1) Altigreen neEV:

Altigreen was founded in the year 2013. The mission is to commit wholly to
the electric mobility of the future. It has a Li-ion battery capacity of 11
-kWh battery solutions. It can cover up a speed of 125 Km with 550 Kg. A
charging time of 4 hours. With a maximum speed of 53 km/hr. A range of 120
km. These specification has been the highest till now in a cargo vehicle.
The Delhi EV policy of the company has partnered with electric fleet startup
MoEVing to launching the fleet in the Delhi-NCR region.

2) Omega Seiki Singha Max:

Two 3Ws electric vehicles have been brought into the market in the AutoExpo
held in 2020. This vehicle is planned for B2B consumption. Technical
specifications of the automobile are a motor power of 6 kW with a li-ion
battery capacity of 10.5 kWh. A charging time of 3 hours. With a maximum
speed of 53 km/hr and a payload of 460 kg. A range of 100 km and 60 km/h.
The on-road market price is 3,60,000.

3) Vidhyut EV C1:

Kalinga Ventures India Private Limited manufactured VidhyutEV C1 with a
starting price of 1.4lakh. Technical specifications of the automobile are a
motor power of 2.4 kW with a li-ion battery capacity of 6.6 kWh. A charging
time of 4-4.5 hours. With a maximum speed of 40 km/hr and payload of 400 kg,
range of 60-70 km.

4) Li-ion Electrik:

A Gurugam based company has been dispatching L5 category vehicles for the
past three years. Technical specifications of the automobile are a motor
power of 2 kW with a battery capacity of 6.6 kWh. A charging time of 4
hours. With a maximum speed of 40 km/hr and a payload of 500 kg. A range of
60-70 km and 60 km/h. The on-road price of the vehicle is 65,000. The
company is still discovering various locations for its product development
and planning.

5) Kinetic Safar Star MSV 400:

Kinetic energy launched its first L5 category vehicle in October 2019. The
vehicle is manufactured in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. The technical
specification of the automobile is a motor power of 1.5 kW with a battery
capacity of 4.5 kWh. A charging time of 3 hours. With a maximum speed of 40
km/hr and payload of 400 kg, a range of 65 km. The vehicle offers a
gradability of 10 degrees. It comes with a warranty period of 3 years for
its motor, controller, chase, and battery. DC battery is covered for one
year. The On-road price of the vehicle is 2,38,000.

All vehicles ate outstanding in their respective fields. If a company
chooses electric fleet delivery and other works then they can achieve not
only sustainability but also effectiveness in their work. India wants to
develop on this road of mobility then only they can make India.

Electric Three Wheelers (E–Three Wheelers) are small vehicles, with three
wheels and use electric power from batteries to run. They use an electric
motor as engine which draws electric power from the rechargeable batteries
installed in the wheeler body. These battery operated vehicles are perfect
for small distant transport, both cargo and people; they are perfect for
running on narrow streets because of their small size. But the biggest
reason for their popularity is low operating cost and zero pollution. They
are like normal three wheeler but powered by electric motor instead of
petrol or diesel motor. They are best for pollution free, environmental
friendly transport system in short distances. Actually they are not capable
of running long distance.

Electric Three Wheelers are now one of the preferred modes of transport in
streets because of its low maintenance cost, low fuel cost, eco-friendly, no
noise pollution, easy to drive and last but not the least livelihood,
Electric Three Wheeler is a boon to the common Man. Without putting in much
physical efforts and without investing much amount of money, the earning is
quite good for an Electric Three Wheeler driver and hence it is an important
means of livelihood for many.

These Electric Three Wheelers consist of 3 wheels with a differential
mechanism at rear wheels. Basically these vehicles have a mild steel tubular
chassis. The motor is brushless DC motor manufactured mostly in India and
China. The electrical system used in Indian version is 48V DC can run 90-100
km/full charge. Basic seating capacity is driver plus 4 passengers

These vehicles are now started using in transporting light weight goods as
e-loader. Hence there are lots of opportunities of income.

There are two types of e-rickshaw:

a) Electric Three Wheeler (Passenger)

b) Electric Three Wheeler (Cargo)

Electric Three Wheeler (Passenger)

“E-three wheeler” means a special purpose battery operated vehicle having
three wheels and intended to provide last mile connectivity for transport of
passengers for hire

Battery-run three wheeler could be a low-emitter complementary transport for
the low-income people, who suffer most from a lack of transport facility, if
introduced in a systematic manner according to experts.

The electric automobile did not easily develop into a viable means of
transportation. Research waned from 1920-1960 until environmental issues of
pollution and diminishing natural resources reawakened the need of a more
environmentally friendly means of transportation. Technologies that support
a reliable battery and the weight of the needed number of batteries elevated
the price of making an electric vehicle.In 1837, Robert Davidson of Scotland
appears to have been the builder of the first electric car, but it wasn’t
until the 1890s that electric cars were manufactured and sold in Europe and
America. During the late 1890s, United States roads were populated by more
electric automobiles than those with internal combustion engines.

Electric Three Wheeler is the most convenient and safe mode of local
transportation of two or four passengers. Electric Three Wheeler is commonly
available in India and other parts under developed & developing countries
for hiring on small rentals for limited time. Apart from E-Three Wheeler,
company will also make Electric Three Wheeler which can carry weight up to
300 Kgs.

