Solid waste management should be embraced by each and every household, including the business owners across the world. The industrialization has brought a lot of good things and bad things as well. One of the adverse effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste.

Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects.

The rubbish occupies much land. Garbage has taken in much precious soil resources and human’s living spaces, which has seriously affected the development and growing of agriculture and industry. Large amount of waste has not only destroyed plants rooted on the earth surface, but also influenced the beauty of natural environment, and also broken the ecological balance of nature.

Polluting the environment. Solid waste contains various kinds of harmful components, so if these wastes can’t be disposed in right methods, they will pollute soil, air and water, and even have a harmful influence on various organisms including human being.

Spreading disease. Waste has a large number of microorganisms that are the breeding ground of germs, viruses and pests. Thus it will seriously damage people’s healthy. The filtrate of waste can change the components and structure of soil, and the harmful components can damage people’s health through the food chain. Waste can destroy the structure and physical property of soil, which causes the decline of the soil fertile and moisture. It has toxic heavy metals such as pathogenic microorganism, organic pollutants.

Under the foundation of rainwater, these harmful components can seriously pollute underground water and surface water. In this case, it has largely affect the living of aquatic organisms and the use of water resources.

Solid waste with small size can be floated in the air under the foundation of wind, which can aggravate the air pollution. A large number of garbage are exposed to the open air can generate odor, spread disease.

Ash pollution. Living waste after burning will generate much carbon black, whose major component is ash. Carbon atom is quite important composing element of materials, which has large content. In the process of combustion, the polymer compounds will generate a reaction to become a small particle of carbon black material, and these materials will raises under the function of air ascending motion, float in the air and then fall to the ground.

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Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016 stipulate that the local authorities shall “prepare a solid waste management plan as per state policy and strategy on solid waste management within six months from the date of notification of state policy and strategy and submit a copy to respective departments of State Government or Union territory Administration or agency authorized by the State Government or Union territory Administration” This chapter provides stepwise guidance to local authorities in the preparation of MSWM plans. MSWM is essentially a municipal function; it is mandatory for all municipal authorities to provide this service efficiently to keep the cities and towns clean and to dispose the MSW in an environmentally acceptable manner, complying with the SWM Rules, 2016.

It is also pertinent that MSWM systems adopt measures (as per the Supreme Court Directives, 1998) which not only reduce environmental degradation but also look at how high levels of toxins are affecting the health of men, women, and children. The state level municipal acts clearly mention the mandatory functions and additional discretionary functions that the ULBs must perform. ULBs, therefore, have to prioritize their mandatory functions by duly considering their current status and deficiencies.

The solid waste damage the environment

1. The rubbish occupies much land. Garbage has taken in much precious soil resources and human’s living spaces, which has seriously affected the development and growing of agriculture and industry. Large amount of waste has not only destroyed plants rooted on the earth surface, but also influenced the beauty of natural environment, and also broken the ecological balance of nature.

2. Polluting the environment. Solid waste contains various kinds of harmful components, so if these wastes can’t be disposed in right methods, they will pollute soil, air and water, and even have a harmful influence on various organisms including human being.

3. Spreading disease. Waste has a large number of microorganisms that are the breeding ground of germs, viruses and pests. Thus it will seriously damage people’s healthy. The filtrate of waste can change the components and structure of soil, and the harmful components can damage people’s health through the food chain. Waste can destroy the structure and physical property of soil, which causes the decline of the soil fertile and moisture. It has toxic heavy metals such as pathogenic microorganism, organic pollutants.

4. Under the foundation of rainwater, these harmful components can seriously pollute underground water and surface water. In this case, it has largely affect the living of aquatic organisms and the use of water resources.

5. Solid waste with small size can be floated in the air under the foundation of wind, which can aggravate the air pollution. A large number of garbage are exposed to the open air can generate odor, spread disease.

6. Ash pollution. Living waste after burning will generate much carbon black, whose major component is ash. Carbon atom is quite important composing element of materials, which has large content. In the process of combustion, the polymer compounds will generate a reaction to become a small particle of carbon black material, and these materials will raises under the function of air ascending motion, float in the air and then fall to the ground.

Traditional disposal methods of municipal solid waste

Waste treatment is necessary for us. With the smaller and smaller differences between urban and rural development, the trend of rural to city, quality of living waste also have become bigger and bigger; as the waste materials increases, how to efficiently dispose waste has become an urgency problem for us. Many experts of domestic and overseas have put forward many disposal methods, such as landfill, waste burning to generate electric, etc. However, after the considerations of many respects, these waste treatment methods have theirs disadvantages.

