factors, the chief among them being oxidation. The edible oils and fats such as olive, cottonseed, corn, groundnut, sesamum, soyabean etc. have been found to be almost completely assimulated. As such vegetable oils may be classed as edible and non-edible. Important vegetable oils are castor, coconut, cottonseed, linseed, mustard, olive, palm, groundnut, sesamum, soyabeans, sunflower and rice bran oil etc.

India is not only one of the leading oilseeds producing countries of the world but is the only country which produces in commercial quantities largest varieties of oilseeds. With the exception of palm, palm kernel, olives, and tung. India produces all the principal oilseeds which form the basis of the world’s oil seed crushing industry. The oil milling industry in India may be divided into three groups depending upon the method of milling.

These are Ghani (manual - animal driven or small power driven), large oil mills (registered under Factories Act) and plants using solvent extraction techniques.

With the setting up of National Dairy Development Board, there has been a substantial growth in the number of Cattle form. By sustained efforts of agrigultural and veterinary department to boost the production of milk, a large number of forms for breeding milk Cattle have been developed on Scientific lines in the Country Cattle feed essentially is a well balaneed food for cattles.

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Oil extraction, isolation of oil from animal by-products, fleshy fruits such as the olive and palm, and oilseeds such as cottonseed, sesame seed, soybeans, and peanuts. Oil is extracted by three general methods: rendering, used with animal products and oleaginous fruits; mechanical pressing, for oil-bearing seeds and nuts; and extracting with volatile solvents, employed in large-scale operations for a more complete extraction than is possible with pressing.

Soybean oil is produced from the seeds of the soybean plant. Plant sterols, chemicals derived from soybean oil, are used to lower total cholesterol and “bad” low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Specially processed soybean oil is used to treat osteoarthritis.

Some people apply soybean oil directly to the skin to repel mosquitoes and other insects.
Soybean oil is also used as a nutritional supplement in intravenous feedings.

EFFECTIVE FOR...

Use as a nutritional supplement in intravenous feedings.

LIKELY EFFECTIVE FOR...

Preventing mosquito bites when applied to the skin. Soybean oil is an ingredient in some commercial mosquito repellents. It seems to work about as well as some other mosquito repellents including some products that contain a small amount of DEET.

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE FOR...

Lowering cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol. Soybean oil plant sterols used in margarine seem to help lower total cholesterol and “bad” LDL cholesterol without affecting “good” HDL. The FDA has allowed the makers of the products Take Control and Benecol to include this claim on their labels.

Osteoarthritis, when a specific processed part of the oil (unsaponifiable fractions) is used in combination with avocado oil. This combination seems to significantly improve pain and overall disability. It appears to work better for osteoarthritis of the hip than the knee.

PRIMARY RAW MATERIAL

Soybean is a leguminous vegetable of the pea family that grows in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. Soybean was domesticated in the 11th century BC around northeast of China. It is believed that it might have been introduced to Africa in the 19th century by Chinese traders along the east coast of Africa.

Soybean is among the major industrial and food crops grown in every continent. The crop can be successfully grown in many states in Nigeria using low agricultural input. Soybean cultivation in Nigeria has expanded as a result of its nutritive and economic importance and diverse domestic usage. It is also a prime source of vegetable oil in the international market. Soybean has an average protein content of 40% and is more protein-rich than any of the common vegetable or animal food sources found in Nigeria. Soybean seeds also contain about 20% oil on a dry matter basis, and this is 85% unsaturated and cholesterol-free.

The rapid growth in the poultry sector in the past five years has also increased demand for soybean meal in Nigeria. It is believed that soybean production will increase as more farmers become aware of the potential of the crop, not only for cash/food but also for soil fertility improvement and Striga control. The market for soybean in Nigeria is growing very fast with opportunities for improving the income of farmers.

Currently, SALMA Oil Mills in Kano, Grand Cereals in Jos, ECWA Feeds in Jos, AFCOT Oil Seed Processors, Ngurore, Adamawa State, and PS Mandrides in Kano all process soybean. IITA along with partners has developed improved technologies for soybean production. This handbook outlines crop production practices that farmers may use to grow soybean profitably in Nigeria

PRODUCTION

It consists of more than 36% protein, 30% carbohydrates, and excellent amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It also consists of 20% oil, which makes it the most important crop for producing edible oil.