Electric Three Wheeler drivers will obtain license through which he/she can
drive Electric Three Wheeler in city. The entire assembly and fabrication
work for mfg. Electric Three Wheeler performed in highly automatic plants.

The components are made as per standard specifications and hence permit 100%
inters changeability and the chassis is fabricated accordingly keeping the
optimum ground clearance and other factors in view.

Components are available in ready to use surface conditions. Automatic
assembly-fixtures, working tools and testing equipments cover the range of
installations. Normally the Electric Three Wheeler assembly unit with
installed capacity around one lacks Nos. p.a., falls in a medium scale
industry category. But a SSI-Unit can also be started with limited
facilities like:-

Electric Three Wheeler are three wheel battery operated vehicles, which are
considered as an upgrade to conventional Electric Three Wheeler, and
economically better than auto Electric Three Wheeler and other fuel
variants, these Electric Three Wheeler, since are battery powered have zero
emission, and is often argued to be much better than other Electric Three
Wheeler as they are considered almost pollution free. E Three Wheelers are
now fairly popular amongst Indian three wheeler drivers and has created new
opportunities for people, as they require minimum investment to earn a
living. They offer huge returns in less time, and are easy to operate and
have low maintenance and running cost. A lot of variants are available these
days, most of them started as low quality products and were imported from
China. These days Indian E Three wheelers have been developed offering a
higher quality and better services at an equivalent cost. Electric Three
Wheeler can provide a decent income since the battery charging cost is far
lower than any other fuel, new material such as fiberglass has been
introduced in them, since the material provides high strength, durability
and lighter than metals.

E–Three wheelers have been becoming more popular in most parts of the globe
since 2008. In India, e – three wheelers began to gain popularity since
2011.

As these Electric Three Wheelers faced a ban by the Indian government in the
capital city of Delhi, the increase in their number failed. But, still they
are widely used in most parts of the country.
On 8 October, 2014, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways had notified
the rules to regulate the Electric Three Wheelers by making important
amendments under the Motor Vehicles Rules of 1989. In March 2015, the
Parliament passed the amendments and finally, legalized the use of Electric
Three Wheeler.

Recently, the transport department decided to introduce these Electric Three
Wheeler in four major cities of Maharashtra – Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and
Nashik.

Now, that these new age vehicles will be available on the streets soon,
let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of e-Electric Three
Wheeler.

Electric Three Wheelers are now one of the preferred modes of transport in
streets because of its low maintenance cost, low fuel cost, Eco-friendly, no
noise pollution, easy to drive and last but not the least livelihood,
Electric Three Wheeler is a boon to the common man. Without putting in much
physical efforts and without investing much amount of money, the earning is
quite good for an Electric Three Wheeler driver and hence it is an important
means of livelihood for many.

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In its simplest terms, an electrical control panel is a combination of electrical devices which use electrical power to control the various mechanical functions of industrial equipment or machinery.

An electrical control panel includes two main categories: panel structure and electrical components. The structure of an electrical control panel is a combination of an enclosure and a back panel, similar to a breaker box in a home or office.

The enclosure is a metal box which varies in size and is typically made of aluminum or stainless steel. The number of doors (usually one or two) needed on the enclosure determines its size in most industrial applications.

The enclosure will come with a UL safety rating (508A is typical) an IP rating, and/or a NEMA classification. These listings help users determine properties such as:

• Indoor/outdoor use
• Waterproof/water resistance
• Dust/solid contaminants proofing
• Hazardous conditions rating
• Explosion-proof rating

These various classifications should be printed on a metal plate and attached to the enclosure for easy identification and reference.

A back panel is a metal sheet mounted inside the enclosure that provides structural support for DIN rail mounting and wiring ducts. DIN metal rails feature standardized dimensions and provide a mounting structure for electrical devices. Wiring ducts provide for the routing and organization of wires while also assisting in the control of electrical noise between devices inside the box.

Electrical control panels are essential for industrial automation. They provide higher-level monitoring and control of the various functions of production machinery, allowing manufacturers to define, organize, and meet production objectives.

The design and construction of electrical control panels serving industries such as:

? Food & beverage
? Oil & gas
? Pharmaceutical
? Power generation & power circuit
? Manufacturing
? Fluid handling
? Material handling

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install 3600 Nos./Year Electric Panel (Enclosure) Assembling facility as a Green Field Project for the following services with annual production capacities.

Sl.No. Proposed Products Proposed Budget No/Year
USD / Year
1 Power Factors Bank Panel 30000.00 266
2 Motor Control Center Panel 50000.00 416
3 Distribution Board Panel 50000.00 888
Total 1570

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The best thing about these electric scooters is that they require a very little maintenance. The product is from the hassle of taking your electric scooter to a garage every month or two months. They have a longer brake pad life and thus we can say that no matter how many times you put your foot on the brakes, their quality won’t go down in a little while. This is also because a significant part of putting on the brake is also done by the electric motor instead of the mechanical fictional brakes that is why the brakes don’t go out of order this quickly.

The fuel consumption of the electric scooters is less fuel as compared to other two wheeled vehicles thus making this vehicle very much cost effective. Also there are many people out there who get really annoyed by the noise that a vehicle makes whenever it is on the go.