Landfill: landfill can cause a serious pollution to the land. Through a long-term landfill, the waste will be oxygenated, and it will decompose to generate a large number of harmful materials and cancerogenic substance, and these materials will cause serious pollution to the earth and atmosphere, and even will do harm to our next generation.

Burning to generate electricity: it is also one of solid waste recycling methods, but the residual gas also can lead to serious air pollution, and the resulting slag also contains much harmful materials. Therefore, this method can cause secondary pollution.

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Waste management is one of the essential utility services underpinning society in the 21st century, particularly in urban areas. Waste management is a basic human need and can also be regarded as a basic human right. Ensuring proper sanitation and solid waste management sits alongside the provision of potable water, shelter, food, energy, transport and communications as essential to society and to the economy as a whole. Despite this the public and political profile of waste management is often lower than other utility services.

Unfortunately, the consequences of doing little or even nothing to address waste management can be very costly to society and to the economy overall. In the abserice of waste regulations and their rigorous implementation and enforcement, a generator of waste will tend to opt for the cheapest available course of action. For example, household solid waste may be dumed in the street, on vacant land, or into drains, streams or other watercourses, or it may be burned to lessen the nuisance of accumulated piles of waste.

Public health: Not having a solid waste collection service has a direct health impact on residents, particularly children. The uncontrolled burning of waste creates particulate and persistent organic pollutant emissions that are highly damaging locally and globally. Accumulated waste and blocked drains encourage vectors to bread, resulting in the spread of cholera, dengue fever and other infectious diseases and are a major contributing factor to flooding. Uncontrolled dumpsites, and in particular the mixing of hazardous and other wastes, can cause disease in neighbouring settlements as well as among waste workers. Box 1.1 presents selected case studies illustrating both the public health problems of uncollected waste as well as the solutions.

INTRODUCTION
MSW COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
COMPONENTS AND TYPES OF GARBAGE TRUCKS
DESIGN OF GARBAGE CONTAINER ASSEMBLY
SCOPE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES INDUSTRY
THE WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA
CONSTRUCTION OF GARBAGE TRUCK
TYPES OF TRUCKS BY SIZE
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL WASTE GENERATION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES FROM UNCOLLECTED WASTE –A CASE STUDY
METHOD OF GARBAGE CONTAINER ASSEMBLY
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF GARBAGE TRUCK AND CONTAINER
STANDARD FOR GARBAGE CONTAINER ASSEMBLY UNIT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF CONTAINER HANDLER
PLANT LAYOUT
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

APPENDIX – A :

1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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Any waste, by virtue of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances is defined as hazardous. The amendments are aimed to bring greater clarity to the classification of hazardous wastes by linking generation of waste streams to specific industrial processes. Simultaneously, threshold levels for concentration of specified constituents in wastes were laid down to distinguish between hazardous and other wastes.

For regulating imports and exports, wastes have been classified as either ‘banned’ or ‘restricted’. The procedure for registration of recyclers/reprocessors with environmentally sound management facilities for processing waste categories, such as used lead acid batteries, non-ferrous metal wastes and used oil, respectively, has also been laid down. Further, separate rules have also been notified to regulate handling and management of biomedical wastes as well as used lead acid batteries.

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.[1] Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power.

Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the energy product from incineration is high-temperature heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration and gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.

In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and local communities about the environmental impact of incinerators (see arguments against incineration).

In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a materials separation to remove hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity.

Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume (already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks) by 95–96%, depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling.[2] This means that while incineration does not completely replace landfilling, it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70%[citation needed] by using a stationary steel compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler waste compaction is a common practice for compaction at landfills.

Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ITS APPLICABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MARKET SURVEY
DETAILS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION IN INDIA
EXISTING INCINERATOR IN BANGALORE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE RECYCLING & TRRANSPORTATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE FOR DISPOSAL
STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
COMMON HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION FACILITIES
PROCESS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION
PROCESSING DETAILS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE IN
ROTARY INCINERATION
MONITORING AND ON-LINE DISPLAY REQUIREMENTS
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF ROTARY KILN INCINERATION
GUIDELINES FOR SETTING UP OF OPERATING FACILITY
FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES (IMPORTED)

APPENDIX – A :

1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET

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