Malnutrition, particularly protein deficiency, is prevalent in many parts of Africa as animal protein is too expensive for most populations. Many leguminous crops provide some protein, but soybean is the only available crop that provides an inexpensive and high quality source of protein comparable to meat, poultry and eggs.
A by-product from the oil production (soybean cake) is used as a high-protein animal feed in many countries. Soybean also improves soil fertility by adding nitrogen from the atmosphere. This is a major benefit in African farming systems, where soils have become exhausted by the need to produce more food for increasing populations, and where fertilizers are hardly available and are expensive for farmers.

More than 216 million tons of soybean were produced worldwide in 2007, of which 1.5 million were in Africa. Africa imports nearly as much soybean as it produces. Africa exports about 20,000 tons annually.

Nigeria is the largest producer of soybean in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), followed by South Africa. Low yields (<1 t/ha in tropical Africa) and a shortage of fertilizer constrain the ability of some countries to increase production. In Nigeria the haulms and post-processed pulp (soybean meal) serve as important sources of animal feed. A 30% annual growth in the poultry industry from 2003 to 2008 fuelled such a dem and for soybean meal that an increase in imports was required.

Commercial soybean production on large farms takes place in Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. However, it is mostly cultivated by small-scale farmers in other parts of Africa where it is planted as a minor food crop among sorghum, maize, or cassava.

Harvesting

Nearly 95 million hectares of soybeans were harvested worldwide in 2007, with 19 million in Asia, 3.5 million in the USA, and 1.2 million in Africa.

Depending on the variety, soybeans can be harvested between 100 and 150 days after planting. Labor requirements in Africa are high since most cultivation and harvesting are done manually.

Consumption

Worldwide consumption of soybean is nearly 11 million tons. Africa consumes about 618,000 tons annually, and uses another 4,800 tons for animal feed. Nigeria is the largest consumer of soybeans in SSA followed by Ug anda.

In Africa dry soybean is used to produce milk substitutes and flour. The bean curd is fried and eaten as a snack or breakfast food. Mature beans are not easily digested and contain toxic compounds, which require soaking and prolonged cooking.

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A few EU surveys have shown fairly high levels of ESBO in foods, in which about 4% were above the current specific migration limit (SML) for ESBO of 60 mg/kg and about 15% of the samples were above 30 mg ESBO/kg food. High migration levels might lead to an intake that exceeds the existing Tolerable Daily Intake of 1 mg/kg body weight/day.

Epoxidized linolein a major component of ESBO

ESBO is manufactured from soybean oil through the process of epoxidation. The reason why vegetable oils are widely used as plasticizers is because the high numbers of carbon-carbon double bonds present in vegetable oils make them a good target for manipulation into some other useful products like in this case - from soybean oil into epoxidized soybean oil. The epoxide group is more reactive than double bond, thus providing a more energetically favorable site for reaction and making the oil a good hydrochloric acid scavenger and plasticizer. Usually a peroxide or a peracid is used to add an atom of oxygen and convert the -C=C- bond to an epoxide group.

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The  first  chemical  process  applied  to  fats  and   oils (excluding  oxidation in burning) was saponification  for  making soap.   Industrialization  of  oils  and  fats  began  with   the installation  of  a cotton seed oil mill in South  California  in about 1826.

The  methods were crude and the product was impure  in  1850 the  use  of caustic soda to remove free acids from the  oil  was introduced  in France.  About this time the millers became  aware of the value of linters (fibre) that clung to the Hulls, and also of the Hulls themselves as cattle feed.

By   1887,   more  scientific  methods  of   refining   were introduced.   In  1983  it  was learned that  the  oil  could  be deodorized by blowing steam through it at high temperatures.   In 1900  the  discovery that oils could be hydrogenated  to  produce fats of different consistencies revolutionised the entire oil and fat   industry.    So   far   no   comprehensive   and   absolute classification of vegetable fats and oils is made though  various schemes have been used based on origin, physical characteristics, composition or use, or combinations of these factors.

They  are  more  commonly  classified  according  to   their capacity  for absorbing iodine i.e. Iodine value.   Those with  a high  proportion  of double bonds are called drying  oils,  those intermediate  in capacity are called semidrying and those of  low capacity  non-drying.  In general the non-drying and  semi-drying oils  are used as foods and as lubricants and the drying oils  as paint and varnish ingredients.  This distinction has never been a very  precise  one  and  is becoming less  so  as  oils  formerly classified  as semi-drying such as soyabean are being  used  more and  more  in paints varnishes and other products that dry  in  a highly satisfactory way.