But all electric scooters have a very little noise which makes it really comfortable when someone rides in it. But then there is just one set back that this vehicle has to face and that is its range. Since these scooters have batteries that cannot store as much of the energy as a tank of gas. So its range is relatively less around 130 miles. But overall if we take a look at the features that these electric scooters provide, one can easily be convinced to buy this amazing noise free, less maintenance scooters.

The India electric scooter market is growing at a high rate owing to the growing awareness of carbon emissions and footprints, as well as a trend away from traditional forms of transportation for shorter distance trips.

It is intended to prepare a Feasibility Report to install an ELECTRIC SCOOTER (CARGO & PASSENGER) Production facility with a capacity of 14400 Nos/ Year as a Green Field Project.

The details of the products are as follows:

The post ELECTRIC SCOOTER (CARGO & PASSENGER) appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

We are one of the best cargo loading e-rickshaw manufacturers in India because of our outstanding services. Below are our e-cargo rickshaw features:

• Can be charged with household power supply
• Less running cost
• Non-polluting rickshaws
• Aptly suitable for last mile connectivity
• Capable of covering long distance in one-time charging

Along with large seating capability, our e-cargo rickshaws are highly energy efficient and provide maximum comfort to the driver. Run them on hilly terrain or smooth road, the only thing which they cater is efficiency with productivity.

Being a leading cargo loading e-rickshaw manufacturers in India, we offer the best deal to our customers. Get in touch with us, if you want an e-cargo rickshaw which can perform even in extreme conditions and can make you earn a lot. Our e-cargo rickshaws are designed for making your life easy and happy.

MAJOR PARTS AND COMPONENTS

Electric Motor:

Brush Less Direct Current (BLDC) type 650- 1400W & 48V (Input) motor is used. It is controlled via an electronic controller.

ELECTRIC MOTOR:- The prototype will use a Brush less Direct Current (BLDC) Electric Motor. The prototype is designed to carry a 2 passengers and a driver cumulating to a total maximum weight of 250 kgs. The additional chassis weight and the luggage weight is approximated at 110 kgs. Hence the net weight of the vehicle is 360 kgs (Full-Load condition). The BLDC motor to be used is a 1.2 HP 48 V motor which is capable of carrying the above mentioned load. The electric motor is controlled via an electronic controller.

Electronic Motor Controller:

The controller includes a manual or automatic switch turning the motor on/off, selecting forward or reverse motion, selecting and regulating speed, regulating or limiting torque and protecting against overloads. It is connected to battery pack and controller feeds the input to the motor, lamp, AC/DC converter and Speedometer/ Indicator

A motor controller is a device or a group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner the performance of the electric motor. The controller includes a manual or automatic switch turning the motor on/off., selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating speed, regulating or limiting torque and protecting against overloads. The motor controller is connected to the battery pack and the controller feeds the input to the motor, lamp, ac/dc convertor and speedometer/indicator.

Battery:

Set of four 12V deep cycle lead acid/Li-ion batteries are used since the required voltage is 48V. These batteries are connected in series to the controller unit.

The Battery pack to be used consists of a 12 volt deep cycle lead- acid/lithium ion battery. Since the required voltage is 48 volt but a single battery is capable of supplying only 12 volt hence a set of four batteries are required. The batteries are connected in series to the controller unit. Lead-acid batteries are made up of plates of lead and separate plates of lead dioxide, which are submerged into an electrolyte solution of about 38% sulphuric acid and 62% water.

Differential:

The main functions of a differential are:

1. It permits a vehicle to take a turn without skidding.

2. It splits the power/torque from the electric motor to the two drive wheels on the rear side of the vehicle.

3. The differential shown here is Chinese made used in a conventional electric rickshaw but the prototype will include a self made differential which will be connected to the electric motor via chain drive unlike the latter one.

Chinese manufactured differential is used in e-Rickshaws which is connected to the electric motor and rear wheels.

Front Shock Absorbers:

Helical Spring with dampener with hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers is used.

SHOCK ABSORBERS:- The main function of shock absorbers in an automotive vehicle is to absorb the shocks and vibrations caused so that the vibration is not felt by the passengers of the vehicle. The shock absorbers used are coil spring type shock absorber. The shock absorber will be optional and if used will be used in the front wheels only. The rear wheels will be supported by a modified leaf spring suspension system looking much like a circular plate connected to the differential at one end and the chassis on the other. The image shows the model from which the shock absorber is to be developed

Rear Suspension:

Leaf spring carriage spring with rear shocker Brakes: Drum brakes, actuated internally, expanding shoe types are used.

Brakes:

The prototype uses an electric motor capable of generating 1000-2700 rpm as a result the use of normal shoe brakes is out of question so the use of conventional drum brakes is taken into consideration. The drum brakes are a simple arrangement which consists of a drum made out of metal alloy and a pair of shoes connected to two retractable springs and a tension wire made out of tensile steel. The brakes will not be mounted on the handle but will be mounted on the chassis (Pedal-Brakes), so on pressing the pedal the brakes will engage stopping the rear wheels.

