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Lead is an essential commodity in the modern industrial world, ranking fifth in tonnage consumed after iron, copper, aluminium ,and zinc. In 1978, the world’s consumption of refined lead was 4.4 * 106 metric tons of which the United States consumed 22% .
Its outstanding properties are: Low melting point, ease of casting , high density, low strength, case of fabrication, acid resistance, electrochemical reaction with sulfuric acid, chemical stability in air, water, and earth, and the unique ability of lead tetraethyl and tetramethyl to suppress knocking in gasoline engines. The principal uses of lead and its compounds in descending order are storage batteries(about half of total U.S. consumption, tetraethyllead, pigments, ammunition, solders, plumping, cable covering, bearings and caulking. In addition, the use of lead to attenuate sound waves, atomic radiation, and mechanical vibration shows promise for growth. Because of its softness and high density,lead is used as an alloy in these applications.
Lead, copper, silver, and gold were the metals first used by ancient humans to meet some practical and esthetic needs. The Egyptians probably used lead as early as 5000 B.C. Lead was widely used by the Greeks and Romans. Segments of the fluted columns common to Greek architecture and pinned together by iron rods fitted into sockets which were filled with molten lead. The well-publicized lead water pipes discovered in the ruins of Rome and Pompeli confirm the importance of lead to antiquity. Some pipes of this period still function in Britain today.
Although simplicity of reduction from ores, low melting point, and ease of fabrication favored its use in a primitive technology, its unique physical and chemical properties have assured its place in modern industrial society. By the middle of the 19th century , world production of lead had risen to 100,000 metric tons per year, passed 1 * 10 6 t early in the 20 th century , reached 1.5 * 106 t by mid-century , and is estimated to exceed 9 * 10 6t by the year 2000.
Lead and its compounds are cumulative poisons and should be handled with recommended precautions. They should not be used in contact with food and other substances that may be ingested.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROPERTIES
3. USES AND APPLICATIONS
4. REPRESENTATIVES LEAD ALLOYS
5. MARKET SURVEY
6. PRESENT CONSUMERS LEAD FOR LEAD-ACID
STORAGE BATTERIES
7. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
8. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
9. PLANT LAY OUT
APPENDIX – A :
1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS
2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET
| Plant Capacity | 6.00 MT/day |
|---|---|
| Land & Building | (714 Sq.Mtr) Rs.19.45 Lacs |
| Plant and Machineries | Rs. 19.50 Lacs |
| Working Capital for 3 Months | Rs. 1.55 Cr |
| Total Capital Investment | Rs. 2.00 Cr |
| Rate of Return | 48% |
| Break Even Point | 37% |