INTRODUCTION
USES AND APPLICATIONS
PROPERTIES
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
OVERVIEW OF EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY IN INDIA
MARKET SURVEY
LIST OF CUSTOMERS FOR SOYBEAN OIL
ADVANTAGES OF EXPANDER -EXTRUDER - COOKER
PROCESS OF SOYBEAN OIL EXTRACTION
PRODUCTION METHOD OF SOYBEAN OIL
RECOVERY OF OIL FROM SOYBEANS
QUALITIES OF SOYBEAN OILS AND MEALS EXTRACTED BY DIFFERENT METHODS62
BASIC PROCESSING OPERATIONS
FLOW SHEET OF SOYBEAN OIL PRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMMONLY USED SOYBEAN PRODUCTS
IN ANIMAL DIETS
FUTURE CHALLENGES OF SOYBEAN UTILISATION IN ANIMAL DIETS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SOYA BEAN OIL
BY PRODUCTS OF REFINING
BY PRODUCTS RECOVERY
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR SOYA BEAN OIL EXTRACTION & REFINING
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CATTLE FEED
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR CATTLE FEED
SWOT ANALYSIS OF SOYA PROCESSING INDUSTRY
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A:

1.      COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2.      LAND & BUILDING
3.      PLANT AND MACHINERY
4.      FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5.      RAW MATERIAL
6.      SALARY AND WAGES
7.      UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8.      TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9.      COST OF PRODUCTION
10.      PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11.      BREAK EVEN POINT
12.      RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13.      INTEREST CHART
14.      DEPRECIATION CHART
15.      CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16.      PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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Scientific research conducted during the past few decades in this  country  and elsewhere has shown that the oilsead  meal, if properly prepared and processed, can serve as a valueable protein supplement to human dietaries and that the proteins isolated from oilseed  meals  are likely to find extensive use  in  specialised food preparations suitable for feeding infants and children.

Isolated vegetable proteins have certain advantages over  the parent raw materials in that the are free from: (1) insoluble and indigestable carbohydrates which may swell and interefere in  the digestion and utilation of protein particularly in children , (2) odoriferous   and  bitter  principles  present  in  the   natural materials  which  may affect their polatability and  (3)  trypsin inhibitors,  phytates  etc.,  which  may  affect  adversly  thier nutritive value.

  Project Report Covers:

Introduction
Uses and Applications
Properties
Market Survey with future aspects
Present Manufacturers
B.I.S. Specifications
Manufacturing Process with Formulae
Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
Capacity
Land & Building Requirements with Rates
List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
Raw Materials
Details/List and Costs
Power & Water Requirements
Labour/Staff Requirements
Utilities and Overheads
Total Capital Investment
Turnover
Cost of Production
Break Even Point
Profitability
Land Man Ratio
Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

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The  first  chemical  process  applied  to  fats  and   oils (excluding  oxidation in burning) was saponification  for  making soap.   Industrialization  of  oils  and  fats  began  with   the installation  of  a cotton seed oil mill in South  California  in about 1826.

Project Report Covers:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post EXTRACTION OF SOYABEAN OIL FROM SOYABEAN SEEDS (EXPANDER-EXTRUSION-COOKING PROCESS) WITH SOYA GRITS appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

During the Green Revolution, the major thrust was placed  on increasing productivity of food grains; the oilseeds and  pulses,  the main source of protein in a vegetarian diet remained  outside the  main stream of development. In view of this fact Bhalla  and Singh (1997) pointed out that Indian agriculture during the  last decade  marked  a distinct change in cropping pattern  away  from coarse  cereals  toward  oilseeds. This  shift  was  particularly strong in the central region lending the country a status of  the third  largest producer of oilseed in the world.  But  ironically
enough, the per capita consumption per annum of 8 kg is just  one third of the world average.

Project Report Covers:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post SOYABEAN CULTIVATION appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

The processing of soybean involves the following steps:

Cleaning   and  decuticling:  Soybean  is  cleaned  of   all impurities. The cleaned seed is passed through a huller to remove the hulls. The dehulled seed is split.

Steaming  and drying: The dehulled seed is soaked  in  water for 1 hr and water is drained off. The wet material is heated  in steam  at 6.34 kg pressure for 30 minutes to  inactivate  trypsin and growth inhibitors. haemagglutinins, etc. The steamed seed  is dried under the sun or in or in a tunnel drier.

Screw  pressing  or solvent extraction: The  oil  from  heat processed  seed  is removed by pressing in a screw  press  or  by solvent extraction.

Powdering:  The  cake is powdered in a hammer mill  to  pass through 50 mesh sieve.