Brakes are mounted on the chassis (Pedal brakes), so on pressing the pedal; the brakes will engage stopping the rear wheels.

Speedometer/Indicator

Speedometer generally used has analog dials. The one the left side indicates vehicle speed and one on the right side indicate battery charge level. It is connected to the controller unit.

SPEEDOMETER/INDICATOR:- The speedometer is not a digital one it consist of two analog dials the one on the left side indicates the vehicle speed where as the one on the right side indicates the battery charge level. The speedometer is connected to the controller unit.

Steering:

Handle bar type steering is used.

Miscellaneous Spare parts:

Centre locking, Alloy wheel, Rear light, Front glass, Front Indicator, Head light, Ignition switch, Charger, Converter, left-right switch, Tyre, Wirings, Throttle set etc.

Categorization of electric 3Ws in cargo applications

There are two categories of electric three-wheelers used in cargo applications, which are defined as follows:

L5N - A three-wheeled motor vehicle with a maximum speed exceeding 25 kmph and motor power exceeding 0.25 kW. Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) is limited to 1500 kg (excluding the weight of traction batteries).

L3 or e-carts - Speed less than 25km/h and motor power less than 2 kW. Such vehicles are constructed or adapted for carrying goods by providing a separate load body or compartment with the maximum weight 310 kg in addition to driver.

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Some models might even offer a seat, but this is just an addition on the step-through platform or frame. This is the key difference between electric scooters and electric motorcycles, where the later do not have a step-through frame, and directly provide a seat integrated in their frames.

As previously said, the electric scooter requires electricity to function, which will be stored in some type of rechargeable battery that is attached to the frame. Some of the most common type of batteries for scooters are lithium ion batteries, and sealed lead acid batteries.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC SCOOTERS

There are several types of electric scooters in the market you can choose from. Before purchasing the best electric scooter, you should ask yourself to know the type. And then you should select the scooter accordingly. Ask yourself about the purpose of buying the best electric scooter. For your ease, we have here discussed different types of the electric scooter in details.

Electric Motorcycle:

This is a full-fledged vehicle powered by electricity. This is mainly used for professional racing purposes. It can attain good speed if required. These types of electric motorcycle are more or less expensive.

Electric Kick Scooter:

This is one of the most popular kinds of an electric scooter. Children, teenagers and adults, everyone likes this electric kick scooter. It offers a feeling of cruising in the air. As they don’t run at high speed, they are pretty much safer. On average an electric kick scooter can run at the speed of 10 to 12 miles per hour (mph).

Electric Mobility Scooter:

This is a great vehicle for the differently-abled people. They are not strictly designed for electric wheelchairs. People who can walk but need assistance, this is especially for them. An electric mobility scooter can be of three or four wheels.

Electric Bicycle:

Also known as electric bikes, these are very popular among the mountain bikers. You can even use them for commuting short distances. Sometimes they are recommended by the doctors. It’s also possible to convert a regular bicycle into an electric bicycle using a bicycle motor conversion kit.

Electric Wheelchair:

This is another model of electric scooter for the differently-abled persons. This is basically a wheelchair, powered by electricity. It helps people who cannot move around with easy and safe. Previously the designs were very simple and straightforward. But in recent days the modern electric wheelchairs come with different handy features for enhanced convenience like a rotatable seat, adjustable hand-rests etc.

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EV chargers are classified into three categories: Level 1, Level 2 and direct current (DC) fast charging. One distinction between these three levels is the input voltage, Level 1 uses 110/120 volts, Level 2 uses 208/240 volts and DC fast chargers use between 200 and 600 volts.

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CHARGING

It is well known that in India and most of the other countries in the world, the electric power supply voltage (AC) is standard 230 V per phase (400 V—line to line) with a frequency of 50 Hz. But in certain countries like the United States, Canada, South Korea, Japan, etc. the supply voltage is 120 V per phase with a frequency of 60 Hz. The voltage and frequency difference in certain parts of the world allows the manufacturers of the EVCS to manufacture them according to the grid requirements of the respective country. There are 4 levels of charging EVs from EVCS viz. Level 1, Level 2, DC Charging and Superchargers. The brief details on different levels of charging are as follows:

Level 1 (on-board charger):

It is applicable only for countries with 120 V, 60 Hz grid systems. The maximum current capacity is 12 A/ 15 A per phase and has a power level from 1.44 to 1.92 kW. It does not apply to India as the nominal voltage range of the Indian grid is 220 to 240 V (a.c., r.m.s) with a frequency of 50 Hz. Charging time is nearly 20 hours. The advantages of Level 1 chargers are low capital cost, low impact on peak demand charges, and the disadvantage is slow charging.

Level 2 (on-board charger):

This type of charging has a voltage of 240 V per phase with a current capacity of 80 A (maximum) and power levels ranging from 19.2 to 22 kW. India is currently using this level of charging and it is considered as slow or normal charging and used in home charging and few as public charging. Charging time is nearly 8 hours. The advantages of Level 2 chargers are faster charging time, and more energy-efficient compared to level 1 chargers, and the disadvantages are costlier than Level 1 chargers, and high impact on peak demand charges.

DC Charging (off-board charger):

This type of charging is through DC voltage ranging from 50 V to 1500 V DC and maximum current capacity ranges from 80 A to 400 A or higher. The power level shall be in the range of 48 to 400 kW or higher. This type of charger is also called DC Fast Chargers (DCFC) and is generally preferred to be used as a public charging station. The charging time is approximately 0.5 hours. This depends upon the battery capacity and its state of charge (SOC) for a given charge power level. The advantages are high charging power, faster charging compared to Level 1 and 2 chargers, and the disadvantages are more expensive, increase load peaks, complexity of standards, additional safety and security requirements, and can cause problems when EVs are operated in cold weather conditions.

Superchargers (off-board charger):

They are also called TESLA superchargers as it applies only to TESLA EV's manufactured by the company TESLA. The charger is having both versions of voltage levels 120 V, 240 V, or 400 V or higher. Power capacity ranges from 120 kW and up to a level of 250 kW. Superchargers are also called DCFC. The charging time is approximately 0.33 hours. This depends upon the battery capacity and its SOC for a given charge power level. The advantage is the extreme FC (xFC), and the disadvantages are unique design (not common), and only for TESLA EVs.

Level 1 and Level 2 type of charging is only AC power transfer whereas DC charger and superchargers are only DC-based as it is a fast charger having less time to charge the batteries present in EV's. Sometimes DC charging is called Level 3 chargers and Tesla Superchargers as Level 4.27 And by going up the levels, we can observe the decrease in charging time by an increase in current capacity.

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Battery swapping is a new technology allowing super fast charging for electric cars. Ample is a Californian Start-up company partnering with Uber and its project involves using ultra-rapid fully-autonomous battery swapping stations, which feature a ‘swapping’ system for high-capacity batteries.

In an interview with Power Electronics News, Ample co-founders Khaled Hassounah and John de Souza, highlighted that this technology is a Lego-style battery swapping system allowing a driver to pull up, charge, and go. “The coolest part is designed to recharge any EV from any automaker in <10 minutes,” the speakers said. The company has raised $70 million in funding led by Shell Ventures and joined by Repsol Energy Ventures and Eneos Innovation Partners, among others.

Using a combination of computer vision and wireless communication, the Ample station can identify the exact location of each battery module to be swapped. Once the discharged battery modules are removed from the car, they are placed on racks so that they can be charged and ready for the next vehicle.

Battery Swapping

Over the next few years many EVs are expected to be on the road, but a core challenge is creating the charging infrastructure that will make this easy, cheap, and as accessible as owning a gas-powered vehicle. Extended charging times are one of the main challenges for the spread of e-mobility. Today, recharging a car takes longer – from 30 minutes to a few hours – than refuelling, which only takes a few minutes. Ample’s project, and those of other companies working on similar solutions, could finally reduce this gap.

The lithium batteries in electric cars still take a certain amount of time to recharge, depending on the capacity of the battery or the charging infrastructure available, whether we charge in AC or DC. For quicker recharging, there is the possibility of replacing the battery on the fly, an operation that takes much less time, but to perform this “Battery Swapping” operation, the battery housing on the car must be designed in a special way.

Battery swapping is a technique that consists of swapping a discharged electric car battery with one that is already charged. This would replace recharging, thus eliminating long refueling times – one of the major limitations of zero-emission vehicles. This technique must be carried out at a specific station and with the right technology.

In addition to significantly reduce the time needed to regenerate the range of an electric vehicle, battery swapping eliminates the problem related to the number of charging cycles a battery can endure before losing the ability to store current, the so-called life cycle. Consumers don’t need to worry about recycling those battery packs and the recycling will be done at the OEM company or by station operators who manage the swapping network, instead of going to landfill. Another advantage of this solution, which can be achieved in the medium to long term, is the possibility of renewing battery technology when existing batteries become obsolete or outdated.

Pros of Battery Swapping E-Scooter

? Not much range anxiety if there’s enough battery swapping stations

? No waiting period

? Can be carried home to recharge

? Could cost much less

? Eradicates the problem of depreciating battery capacity

? Ability to adopt a newer battery technology once it is broadly available

Cons of Battery Swapping E-Scooter

? Lack of standardization

? Possibility of getting a more used up unit which could impact driving range

? Short life of battery as most users would opt for a new battery

? More batteries are in circulation to run the same number of EVs

? The weight of the battery may not make the task of swapping any easier

Pros of Battery Charging E-Scooter

? As simple as plugging in an appliance

? No need to manually remove battery and replace them (most batteries are very heavy)

? What you buy is yours to keep

? You can set a charger at home

? Higher degree of battery optimization with the scooter

Cons of Battery Charging E-Scooter

? Long waiting period

? Impact on battery health over the span of ownership

? Needs ample space to park and charge simultaneously

? Range anxiety due to lack of time to recharge

? Needs more planning before leaving the house

An electric scooter is vehicle that is powered by electricity, and that it will require periodic plug-in charging in order to function. They usually come in a two wheel format, although three wheels models exist too. They have a step-through frame, where the rider can stand while driving the vehicle.

Some models might even offer a seat, but this is just an addition on the step-through platform or frame. This is the key difference between electric scooters and electric motorcycles, where the later do not have a step-through frame, and directly provide a seat integrated in their frames.