Soyabean milk is plant milk made from soyabeans. The dry soy beans are soaked and then grinded in water to make soy milk. There is a tremendous demand of this product. It is rich in protein and is a staple drink of Asian cuisine. Soy milk is an alternative for vegans and the people who cannot endure lactose. Soy milk is preferred by the consumers due to its functional properties of containing calcium, protein, potassium and no cholesterol. It is being used by almost all caterors, Restaurants and many houses.

With the changing trends in the market and rising disposable income the demand for Soy milk is rising. People are becoming health conscious and tend to spend more amount of their income on healthy drinks. Increasing urbanization, growth in the population and hectic lifestyle are driving the market for Soy milk. The functional qualities of Soy milk such as richness in protein, alternative to meat diet, no cholesterol and no fats, attract consumers towards the consumption of Soy milk.

Soy milk is obtained from plant extracts and thus the Soy bean plant cultivators have a great opportunity in the Soy milk market. The manufacturers of Soy milk face a large competition from other beverage manufacturing industries. But due to the increasing demand of Soy milk in the market, the manufacturers are successful in selling their products.

Each ‘EIRI’ MARKET OVERVIEW CUM DETAILED TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT (Complete Report) tentatively covers

•    Introduction
•    Properties
•    BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) Specifications & Requirements
•    Uses & Applications
•    Present Indian Market Overview/Position
•    Export & Import Statistics Data
•    Names and Addresses of Existing Units (Present Manufactures)
•    List of Plant & Machineries
•    Miscellaneous Items and Accessories
•    Instruments, Laboratory Equipments and Accessories
•    Electrification, Electric Load and Water
•    Maintenance, Suppliers/Manufacturers of Plant and Machineries
•    Manufacturing Process with Formulations (If applicable)
•    Flow Sheet Diagram
•    List of Raw Materials
•    Availability of Raw Materials
•    Requirement of Staff & Labour
•    Personnel Management
•    Skilled & Unskilled Labour
•    Requirement of Land Area
•    Built up Area
•    Plant Layout
Along with financial details as under:
•    Summary of Capital Cost of Project
•    Land & Side Development Exp.
•    Buildings
•    Plant & Machineries
•    Misc. Fixed Assets
•    Technical Know how Fees & Exp.
•    Preliminary Expenses
•    Pre-operative Expenses
•    Provision for Contingencies
Below mentioned financial statements (Annexure) will be  for 5 to 10 Years
•    Annexure:: Cost of Project and Means of Finance
•    Annexure:: Output, Profitability and Cash Flow Chart
•    Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital requirements
•    Annexure:: Sources of Finance
•    Annexure:: Balance Sheets
•    Annexure:: Break-Even Analysis and profitability analysis.
•    Annexure:: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks
•    Annexure:: Sales Realisation
•    Annexure:: Raw Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Other Raw Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Packing Material Cost
•    Annexure:: Consumables, Store etc.,
•    Annexure:: Employees Expenses
•    Annexure:: Fuel Expenses
•    Annexure:: Power/Electricity Expenses
•    Annexure:: Repairs & Maintenance Exp.
•    Annexure:: Other Mfg. Expenses
•    Annexure:: Administration Expenses
•    Annexure:: Selling Expenses
•    Annexure:: Depreciation Charges - Profitability
•    Annexure:: Depreciation Charges
•    Annexure:: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans
•    Annexure:: Tax on Profit
•    Annexure:: Assumptions for Profitability workings
•    Annexure:: Assessment of Working Capital

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A few EU surveys have shown fairly high levels of ESBO in foods, in which about 4% were above the current specific migration limit (SML) for ESBO of 60 mg/kg and about 15% of the samples were above 30 mg ESBO/kg food. High migration levels might lead to an intake that exceeds the existing Tolerable Daily Intake of 1 mg/kg body weight/day.

Project Reports Cover:

•     Introduction
•     Uses and Applications
•     Properties
•     Market Survey with future aspects
•     Present Manufacturers
•     B.I.S. Specifications
•     Manufacturing Process with Formulae
•    Cost Economics with Profitability Analysis
•     Capacity
•     Land & Building Requirements with Rates
•     List & Details of Plant and Machinery with their Costs
•     Raw Materials
•     Details/List and Costs
•     Power & Water Requirements
•     Labour/Staff Requirements
•     Utilities and Overheads
•     Total Capital Investment
•     Turnover
•     Cost of Production
•     Break Even Point
•     Profitability
•     Land Man Ratio
•     Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Raw Materials.

The post EPOXIDIZED SOYABEAN OIL (SECONDARY PLASTICIZER) USED IN PVC COMPOUND appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

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