As previously said, the electric scooter requires electricity to function, which will be stored in some type of rechargeable battery that is attached to the frame. Some of the most common type of batteries for scooters are lithium ion batteries, and sealed lead acid batteries.

Types of Electric Scooters

There are several types of electric scooters in the market you can choose from. Before purchasing the best electric scooter, you should ask yourself to know the type. And then you should select the scooter accordingly. Ask yourself about the purpose of buying the best electric scooter. For your ease, we have here discussed different types of the electric scooter in details.

Electric Motorcycle:

This is a full-fledged vehicle powered by electricity. This is mainly used for professional racing purposes. It can attain good speed if required. These types of electric motorcycle are more or less expensive.

Electric Kick Scooter:

This is one of the most popular kinds of an electric scooter. Children, teenagers and adults, everyone likes this electric kick scooter. It offers a feeling of cruising in the air. As they don’t run at high speed, they are pretty much safer. On average an electric kick scooter can run at the speed of 10 to 12 miles per hour (mph).

Electric Mobility Scooter:

This is a great vehicle for the differently-abled people. They are not strictly designed for electric wheelchairs. People who can walk but need assistance, this is especially for them. An electric mobility scooter can be of three or four wheels.

Electric Bicycle:

Also known as electric bikes, these are very popular among the mountain bikers. You can even use them for commuting short distances. Sometimes they are recommended by the doctors. It’s also possible to convert a regular bicycle into an electric bicycle using a bicycle motor conversion kit.

Electric Wheelchair:

This is another model of electric scooter for the differently-abled persons. This is basically a wheelchair, powered by electricity. It helps people who cannot move around with easy and safe. Previously the designs were very simple and straightforward. But in recent days the modern electric wheelchairs come with different handy features for enhanced convenience like a rotatable seat, adjustable hand-rests etc.

The post E-SCOOTER WITH BATTERY SWAPING SYSTEM appeared first on EIRI - eBooks and Project Reports.

“Battery operated Vehicle (Two-Wheeler)” means a vehicle adapted for use upon roads and powered exclusively by an electric motor whose traction energy is supplied exclusively by traction battery installed in the vehicle.

"Provided that a two wheeled battery-operated vehicle shall not be deemed to be a motor vehicle if all the following conditions are verified and authorized by any testing agency specified in rule 126 namely:-

a) Vehicle is equipped with an electric motor having thirty-minute power less than 0.25 kW;

b) Maximum speed of the vehicle is less than 25 krn/hr;

c) Vehicle is fitted with suitable brakes and retro-reflective devices, i.e. one white reflector in the front and one red reflector at the rear;

d) Unladen weight (excluding battery weight) of the vehicle is not more than 60 kg.

e) in case of pedal assisted vehicle equipped with an auxiliary electric motor, in addition to above, the thirty-minute power of the motor is less than 0.25 kW, whose output is progressively reduced and finally cut off as the vehicle reaches a speed of 25 km/hr, or sooner, if the cyclist stops pedaling".

ADVANTAGES

1. Noise less operation.

2. Cheapest way to travel.

3. Comfort and safety are high.

4. Light weight.

5. Have cool pickup.

6. Have big storage (depends upon model but they have comparatively bigger storage then that of petrol ones)

7. No license.

8. No registration (only if your speed is limited till 35kmph)

9. No cost service on vehicle. Cause it is just oiling brakes and cleaning vehicle.

10. No helmet required (for low-speed ones)

11. Best for age range of 16–60 yrs people.

DISADVANTAGES

Charging battery takes minimum 8hr of time. Compared to petrol ones this is just freaking out time cause petrol ones are refilled in seconds.

Fun turns to problems when you go out of battery! I have pushed my e-bike upto 50km till now cause I used to travel 60 total in my scooty and one day I couldn't charge it so I pushed it but thanks to the drivers many of them helped me by pushing my vehicle kilometers!

Expensive! They cost equal to best petrol scooty.

Eg: my e bike costs equal to the cost of Honda Dio latest model.

Low speed yea they have low speed compared to petrol vehicles!

Battery requires high care like there are rules that you have to wait for half hour before charging it if you have come from long distance applies for shorter distance also the battery should not be overcharged the battery should be kept with care no water to be put at all.

You cannot take it out during rain, you can actually but it will reduce the battery life. You must remember it is features because people will literally kill you by asking it is features and Price anywhere! Till now I have met 46+ people who have asked me about it some asked at highway some at market some at mall some even phoned me Huh….

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Residential LED lights, especially Energy Star rated products, consume at least 75 per cent less energy and last 25 times longer than incandescent lights. These also use significantly less power—a typical 84-watt fluorescent light can be replaced with a 36-watt LED to give the same level of light output.
A light emitting diode (LED) is a device which converts electrical energy to light energy. LEDs are preferred light sources for short distance (local area) optical fiber network because they: are inexpensive, robust and have long life (the long life of an LED is primarily due to its being a cold device, i.e. its operating temperature being much lower than that of, say, an incandescent lamp),can be modulated (i.e. switched on and off) at high speeds (this property of an LED is also due to its being a cold device as it does not have to overcome thermal inertia),couple enough output power over a small area to couple to fibers (though the output spectrum is wider than other sources such as laser diodes).

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated.[4] When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

Types of LED

(1) Miniature

Photo of miniature surface mount LEDs in most common sizes. They can be much smaller than a traditional 5 mm lamp type LED which is shown on the upper left corner.

Very small (1.6x1.6x0.35 mm) red, green, and blue surface mount miniature LED package with gold wire bonding details. These are mostly single-die LEDs used as indicators, and they come in various sizes from 2 mm to 8 mm, through-hole and surface mount packages. They usually do not use a separate heat sink.[116] Typical current ratings ranges from around 1 mA to above 20 mA. The small size sets a natural upper boundary on power consumption due to heat caused by the high current density and need for a heat sink. Package shapes include round, with a domed or flat top, rectangular with a flat top (as used in bar-graph displays) and triangular or square with a flat top. The encapsulation may also be cleor tinted to improve contrast and viewing angle. Researchers at the University of Washington have invented the thinnest LED. It is made of two-dimensional (2-D) flexible materials. It is 3 atoms thick, which is 10 to 20 times thinner than three-dimensional (3-D) LEDs and is also 10,000 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair. These 2-D LEDs are going to make it possible to create smaller, more energy-efficient lighting, optical communication and nano lasers.

There are three main categories of miniature single die LEDs:

• Low-current: typically rated for 2 mA at around 2 V (approximately 4 mW consumption).

• Standard: 20 mA LEDs (ranging from approximately 40 mW to 90 mW) at around:

• 1.9 to 2.1 V for red, orange and yellow,
• 3.0 to 3.4 V for green and blue,
• 2.9 to 4.2 V for violet, pink, purple and white.

• Ultra-high-output: 20 mA at approximately 2 V or 4–5 V, designed for viewing in direct sunlight.

5 V and 12 V LEDs are ordinary miniature LEDs that incorporate a suitable series resistor for direct connection to a 5 V or 12 V supply.

(2) Mid-range

Medium-power LEDs are often through-hole-mounted and mostly utilized when outputs of just tens of lumens are needed. They sometimes have the diode mounted to four leads (two cathode leads, two anode leads) for better heat conduction and carry an integrated lens. An example of this is the Super flux package, from Philips Lumileds. These LEDs are most commonly used in light panels, emergency lighting, and automotive tail-lights. Due to the larger amount of metal in the LED, they are able to handle higher currents (around 100 mA). The higher current allows for the higher light output required for tail-lights and emergency lighting

(3) High-power

High-power light-emitting diodes attached to an LED star base (Luxeon, Lumileds)

See also: Solid-state lighting, LED lamp and Thermal management of high-power LEDs

High-power LEDs (HPLEDs) or high-output LEDs (HO-LEDs) can be driven at currents from hundreds of mA to more than an ampere, compared with the tens of mA for other LEDs. Some can emit over a thousand lumens. LED power densities up to 300 W/cm2 have been achieved.[120] Since overheating is destructive, the HPLEDs must be mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat dissipation. If the heat from a HPLED is not removed, the device will fail in seconds. One HPLED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight, or be set in an array to form a powerful LED lamp.

Some well-known HPLEDs in this category are the Nichia 19 series, Lumileds Rebel Led, Osram Opto Semiconductors Golden Dragon, and Cree X-lamp. As of September 2009, some HPLEDs manufactured by Cree now exceed 105 lm/W(e.g. the XLamp XP-G LED chip emitting Cool White light) and are being sold in lamps intended to replace incandescent, halogen, and even fluorescent lights, as LEDs grow more cost competitive.

Evidence of Haitz's law which predicts an exponential rise in light output and efficacy of LEDs over time. For example, the CREE XP-G series LED achieved 105 lm/W in 2009 while Nichia released the 19 series with a typical efficacy of 140 lm/W in 2010.

(4) AC driven LED

LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter. For each half-cycle, part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half-cycle. The efficacy of this type of HPLED is typically 40 lm/WA large number of LED elements in series may be able to operate directly from line voltage. In 2009, Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED, named as 'Acrich MJT', capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit. The low-power dissipation of these LEDs affords them more flexibility than the original AC LED design.

Advantages

• Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. The efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

• Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

• Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily attached to printed circuit boards.

• On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in under a microsecond.[134] LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster response times.

• Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time before restarting.

• Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or lowering the forward current. This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights, particularly headlights on cars, when viewed on camera or by some people, appear to be flashing or flickering. This is a type of stroboscopic effect.

• Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.

• Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs.

• Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000 to 2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced maintenance costs from this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is the primary factor in determining the payback period for an LED product.

• Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.

• Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner. For larger LED packages total internal reflection (TIR) lenses are often used to the same effect. However, when large quantities of light are needed many light sources are usually deployed, which are difficult to focus or collimate towards the same target.

Disadvantages

• High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive (price per lumen) on an initial capital cost basis, than most conventional lighting technologies. As of 2012, the cost per thousand lumens (kilolumen) was about $6. The price was expected to reach $2/kilolumen by 2013 At least one manufacturer claims to have reached $1 per kilolumen as of March 2014The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed.

• Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment – or "thermal management" properties. Over-driving an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating the LED package, eventually leading to device failure. An adequate heat sink is needed to maintain long life. This is especially important in automotive, medical, and military uses where devices must operate over a wide range of temperatures, which require low failure rates. Toshiba has produced LEDs with an operating temperature range of -40 to 100 °C, which suits the LEDs for both indoor and outdoor use in applications such as lamps, ceiling lighting, street lights, and floodlights.

• Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the threshold and a current below the rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with a small change in applied voltage. They thus require a current-regulated supply (usually just a series resistor for indicator LEDs).

• Light quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly from a black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived differently under cool-white LED illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources, due to metamerism, red surfaces being rendered particularly badly by typical phosphor-based cool-white LEDs. However, the color-rendering properties of common fluorescent lamps are often inferior to what is now available in state-of-art white LEDs.

• Area light source: Single LEDs do not approximate a point source of light giving a spherical light distribution, but rather a lambertian distribution. So LEDs are difficult to apply to uses needing a spherical light field; however, different fields of light can be manipulated by the application of different optics or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide divergence below a few degrees. In contrast, lasers can emit beams with divergences of 0.2 degrees or less.

• Electrical polarity: Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which illuminate regardless of the electrical polarity, LEDs will only light with correct electrical polarity. To automatically match source polarity to LED devices, rectifiers can be used.

• Blue hazard: There is a concern that blue LEDs and cool-white LEDs are now capable of exceeding safe limits of the so-called blue-light hazard as defined in eye safety specifications such as ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1–05: Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems.

• Blue pollution: Because cool-white LEDs with high color temperature emit proportionally more blue light than conventional outdoor light sources such as high-pressure sodium vapor lamps, the strong wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering means that cool-white LEDs can cause more light pollution than other light sources. The International Dark-Sky Association discourages using white light sources with correlated color temperature above 3,000 K.

• Efficiency droop: The luminous efficacy of LEDs decreases as the electric current increases. Heating also increases with higher currents which compromise the lifetime of the LED. These effects put practical limits on the current through an LED in high power applications.

• Impact on insects: LEDs are much more attractive to insects than sodium-vapor lights, so much so that there has been speculative concern about the possibility of disruption to food webs.

• Use in winter conditions: Since they do not give off much heat in comparison to traditional electrical lights, LED lights used for traffic control can have snow obscuring them, leading to accidents.

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TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRES

There are two main types of wires: solid or stranded.

A solid wire is a single conductor that is either bare or insulated by a protective colored sheath. It offers low resistance and is perfect for use in higher frequencies. When inside a covering there are many thin strands of wires twisted together, it is called a stranded wire. Stranded wires are used where flexibility is important because which the wire can be used for a longer period. This type of wire have larger cross-sectional area than solid wires for the same current carrying capacity. Stranding is process of twisting together of small wires to form a single larger conductor. Used to provide flexibility, ease of handling and vibration resistance.

Copper Wire

Copper Wire is a single electrical conductor manufactured out of Copper Ore. This widely used conductor can either be insulated or uninsulated. Having a moderate conductivity, it’s used to transfer electricity with low voltage. Electrical wiring in buildings is the largest market for the copper industry worldwide. As per estimation, around half of the copper mines is consumed in manufacturing electrical wire and cable conductors.

PROPERTIES

Properties of Copper Wire:

• Tensile Strength
• Electrical Conductivity
• Strength and Ductility combination
• Creep resistance (it doesn’t change much due to heat)
• Corrosion resistance
• Co-efficient of thermal expansion
• Ease of installation
• Thermal conductivity
• Ability to be soldered

ELECTRICAL CABLE

A cable is defined as the set of conductors, insulators, sheaths and armor protection or shielding, specifically built to carry the current both for energy transportation and for signal transmission.

PVC COPPER CABLE

PVC insulated cables & wires are the ultimate medium for the distribution of electricity. The PVC cables are used for the power distribution in all types of electric wiring, control cables, telephone cables and signaling in Railways. The PVC cable has mostly replaced VIR and CTS cable in domestic as well as industrial wiring due to its long life, moisture resistance, etc

The individual insulated conductors are covered with PVC coatings providing additional electrical and mechanical protection. The cables are suitable for use in sub-station, distribution systems, industrial installation, house wiring and street lighting, etc.

House wire is the simplest of cables and most basic in its construction, manufacture and use. It consists of only two components, viz. conductor (mostly copper) and insulation (mostly PVC) involving three operations – wire drawing, stranding, bunching and extrusion. Before the advent and subsequent extensive use of vinyl compound as insulating materials, vulcanized rubber was most commonly used insulating material for domestic wire as it was for other types of cables. It served the industry and the users very well for several decades until replaced by PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride).

Property

1. The long-term permissible operation temperature of the conductor shall not be higher than 70℃.

2. Conductor maximum short circuit ((less than 5 second) temperature shall not be higher than 160℃.

3. The cable is not limited by drop in level when being laid, and the environment temperature shall not be lower than 0℃.

4. Perfect chemical stability, resistant against acids, alkalis, grease and organic solvents, and flame retardance.

5. Light weight, perfect bending properties, installed and maintained easily and conveniently.

Application

With the characteristics of stable capability, advanced technology, broad material resources, low price, good flexible and easy to lay and maintain, the PVC Insulated and Sheathed Power Cable are suitable to be laid for distribution line with A.C.50HZ and rated voltage up to 1kV.

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